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JAMIL SALMI 《Higher Education in Europe》2003,28(1):65-69
The principal set of challenges facing tertiary education today is that set which links it to the construction of knowledge societies. Governments, the private sector, and the World Bank have specific tasks to perform in meeting these challenges. Countries--depending upon whether or not they are transition economies, low-income countries, or small states--will select varying strategic options. 相似文献
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This paper examines the relationship between the World Bank and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) between the 1960s and the 1980s. It focuses on the Co-operative Program (CP) between the two organizations, which was established in 1964 and lasted officially until 1989. In the context of the Co-operative Program, the Education Financing Division (EFD) was established, a joint unit located in UNESCO, with the purpose of carrying out technical missions to assist governments in the identification and preparation of educational projects and the formulation of funding requests to the World Bank. Drawing on archival research and interviews with former UNESCO and World Bank officials, the paper traces the history of the Co-operative Program, which was characterized by intense power struggles exacerbated by Cold War tensions. During the 25 years of the duration of the Co-operative Program, the World Bank developed into the most influential policy shaper for education in developing countries, while the influence of UNESCO, created in the post-World War II order as the United Nations’ designated organization for education, declined. Using Bourdieu’s concept of fields and DiMaggio and Powell’s concept of isomorphism as analytical lenses, the World Bank’s expansion to a development agency will be explained by its greater autonomy as a field, endowed with more capital based on the rationalization of education and isomorphic processes of professionalization of the “field of power” of educational planning. To the detriment of UNESCO, the World Bank became the powerhouse of a global governance structure that was built with support from the United States government and furthered by the rise of economics. 相似文献
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于璇 《华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2021,(2):115-126
基于2005—2018年全国时序数据和省级面板数据,以普通高中生均教育事业费为指标,采用Dagum基尼系数和Kernel密度估计方法,实证考察我国普通高中教育经费投入的地区差异及分布动态演进。研究发现,我国普通高中生均教育事业费的空间分布呈现出显著的“东西高,中部低”的空间非均衡特征;普通高中生均教育事业费空间分布的总体差异呈下降趋势,地区间差异是总体差异的主要来源;全国及各地区普通高中生均教育事业费的绝对差异均表现为明显扩大,呈现出两极或多极分化特征。当务之急必须落实普通高中教育生均拨款制度,建立拨款标准动态调整机制;构建符合地区实际的政府分担机制,强化省级财政对普通高中教育的统筹;完善普通高中教育财政转移支付制度,加强全过程动态监管,以促进普通高中教育的优质均衡发展。 相似文献
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2011年初,世界银行正式公布了其未来10年的教育战略——《全民学习:投资于人民的知识和技能以促进发展——世界银行2020教育战略》。世界银行指出,实现"全民学习"(Learning for All)的新愿景是促进发展中国家长期经济增长和减贫的关键。未来10年,世界银行将重点支持两大教育优先事项,通过三大主要途径给予实施,并开发了8项性能指标和5项影响指标进行评价考核。此外,与世界银行以往出台的一系列教育战略相比,本次教育战略在目标、理念、重点事项等方面都呈现出不同以往的新特征。 相似文献
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随着"非洲千年计划"的实施,撒哈拉以南非洲地区的基础教育得到了迅速发展,其发展的重点逐渐由小学教育转向相对薄弱的中等教育。为了加快非洲全民教育目标与千年发展目标的进程,世界银行和撒哈拉以南非洲各国政府对该地区的中等教育的体制和机制进行了改革,在教育经费、教学质量、课程和学校权力下放等方面推行了一系列的改革政策。经过几年的努力,改革虽然取得了一些成效,但是仍然存在很多制约实现改革目标的因素。 相似文献
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AbstractWith the growing demand for tertiary education, especially in Africa, the transformation of contact universities to dual-mode institutions is critical. However, conventional universities have had limited success establishing the dual-mode delivery stream. This paper assesses barriers to adoption and implementation of open and distance learning (ODL) in conventional higher education institutions in Cameroon, Kenya and Rwanda by applying a framework on innovation adoption to case studies of ODL in higher education in these countries. This qualitative meta-study shows that the transition to dual-mode is not systematic and that there are various barriers, ranging from national policy and funding; infrastructure, organisational structure and capacity; complexity and cost of ODL; as well as student and staff skills and perceptions, which have impeded adoption. Based on the findings, this paper makes recommendations for implementing ODL in existing conventional universities. Cases of successful transition to dual-mode are provided. 相似文献
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The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector financing arm of the World Bank Group, is currently the largest multilateral investor in private education in developing countries. Drawing from staff interviews and programmatic data, this paper provides a brief overview of the IFC and its mandate; examines the stated purposes of the IFC's work in education; reviews the IFC's portfolio of investments in education; and looks at the linkages between the IFC and the World Bank's lending arms. The paper concludes by questioning the IFC's contribution to the World Bank Group's poverty alleviation mandate. 相似文献
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Lakshman Punchi 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2001,47(3-4):361-378
This paper relates the contemporary educational reforms in Sri Lanka to the processes of globalisation. The international monetary organisations such as the IMF and the World Bank and the regional organisations like the Asian Development Bank (ADB) play a dominant role in influencing the debt-receiving countries when it comes to their educational practice. The intensity of the influence of these organisations can vary depending on the existing educational policy of the aid receiving countries. This paper, after a brief introduction on globalisation, examines its effects on the education policy in Sri Lanka with a special emphasis on the current language policy. Equity in education is usually advocated at primary level based on the universal primary education concept so highly upheld by the World Bank. However, the present high human development indicators are undoubtedly due to Sri Lanka's free education policy in native languages. The paper concludes stressing the importance to retain the national education policy as a means of empowerment and liberation of its masses and creating stronger ethnic harmony. 相似文献
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Peter Williams 《Prospects》1975,5(4):457-478
In a recent issue ofProspects we published a review of the World Bank's recent publication,Education Sector Working Paper. This publication represents a major policy statement by the Bank on the subject of education and significant (not to say radical) departure from previous policies. It is a document all the more important in view of the enormous funding power of the World Bank and the undeniable influence of its policies on national governments and even on international organizations. TheEducation Sector Working Paper, which has been generally welcomed in international circles, is certainly not without its critics both in the developing countries and in the industrialized world. We feel that at a time when there is a push for examining educational policies and concepts on an international level, we can contribute to the debate by publishing some criticism and rejoinder centring around the World Bank publication, much as we did in 1973 and 1974 on the subject ofLearning to Be, the report of the International Commission on the Development of Education. In this issue, therefore, we open the discussion with an article by Peter Williams, originally written for a one-day review meeting to consider the World Bank publication, held on 19 May 1975, at the University of London Institute of Education, and which he revised forProspects. The institute hopes to publish a report of its meeting, together with the papers, before the end of this year. Peter Williams' critique seems to us to be particularly interesting because it is based on the author's disagreement with the prevailing pessimism in the world, reflected by the World Bank, on the state of education in the developing nations. As always, our readers are warmly invited to contribute their reactions in any form they choose. 相似文献
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Meggan Madden 《Higher Education》2014,67(1):91-104
Although Vi?t Nam’s experiences with quality assurance (QA) policy development have been influenced by its relationships with, and funding from, the World Bank and regional organizations, the state-centric values of the Socialist Republic of Vi?t Nam still navigate the implementation process. The development of QA in Vietnamese higher education has walked a fine line between neo-liberal, free market strategies and state-centric, protectionist perspectives. Policy document analysis and key informant interviews show that the implementation of QA policies in Vi?t Nam is an example of how one developing country walks the line between state-centric values and neoliberal principles. 相似文献
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Tebeje Molla 《比较教育学》2014,50(2):229-248
In the context of low-income countries, the role of donors in public policymaking is of great importance. Donors use a combination of lending and non-lending instruments as pathways of influence to shape policy directions in aid-recipient countries. This paper reports some findings from a doctoral study on the role of the World Bank in the recent higher education (HE) policy reform process in Ethiopia. It focuses on the nature and impact of non-lending assistance by the Bank to the Ethiopian HE subsystem. Based on an interpretive policy analysis of sector reviews and advisory activities of the Bank, and selected national HE policy documents, the following findings are highlighted. First, as a ‘knowledge institution’, the World Bank produces, systematises and disseminates knowledge through policy advice, policy reports, analytical sector reviews, and thematic conferences and workshops. Second, knowledge aid from the Bank not only has a profound discursive effect on shaping Ethiopian HE policy reform priorities in accordance with its neoliberal educational agenda but also undermines the knowledge production capacity of the nation. The paper also argues that, for an effective education policy support, the Bank needs to shift its modality of engagement from knowledge aid to research capacity building. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Educational Development》1996,16(3):215-220
This paper reviews the reasons for the 1995 World Bank sector review Priorities and Strategies for Education, and describes the consultative process followed in its preparation. Despite enormous progress, developing and transitional economies face major challenges of enrollments, equity, quality and in delaying reform. They can meet these challenges by giving a higher priority to education, paying more attention to learning and labor market outcomes, focusing public investment on basic education, attending to equity, involving households and encouraging autonomous educational iinstitutions. 相似文献
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S. Heyneman 《International Journal of Educational Development》1985,5(4):283-288
This paper describes the history of the diversified curriculum debate. The first section briefly refers to the precedents for such discussions during the colonial era. A second section describes the institutional environment behind the beginning of bilateral and multilateral assistance to diversified curricula in 1960. The third section summarizes the changes in thinking about diversified curricula which have occurred in the World Bank over the last 20 years. This third section, itself, is divided into three subsections: (i) the original World Bank rationales for diversified education (1960–1970); (ii) the implementation history (1970–1980); and (iii) post-1980 strategies, including financing the research whose results are discussed at this meeting. The paper concludes with a fourth section which refers to the options on diversified education ahead. 相似文献
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Harry Anthony Patrinos 《Higher Education》1990,20(2):161-173
As a result of current economic conditions, developing countries have had to re-examine their methods for funding higher education. The World Bank has suggested several policy changes to help countries such as Colombia cope with the situation. The goal of these changes is to allow more equitable access to education, to increase the resources flowing to education, and to derive maximum benefit from this increase in funds. The proposed changes include decentralizing management, expanding private schools, and introducing student loans and selective scholarships, and cost-recovery in higher education.This paper examines the applicability of such a package in Colombia. It is argued that the main problems are the quality of higher education and access to education. Other obstacles include the ideology of free higher education and the opposition of the upper classes to selective scholarships in Colombia. The prospects for decentralized control of education are seen, at best, as a remote possibility. 相似文献
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Larry L. Leslie 《Higher Education》1990,20(3):271-286
Policy makers often employ rate of return (RoR) information in formulating public resource allocation decisions. A noteworthy present example is the World Bank, which uses RoR to advise Third World countries (TWCs) as they set student subsidy levels, tuition levels, and allocations by level of education (i.e., elementary, secondary, higher). This paper demonstrates that in the main RoR may be inappropriate policy devices for such aims because (1) major validity problems surround RoR formulations, (2) emphasis upon average RoR may misinform policy, and (3) RoR calculations are more sensitive to cost than benefits variations. It is concluded that true RoR to education are higher than conventionally estimated and in most cases support increased public resource allocations to various levels of education. Further, RoR evidence does not support reallocations from higher to lower educational levels, and World Bank advice to TWCs, most notably sub-Saharan Africa, may be in error. 相似文献
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This paper uses the device of imagining Education personnel at the World Bank engaging in study and discussion that causes them to rethink their 1999 Education Sector Strategy document. The Bank’s educators discuss issues that lead them to see that the World Bank’s assumptions of human capital theory are deficient. Having studied the severe limitations in the effectiveness of the education reforms of several countries, they admit not only that the education model being promoted by the Bank is flawed, but also that its preferred paradigm of modernist development is unsustainable. Thanks to the program of study and reflection, Bank educators decide to meet the challenge of reinventing themselves as educators collaborating with their national clients in developing new paradigms in which both creative education and sustainable development can flourish. 相似文献
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Icarbord Tshabangu 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2018,17(1):69-82
The developing world has continually faced tremendous challenges in providing social security and safety nets for its vast populations culminating in wider educational inequalities and extreme poverty. It is not uncommon in Sub-Saharan Africa to find rapacious wealth in the hands of a few co-existing with mass poverty. As a consequence, the majority of children in education have continually experienced low attainment levels and poor prospects in life. This paper discusses interrelationships between child poverty and educational inequalities since these aspects are critical to child development and social mobility and are poignant for developing nations if they are to re-align their economies competitively at a global level. The paper used an analytic review of existing survey data and literature on contemporary contexts in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on establishing understanding on child poverty and its impacts on children’s education and well being. In using data from the World Bank and United Nations agencies, the paper has been able to ascertain poverty indices affecting children; inadequate education investment levels; educational inequalities and how these have negatively impacted childhood education and development. Indications are that child poverty and educational inequalities continue to exist despite rising education investments in some countries. The paper posits strategies that developing nations may apply to improve childhood experiences and harness human capital, despite challenging levels of poverty. 相似文献