共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Katherine Jensen 《Higher Education》1982,11(1):67-83
This study presents a model of lifestyles based on the form of women's acculturation to academic life. The model rests on the assumptions of patterned behavior and values which can be termed women's culture and academic culture respectively. Since becoming academics requires women to mediate the boundary between behaviors expected of women and those expected by the overwhelmingly male academic profession, an acculturation rather than socialization model was employed.The in-depth study of the acculturative modes of professional behavior is both an exploratory and a qualitative effort to derive issues and categories from women's own perceptions. Forty-two women from diverse disciplines and institutions were interviewed. Interviewees were either advanced PhD candidates or had recently entered professional work.Three modal categories emerged from content analysis of intensive interviews. Reorientation reflected the effort of women to exemplify the norms of male academic culture. Reaffirmation required the command of both professional norms and traditional feminine roles and values. Reconstitution was an effort to reformulate professional participation into a lifestyle more compatible with women's cultural norms. 相似文献
2.
Alicja Maurer Barbara Oszustowicz Ryszard Stocki 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1994,17(1):35-46
This paper presents some differences between men and women regarding their attitudes to work and the implications of those attitudes regarding counselling. The subjects were 300 Polish students (150 men and 150 women) and 306 German students. The study is part of a larger collaborative research program conducted in 43 countries by Lynn (1991). The results are presented against the background of Weber's (1929) Protestant work ethic, Schumpeter's (1934) theory of competitiveness, McClelland's (1976) theory of achievement motivation, and Wiener's (1981) theory of low valuation of business.All of these theories seek to show the relationship and influence of the psychology of the individual, as that is manifested in attitude, on the economic growth of a nation. The results of the present study support Wiener's theory that the social status of business occupations play an important role in the growth of economies. They also reveal that men are generally more concerned than women, with the attitudes, and values, that are considered as a motive power of economic growth. 相似文献
3.
4.
Graduate students differ in their conceptualizations of mentoring. This study examined the relationship between students demographic and academic characteristics (age, gender, citizenship, academic discipline, and stage of persistence) and their preferences for three styles of mentoring assessed by the Ideal Mentor Scale (IMS): Integrity, Guidance, and Relationship. Students enrolled in Ph.D. programs at one of two Midwestern Research I Universities (n = 537) completed the IMS, rating the importance of each of 34 mentor attributes on a 5-point likert type scale. MANCOVA yielded significant differences for demographic but not academic variables: women scored higher than men on Integrity, international students scored higher than domestic on Relationship, and age was inversely related to Relationship scores. No group differences were found on the Guidance scale. These findings indicate that graduate students perceptions of the ideal mentor are influenced somewhat by major socio-cultural factors, but also suggest that individual differences may play a larger role. 相似文献
5.
The temporal dimension of gender inequality in academia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nina Toren 《Higher Education》1993,25(4):439-455
This paper examines gender inequality in academic careers by applying Merton's concept of socially expected durations (SEDs). Women's relatively slower advancement along the academic hierarchy has been traditionally attributed to their traits and constraints. The concept of SED shifts attention from the individual to the organizational level, and the actual and expected augmented durations between promotions for women are viewed as part of the structural arrangements of academic institutions and their culture. It is argued that because of the distinct characteristics of academic careers, time-in-rank is an important dimension distinguishing among otherwise very uniform occupational roles and career patterns. The implications of conceptualizing career discrepancies in terms of socially expected durations are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Harry Anthony Patrinos 《Higher Education》1995,30(4):341-351
Engineers in Greece undergo a heavy schooling investment—five years of university study instead of the usual four. Greece is atypical in that women make up a relatively large portion of the engineering work force. Working women earn substantially less than do men and there is evidence of labor market discrimination. In this paper a recent survey (1987) of employed engineers is used to examine earnings differentials between men and women and to compare the results with an examination of the results of an earlier survey (1977). Results indicate that most of the difference in earnings between male and female engineers in Greece is not accounted for by differences in productive characteristics such as education and experience and, therefore, most of the difference may be due to discrimination. Moreover, the proportion of the earnings differential not explained by productivity has increased over time.This is a revised version of the paper presented at the 1991 Cambridge Social Stratification Research Seminar, Gender, Work and Pay, September 26–27, 1991. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank. 相似文献
7.
Margaret J. Brackstone Harvey W. Zingle 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1993,16(2):119-134
Concern is commonly expressed about the adequacy of women's social support. Typically, women are described as suffering from a support gap or a relational deficit whereby they give more support to others than they receive in return. Men are frequently faulted for not being able and/or willing to provide nurturing and emotional support to the women in their lives.This study was undertaken to examine women's perceptions of the nature and adequacy of their present support relationships. It was intended to learn on whom women typically rely for various kinds of support, how adequate they perceive this support to be, and what changes they would like to see.Results of the study indicated that the majority of women perceive themselves to receive adequate support from others. It was also evident that women feel that they receive about equal support from others in general and from their spouse/intimate, as they give in return. It was found that women, particularlymarried women, relied extensively on men for their social support, most often naming their male intimate as the most supportive person in their lives. Women tended to most frequently characterize the kinds of support they received from men as Shows Caring and Personal Interest, and Gives Encouragement, Praise and Confidence. While women, particularlymarried women, relied more on men than on women for most kinds of support examined, they also expressed more dissatisfaction with the quality of the support received from their male support persons than from their female support persons. Major dissatisfactions described (regarding male support) were lack of understanding and acceptance, and inadequate expression of appreciation for their role in the home.The results suggest that men play a far more prominent role in providing valued social support for the women in their lives than they are generally given credit for doing. 相似文献
8.
This study examined the possibility that notonly women, but also men, face what Hall and Sandler(1982) call chilling behaviors when theyare students in a major considered nontraditional oratypical for their sex. The population for this studywas all upper-level students (N = 1,992) in accounting,education, engineering, and nursing at a publicuniversity in the mid-South. A random sample of females and males, or a total of 426 junior and seniorfull-time and part-time students in these majors, wasmailed a survey about chilling practices in their major.Analysis of variance was used to clarify the relationships between the independent variablesof students' sex and academic discipline and theinteraction of students' sex and academic discipline andthe dependent variable of perception of practices in their major. The findings indicated that,regardless of their sex, students in these majors didnot perceive practices in their major to bechilling. However, there was a differencein perceptions as a function of major. Both education andnursing students perceived a warmerenvironment in their major than did accounting andengineering students. The pattern was the same for bothfemales and males since there was no interaction of sex andacademic discipline. 相似文献
9.
Hidden careerists in Canadian universities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Our Canadian national survey 1991–92 reveals significantly different profiles of two types of part-time academics: those who have full-time non-academic jobs (Classics 34.5%) and those who only have part-time jobs (Contemporaries 65.5). The two groups have distinct reasons for teaching part-time, structure of work needs, and priorities of motivations that characterize Contemporaries as the real part-time faculty. They differ from Classics in their professional profile and work needs. Contemporaries have chosen the academic profession as their career. Routinization and degradation of part-timers' work, and feminization (53% are women Contemporaries) of real part-timers, camouflage their careerist aspirations. 相似文献
10.
Claims have been made that computer mediated communication (CMC) is a potentially highly participatory and democratic medium because it reduces the requirement to interrupt or wait your turn to speak. Such aspects of discussion have been shown to be relevant to differences in male and female participation in group discussions. In general, men have been found to take more turns and to speak longer than women in mixed sex groups. Men are also said to characteristically speak about things, take centre stage and give opinions. Women on the other hand are more likely to emphasis people rather than things, and to build and maintain relations in the way they talk. These two styles have been described as report talk of men and rapport talk of women.In this paper we describe some preliminary findings on the impact of using CMC and its effect on traditional gender participation differences. We look first at turn taking by men and women in computer conferences, and then how women in particular experience differences in the kind of contributions made to the conferences by men and women. Finally, we look at the actual contributions made by men and women and the extent they differ from each other. 相似文献
11.
E. Stina Lyon 《Higher Education》1996,31(3):301-323
The growth in the number of women entering higher education is one of the educational success stories of the century. But there has so far been little research into the extent to which this growth has been matched by a comparable success in labour market outcomes for women graduates. This paper directs itself to issues arising in the relationship between higher education and early labour market experiences for women graduates using evidence from three European countries: Britain, Germany and Sweden. Information collected from recent graduate surveys, undertaken within similar frameworks and time spans, is compared within and across different subject fields and over time. It is shown that choice of subject of study is the major factor influencing labour market entry. Women continue academically to prepare themselves for careers within spheres of work traditionally seen as female and follow financially less rewarding career paths premised on assumptions about women's domestic roles. It is also shown to be the case that the few women who choose to follow traditionally male careers paths, though starting off in a more favourable labour market position than other women, still earn less than their male colleagues from within the same field, and over time lose some of their initial relative gains largely due to part-time work patterns. The differential significance of family formation for men and women is noted. The information is discussed in light of a changing labour market situation overall for women in Europe, and the need to understand women's employment patterns and career needs in a more long-term and gender oriented perspective. 相似文献
12.
Survivors in a male preserve: A study of British women academics' experiences and perceptions of discrimination in a UK university 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Barbara Bagilhole 《Higher Education》1993,26(4):431-447
Women academics in British universities make up a very small minority and are concentrated in the lower grades. All the statistical evidence points to the fact that a reason for this situation is that discrimination exists in the academic profession. Howerver, very little empirical information exists on the nature of this discrimination and how it operates. The study reported here seeks to contribute to the understanding of this phenomenon by exploring the processes involved, through the perceptions and experience of women academics themselves. A total of 43 women from a British university were interviewed at length, and problem areas were highlighted by their evidence.There is the problem of being in very small minorities functioning in a male environment. They suffer from isolation and exclusion from their male colleagues, and challenges to their authority from male students. They have fewer support systems, with few role models or mentors, and little access to communication networks. They report problems with work relationships, and experience hostility from male colleagues and students. The majority had experienced discrimination within the university. Finally, the effects of these factors on their perception of themselves as academics are explored. The majority become convinced that the concept of a women academic is problematic. This leads them to put pressure on themselves to perform better than male colleagues, and to avoid being identified with other women. They become honorary men and as such are in no position to support other women.Being different is a very hard row to hoe. The nail that sticks out gets hammered down. (Two traditional Japanese sayings.New Internationalist, May 1992, p. 231). 相似文献
13.
Linda J. Sax 《Research in higher education》1996,37(4):389-425
This study provides an empirical test of Kanter's theory of tokenism (1977a,b)—that individuals will be affected adversely by declining representation of their own gender within an environment. Using students' college major as the environmental backdrop, this study examines how the proportion of women in a major affects students' college grades, academic self-concept, mathematical self-concept, social selfconcept, satisfaction with the major, and persistence in the major. Data are drawn from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program's 1985 Freshman Survey and 1989 Follow-Up Survey. The sample includes 7,641 women and 5,074 men in 344 fouryear colleges and universities. Regression results indicate that the proportion of women in the major has essentially no impact on the cognitive and affective development of college students. Instead, this study illustrates how the relationship between the gender composition of the major and student outcomes can be accounted for by characteristics of students, aspects of the college environment, and the effects of major field.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1994 Meeting of the American Educational Research Association in New Orleans, Louisiana. 相似文献
14.
Employing a nationally representative sample of science faculty in U.S. colleges, we investigate 3 explanations for persisting differences in women's faculty representation across science fields even after adjusting for women's variable representation among doctoral recipients. First, we examine labor market factors: (a) differential growth rates and critical mass in the supply of women doctoral recipients, (b) growth or contraction in academic and nonacademic job opportunities, and (c) presence of foreign-born scholars. Second, we control for institutional explanations such as differential rates of faculty unionization and less receptivity to women at prestigious or research-oriented universities and fields that are applied, soft, or nonlife sciences. Third, gender role explanations are addressed by controlling for gender differences in work experience, work interruptions, and the prestige of doctoral credentials. After finding that none of these explanations account fully for distinctive patterns among science fields in the faculty gender composition, we discuss how they may reflect differences in academic cultures. 相似文献
15.
As one aspect of a study on faculty career development, relationships between work and life away from work were explored for 112 faculty members. The sample, from one department in the humanities and one in the natural sciences and from two professional schools, was stratified by academic rank and sex. The study employed in-depth interviews followed by questionnaires. Results of regression analyses indicated that both aspects of work and life outside of work were related to work satisfaction; likewise, work as well as nonwork conditions were associated with satisfaction in life away from work. Second, work and aspects of life away from work exerted indirect effects on life satisfaction. Finally, and unlike the general population, academics appeared to experience a high degree of spillover between work and life away from work. 相似文献
16.
Motivation and study habits 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The first part of the article reviews the literature (mainly British) on the relationships between academic performance in higher education and motivation and study habits. The distinction between goal-orientated and intrinsic motivation is used to clarify the meaning of previous studies. Among the investigations of study habits, the dimension of syllabus-boundness/syllabus-freedom helps to relate psychiatric work on study difficulties to research using self-report inventories.The weakness of the questionnaire approach in explaining the relationships observed led to the use of semi-structured interviews. In the second part of the article the students' explanations of their reactions to higher education demonstrate, in particular, that fear of failure and hope for success present alternative motivations towards academic success. 相似文献
17.
Black and White students who enrolled in college by age 20 were selected from a national probability sample, in order to estimate the prevalence of having children and the effect of having a child on probability of graduation with a bachelors degree. Black students reported significantly higher rates of having children than White students, but rates for Black students at historically Black universities were similar to those of Black students at predominantly White universities. After controlling for family background, achievement, and other student characteristics, having a child within 5 years of starting college generally reduced the probability of graduating with a bachelors degree for Black women and White women and men. The independent effect of attending a historically Black college was significantly positive for Black women but not statistically significant for Black men. 相似文献
18.
Women in higher education 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
Masako Amano 《Higher Education》1997,34(2):215-235
The high level of admissions of women into higher education in Japanis analysed in the context of examining revised views about the highereducation of women resulting from changes in the traditional view of therelationship between higher education and social values. Despite the shiftin womens educational expectations, there is still clear evidence that agender track continues; typically men congregate in four year institutionswhilst women focus on Junior Colleges and on particular courses of studydeemed to be appropriate for women. The gender track is furtherdemonstrated by detailed studies of the Junior College and the WomensCollege. Womens employment opportunities are shown to have been affected byrestrictive attitudes of employers which tended in the past to impose onwomen particular modes of employment. The reasons for the emergence of achange in these attitudes in the latter part of the 1980s are explored andthe impact of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1986 is examined. Thearticle concludes by considering the wider implications for women, both inthe work-place and in society more generally, of these developments. It isnoted that highly educated Japanese women tend to hold more conservativevalues and may see their education as an expression of their social statusrather than a way of increasing their earning power. The recentestablishment of a number of courses in Womens Studies may well have aninfluence upon future developments in ideas about women and higher educationin Japan. 相似文献
19.
Post-Baccalaureate Wage Growth within Four Years of Graduation: The Effects of College Quality and College Major 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper examines the impact of college quality and academic major on the earnings of a nationally representative sample of baccalaureate recipients. We extend previous work in this area by analyzing the magnitude of change in the influence of these factors at two points in the early career of these graduates. Our results demonstrate that, despite significant variation, graduates from higher quality colleges enjoy a greater rate of growth in earnings during their early career. We also show that growth in earnings varies significantly by the graduates major field of study. Wage growth for women and racial minorities is also examined. 相似文献
20.
The quality of scientific scholarship and the “graying” of the academic profession: A skeptical view
Mark Oromaner 《Research in higher education》1981,15(3):231-239
The results of a number of citation studies have been utilized to support the view that the graying of the academic profession will have no impact on the quality of work produced in various scientific disciplines. This conclusion is challenged. It is argued that citations may not indicate the most innovative and creative work, that age may be negatively related to the creation and reception of innovative work, and that the age structure of a scientific community may have an impact on the ability of innovative work to be produced and accepted. 相似文献