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1.
This article describes a case study of six girls' experiences with the Phoenix Quest computer game. In addition to the case study, a supplementary large-scale study of the reactions of both boys and girls to the same computer game was conducted for comparative analysis. Phoenix Quest (PQ) was designed not only to encourage children to explore language and mathematics, but also to offer game features that would especially appeal to girls. Participants in the case study were given opportunities to become acquainted with PQ for several months before being observed and interviewed. Four issues that emerged as being important to the participants were (a) presentation of the story in a non-linear format, (b) appreciation for the problem-solving elements of PQ, (c) identification with the main character (female), and (d) lack of awareness of the mathematics embedded within the game. The findings provided evidence that PQ appealed to girls because the protagonist was of their age and gender, and because the puzzles and searches were engaging throughout the game. Some aspects of the game, however, were less successful; for instance, the non-linear story format was disconcerting to all but one of the participants, and only one student identified the mathematics in the game structure. The large-scale study involved 41 boys and 57 girls, aged 8-12, from four junior school classes (Grades 4, 5 and 6). The aggregate data collected showed that more girls than boys used the postcard-writing feature of PQ and appreciated following the adventures of a female protagonist. More boys than girls were reported to offer advice to other students, discuss the game during their free time, and observe others playing the game. Some boys even formed groups to exchange information and game-playing strategies. Also, more boys than girls recognised the mathematics embedded within the game. Although these studies did not focus on teacher-student interaction, the finding that more than 25% of participating students were not able to identify the mathematics embedded in PQ, supports supplementary instruction on the part of a teacher as a requirement for making the mathematics more salient. Further research to address this issue is strongly recommended. Both the case study and the large-scale study revealed that among computer games, PQ's uncommon approach of celebrating and challenging a female protagonist is important to girls. This does not suggest that the presentation of a female protagonist will discourage boys from playing and enjoying the game. On the contrary, our findings showed that boys were also engaged by PQ, a game that encourages cooperative play and group problem-solving. In the realm of computer games, gender identification plays a key role, in first capturing the attention of girls, and then sustaining their interest, enjoyment and participation. 相似文献
2.
Nice and kind,smart and funny: what children like and want to emulate in their teachers 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Merryn Hutchings Bruce Carrington Becky Francis Christine Skelton Barbara Read Ian Hall 《牛津教育评论》2013,39(2):135-157
In many western countries, government statements about the need to recruit more men to primary teaching are frequently supported by references to the importance of male teachers as role models for boys. The suggestion is that boys will both achieve better and behave better when taught by male teachers, because they will identify with them and want to emulate their behaviour. However, this has not been supported by research evidence. This paper draws on data from an ESRC‐funded project involving interviews with 307 7–8 year old children in England (half taught by male and half by female teachers). Focusing on gender, it analyses children’s responses about their relationships with their teachers and about figures that they would like to emulate (both in school and outside). 相似文献
3.
Children ages 5–13 years (N = 82) responded to prosocial and prohibitive moral dilemmas featuring characters whose desires conflicted with another person's need for help or ownership rights. The gender of the characters matched for half the trials (in‐group version) and mismatched for the other half (out‐group version). Both boys and girls judged that people would more likely help and not harm the gender in‐group versus out‐group. Only girls exhibited gender bias in emotion attributions, expecting girls to feel happier helping girls and better ignoring the needs of boys. With increasing age, children exhibited greater awareness of the emotional benefits of prosocial sacrifice and made stronger distinctions by need level when evaluating prosocial decisions, obligations, and permissibility. 相似文献
4.
4 developmental levels of gender constancy were identified in 55 preschool-age children on the basis of a reproducible Guttman scale of answers to sets of questions pertaining to gender identity, gender stability over time, and gender consistency across situations. Children's developmental level of gender constancy was predictive of the amount and the proportion of time they attended to an adult male and an adult female film model. As boys developed gender constancy, their relative preference for watching the male model increased significantly; as girls developed gender constancy, their relative preference for watching the female model increased, though not significantly. At the more advanced levels of gender constancy, boys watched the male model more than did girls. It was suggested that same-sex social learning may develop as a function of children's cognitive understanding of gender as an identifiable, stable and consistent human attribute. 相似文献
5.
邹艳琴 《海南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2007,20(1):94-97
从美学意义上来说,意象就是作品艺术形象中具有特殊意蕴的那一部分。在一般作家的笔下,人物是被当作小说中的形象加以塑造的,而到了余华这里,很多人物已不再是单纯的形象,具有特殊的意蕴。论文主要论述了余华小说中的几类人物意象:符号化的人物意象、儿童意象、非正常人意象、父亲意象、女性意象。 相似文献
6.
Gender segregation in employment may be explained by women's reluctance to choose technical occupations. However, the foundations for career choices are laid much earlier. Educational experts claim that female students are doing better in math and science and are more likely to choose these subjects if they are in single-sex classes. One possible explanation is that coeducational settings reinforce gender stereotypes. In this paper, we identify the causal impact of the gender composition in coeducational classes on the choice of school type for female students. Using natural variation in the gender composition of adjacent cohorts within schools, we show that girls are less likely to choose a traditionally female dominated school type and more likely to choose a male dominated school type at the age of 14 if they were exposed to a higher share of girls in previous grades. 相似文献
7.
In 1990s Britain girls consistently outperform boys in examinations at 16 + . This achievement, however, has taken place in a context where many of the concerns voiced by writers in the 1970s and 1980s have not been resolved. It is argued that there is another side to the so-called 'gender gap': drawing on data from 20 schools in eastern England, it is suggested that girls still feel alienated from traditionally 'male' subjects, that career aspirations are still highly gendered, that boys still dominate the classroom environment, that boys' laddish behaviour can have a negative effect on girls' learning, and that some teachers have lower expectations of girls and find boys more stimulating to teach. In short, the gender debate has been captured by those concerned predominantly with male underachievement, leaving girls to make the best they can in what often continues to be a male-dominated environment. 相似文献
8.
Abstract This study sought to investigate participatory values in relation to gender, as expressed in interactions between teachers and children in circle-time situations in Swedish and Norwegian preschools. This paper reports evidence from three research questions: How is children's participation conditioned in circle-time situations? How are participatory values communicated to girls and boys? and What gender-related patterns emerge in teacher–child interactions in circle-time situations? The study is informed by Habermas' concepts of strategic and communicative actions, as well as Davies' idea of duality, the bi-polarity, between femininity and masculinity. Data consist of video observations of teacher and child interactions during circle time. The results show that children's participation is conditional on children's own willingness to participate, and on teachers' willingness to involve the children in a communicative action. Data reveal that the girls are more likely to take the initiative than boys and appear more comfortable in such an active position. It was also noted that there is a tendency for practitioners to interpret and value male and female traits as oppositional behaviours. 相似文献
9.
《Early education and development》2013,24(4):441-452
This study examined the proportion of cooperative play in 4-year-old children across centers (housekeeping, block, manipulative, and computer,) and gender in a natural classroom setting. Eighty-four white, middle-income children (41 boys and 43 girls, mean age = 55 months) were videotaped during free-play for 30 minutes per day for four weeks in four activity centers: housekeeping, block, manipulative, and computer. Analysis of Variance revealed that gender had no significant effect on the proportion of cooperative play; however, center was significantly associated with the proportion of cooperative play. Both boys and girls were just as cooperative in the computer center as in block and housekeeping centers and were more cooperative in the computer center than in the manipulative center. 相似文献
10.
Ulla Johansson 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(2-3):265-280
In 1927 the Swedish grammar school opened up for girls. Thereby girls got access to higher education on the same conditions as boys, at least formally. Thus, many towns' boys and girls were seated in the same classroom. In the large cities, however, sex segregation remained, as separate grammar schools for girls were established and some boys' grammar schools were still reserved for boys. The main aim of this paper is to compare the process of gender construction in these different school forms during the period 1927–1960. The questions put are: Were the discourses and the discursive practices of these schools part of the politics of equality or the politics of difference with regard to gender? Which representations of gender and gendered patterns of communication and domination did they produce? The main data consists of interviews with 30 ex-students of coeducational schools and female and male single-sex schools. The conclusion is that the pedagogy in all school forms was inscribed within the meritocratic discourse of equality, which was also important in shaping the students' subjectives. Both girls and boys had to prove themselves worthy of the privilege of attending the grammar school, and in this respect girls as a group were more successful than boys. To begin with the politics of equality also operated in the norms for how girls should dress and look, but later on a discrete make-up was allowed. The politics of difference was manifest in the swot syndrome, the techniques for punishments and rewards, and also, at least partly, in physical education. It was also manifest in the traditional representations of masculinity and femininity, like the male breadwinner and the housewife, prevalent in boys' grammar schools. Girls in female single sex schools, on the other hand, were firmly determined to make a career of their own. 相似文献
11.
About a third of play groups observed in a part‐time and full‐time early childhood centre were of mixed gender and two‐thirds were same gender. Mixed gender groups were larger than same gender groups and kindergarten (part‐time) groups were larger than childcare (full‐time) centre groups. In the kindergarten, outdoor play was much more common and there was a significant difference in boys preferring to play outdoors, followed by mixed groups and then girls. In both centres boisterous play was more likely in boys’ groups than girls’ groups, with mixed groups more similar to boys’ groups in the predominance of boisterous play. Boys’ groups in both centres exclusively used male themes for pretend play, while girls mostly used female themes and an occasional male theme. Mixed gender groups used male themes almost as much as male groups, but rarely or never used female themes. There was more physical conflict and rejection in mixed groups, than boys’ groups and none in girls’ groups in the kindergarten. There was more adult involvement in girls’ groups than in boys'groups in both centres, but mixed groups had an intermediate amount in the kindergarten and slightly more than girls in the childcare centre. Boys enjoyed noisy, rough and tumble play, competition for dominance, stereotyped male themes and sometimes actively rejected the presence of the researcher. Girls preferred quiet adult‐structured table activities and supportive conversations over activities with peers and adults. While there were examples of successful cross‐gender co‐operative play, there were also examples of the breakdown of reciprocity due to contrasting styles of play. 相似文献
12.
Young children's beliefs about the relationship between gender and aggression were examined across 3 studies (N=121). In Study 1, preschoolers (ages 3 to 5) described relational aggression as the most common form of aggression among girls and physical aggression as the most common form among boys. In Study 2, preschoolers and a comparison group of 7- to 8-year-olds were likely to infer that relationally aggressive characters are female and physically aggressive characters are male. Study 3 revealed that preschoolers show systematic memory distortions when recalling stories that conflict with these gender schemas. These findings suggest that even before children reach school age, they have organized patterns of beliefs about gender that affect the way they process social information. 相似文献
13.
在经典的愿望理解任务中加入与角色性别特征相符或相悖的玩具偏好信息,当信息中出现的玩具与测验玩具相同或同属一个性别组时,考察256名3到8岁儿童的愿望理解成绩是否会受性别刻板印象的影响。结果表明：（1）儿童为他人选择玩具时性别刻板印象的影响随年龄逐渐增强,在不知被预测角色玩具兴趣的情况下,女孩比男孩更刻板,所有被试对女性角色比对男性角色更刻板;（2）儿童利用信息的能力随年龄逐渐提高。测验玩具与信息中出现过的玩具出自同一性别组（表征对应）,与该玩具在测验中直接出现（直接对应）相比,会显著增加儿童的判断难度,但女孩为女性角色的判断相对不受影响;（3）如果被预测的男性角色与儿童性别刻板印象相悖,会显著影响各年龄儿童的愿望理解成绩,但如果是被预测的女性角色与儿童的刻板印象相悖,则仅会对7到8岁儿童的愿望理解成绩造成影响。 相似文献
14.
《Early education and development》2013,24(4):270-286
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in (a) the amount of affectionate behavior expressed by boys and girls and (b) the types of recipients of boys' and girls' affectionate behavior. Data were collected by conducting naturalistic observations of 76 children (32 males and 44 females) in six daycare centers. The affectionate behaviors observed were smiling, affectionate words, and active and passive affectionate physical contact. The results indicated that children's affectionate behavior was not gender typed as defined by social learning theory. However, there were gender differences related to the recipients of children's affectionate behavior. Children expressed more affection to (a) individual children and teachers than to groups and (b) same-gender peers than to opposite-gender peers. The specific behaviors making important contributions to the overall differences between boys' and girls' expressions of affection to male and female children differed. The results indicate there is a need to include the interpersonal context of the behavior when examining gender differences and to expand theory and research on the role of affection in children's development and relationships. 相似文献
15.
In Finnish secondary schools, girls and boys are taught physical education (PE) in separate groups. A male teacher normally teaches the boys and a female teacher teaches the girls. Focusing on PE teachers’ comments in two different ethnographic studies of seventh graders (13–14‐year‐olds), we examine the processes that reproduce or challenge the gender system and the possibilities of agency in the context of PE. Our findings suggest that the bodies of male students are regarded as strong and are, therefore, appreciated by both female and male teachers. Moreover, male teachers’ competence in PE is evaluated higher than that of the female teachers. None of the teachers questioned the male teachers’ ability to teach girls, however, heteronormativity arose as an issue. There were more doubts over female teachers’ competence to teach boys. 相似文献
16.
A Quintessentially Feminine Domain? Student Teachers' Constructions of Primary Teaching as a Career 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Bruce Carrington 《Educational studies》2002,28(3):287-303
The prevailing construction of primary teaching in the UK and elsewhere is that of a feminised occupation. In popular discourse, male teachers have been variously depicted as 'unusual', 'ambitious', 'odd' or even 'deviant'. Such constructions have engaged policy makers, academics and practitioners. Although previous research has suggested that working with younger children is more likely to be viewed as a 'woman's job', no large-scale investigation has been conducted into the factors influencing male entry to lower and upper primary teaching. In this paper, the findings of a recently completed survey of gender differences in graduate students' images of primary teaching as a career--undertaken in England and Wales--are presented. As well as drawing comparisons between male and female student teachers, detailed consideration is given to the perceptions of men planning to work with younger children and older children respectively. The paper concludes with an exploration of the policy implications of the research. 相似文献
17.
Andreas Hadjar Belinda Aeschlimann 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(1):22-42
Background: Horizontal gender inequalities appear to be rather stable, with girls more often choosing ‘female’ service professions, and boys choosing career paths related to science, technology, engineering or Mathematics.Purpose: Non-egalitarian patriarchal gender-role orientations and gender associations (perceived femininity) of the school subjects German Language Arts and Mathematics are theorised – triangulating different theoretical backgrounds – and empirically analysed as a major predictor of gender-typical vocational aspirations, considering interest in these school subjects as a mediating factor. Furthermore, we focus on a patriarchal relation of father’s and mother’s workforce participation as a root of gender-role orientations, and teacher gender in regard to its impact on gendered images of subjects.Sample: Empirical analyses are based on survey data from eighth-graders (around the ages of 14 and 15 at the time of data gathering) in the Swiss canton of Bern. The sample only encompasses children from two-parent families, as patriarchality in terms of differences in workforce participation between father and mother is taken into account.Design and methods: The research issues are analysed employing structural equation models. The statistical package Mplus allows for an analysis of the two dependent dichotomous variables ‘gender-typical vocational aspiration’ and ‘gender-atypical vocational aspiration’. The hierarchic structure of the sample (school class clusters) is taken into account.Results: Findings reveal different patterns for boys and girls; for boys, gender-typical (male) vocational aspiration could be explained to a small extent via gender-role orientations, interest in Mathematics and gender associations of school subjects; for girls, the factors under consideration could be empirically linked to ‘atypical vocational aspiration’. Teacher gender only has an impact among girls: if girls are taught by a female Mathematics teacher, they perceive the subject as a bit more female and show a higher interest in this subject. Their likelihood of having a gender-atypical vocational aspiration is a bit higher than among girls with a male Mathematics teacher who perceive the subject as a bit less female and, thus, show somewhat lower interest in this subject.Conclusions: There are still links – although weak – between gender stereotypes and vocational aspirations. Gender-role orientations are rooted in the family. A sensitisation towards gender stereotypes and their impact on aspirations and career would appear to be meaningful in broadening the vocational perspectives of men and women. 相似文献
18.
Bromley H. Kniveton 《British Journal of Sociology of Education》1986,7(3):287-292
Teachers in school are expected to provide similar experience for both girls and boys. Parents however, by their behaviour, may not be facilitating this. It has been suggested that sex roles are changing with the advent of the feminist movement. In an attempt to examine actual behaviour towards young girls and boys, children from 27 infant schools were observed attending and leaving school. It was predicted that parental behaviour would reflect traditional sex‐role attitudes by accompanying female children more than male. This was supported. It was observed that, in total, few children travelled unaccompanied. 相似文献
19.
古力加马力·买买提明 《新疆大学学报(哲学社会科学维文版)》2013,(4):59-66
20世纪50-70年代的维吾尔长诗中由于话语权属于男诗人,所以他们按照自己的社会性别观将作品中的男女人物赋予了各种性别意义。其结果,那些人物成为了集体和个人性别意识的符码。与占主导地位的男性话语权相应,长诗中的叙事视角同样成为了男性视角。这一时期的长诗中,描绘了各种各样的母亲形象和女性形象。虽然这呈现了多样女性形象画廊,但她们身上打下了明显的政治的烙印,较为突出地融入了社会性别意识。 相似文献
20.
《The Journal of educational research》2012,105(1):49-55
Abstract Two sets of software developed for early reading instruction (top rated and best selling) were reviewed and evaluated for gender portrayal of central and secondary characters of the opposite sex. Male central characters were present in 37% of the top-rated computer software and in 63% of the best selling software. Female central characters were observed in 16% of the top-rated software and 11% of the best selling software. The lack of consistency between children's software requires further investigation. In a more positive vein, when central characters and secondary characters of the opposite sex were compared for salient characteristics that could be classified as sex role stereotyping, no differences were observed. 相似文献