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1.
An oscillographic and quantitative investigation of the grid and plate currents of a grid-controlled mercury vapor tube, operating in an a.c. circuit, as functions of grid voltage and resistance, plate voltage and phase displacement between grid and plate voltages.It is shown that the direction of grid current depends not only upon the instantaneous polarity of the grid but also upon the magnitude of the grid voltage and upon the plate current. The grid current wave may consist of positive loops only, of positive and negative loops of varying areas or of equal areas, and of negative loops only. The various factors affecting the form of grid current wave are considered in detail.Inverse plate current occurs whenever the grid current is concurrent with the negative half-cycle of the plate voltage. The minimum value of inverse plate current occurs when there is no grid current coincident with the negative half-cycle of the plate voltage. It is caused by the lag of deionization of the mercury vapor furnishing a small amount of ionization when the plate voltage becomes instantaneously negative. With a constant average grid current the magnitude of the inverse plate current varies approximately sinusoidally with phase displacement between grid and plate voltages. 相似文献
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Ralph Bown 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1917,183(1):41-60
Not many years ago it was quite generally believed that iron was unable to follow rapid magnetic changes. Experiments which showed an apparent decrease in the permeability of the iron with an increase in the frequency of the magnetic cycle furnished a basis for a theory that iron was magnetically sluggish. Further and more accurate experiments proved, however, that the effects which had previously been ascribed to a peculiarity of the material were in reality caused by eddy currents in the sample. Theoretical calculations were made which demostrated that eddy currents in an iron test piece increased as the square of the frequency and that for even the lower frequencies it was necessary to use quite thin laminations in magnetic circuits in order to eliminate deleterious effects. Furthermore, it was found that due to eddy currents and the magnetic properties of iron, the magnetization in high frequency fields was confined to a thin surface layer of the piece. This “Magnetic Skin Effect” reduced the cross section of the iron which was magnetically active even though the laminations were extremely thin. Careful experimental measurements compared with theoretical calculations proved that the real permeability of iron remained unchanged at frequencies up to about 106 and that previous results had been is serious error due to neglect of the factors mentioned. This fact having been established, efforts were made to see what practical use could be made of iron in high frequency work and to that end some extensive experimental investigations of the saturation curves and core losses were made upon specimens laminated as thinly as was commercially practicable. The resulting data have furnished a basis for design.It is a demostrated fact that the permeability of all metals is unity for the magnetic cycles imposed upon them by heat and light waves. In the region between frequencies of about 106, where the true permeability of iron is practically the same as at zero frequency, and frequencies of about 1010 where the true permeability of iron approaches unity, the experimental values of μ decrease smoothly with the frequency. What happens to μ in the range of frequencies between the lingest heat waves and the shortest Hertzian waves which have yet been made is a question which has many interesting features but which has not yet yielded to the experimenter. 相似文献
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W.B. Nottingham 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1928,206(1):43-55
Probe measurements have been made in cadmium, thallium and carbon arcs by sweeping the probe through the arc at a constant velocity and measuring the current collected by the throw on a ballistic galvanometer with different probe potentials applied. The voltage-current characteristic was analyzed to get a measure of the positive ion concentration, the average electron temperature and the space potential by the Langmuir method. The cathode falls found were each equal to, or only slightly higher than, the ionization potential of the active gas, and were 9.0 volts in the cadmium arc, 6.5 volts in the thallium arc and 5.0 volts in the carbon arc. The last value is to be compared with the ionization potential of the cyanogen molecule of 4.4 volts. The anode fall found in the carbon arc was 16.5 volts. These values for the carbon are agree almost exactly with the “forward” and “back” E.M.F.'s measured by Duddell and others at the cathode and the anode but not identified by them as the cathode and anode falls. The electron velocities were found to be Maxwellian with average velocities sufficiently high to account for the ionization known to exist. Over parts of the are stream where the fields were found to be large the electrons showed corresponding increases in average temperature and evidence that only about three-quarters of the energy gained by the electrons from the field between collisions is lost by the lectrons while the remaining quarter is retained and made evident by the steady increase in the electron temperature. As the current flowing through the arc was increased, the radiation per unit volume and also the positive ion current per unit length of the probe were found to increase very rapidly indicating an increase in the efficiency of the ionization process as the current increases. It is thought that this observation is closely related to the fact that the voltage drop across the arc decreases as the arc current increases. 相似文献
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W.B. Nottingham 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1931,211(3):271-301
The principle of the grid-controlled arc or thyratron is briefly described and the norminal ratings as regards filament current, maximum plate current etc. of four important thyratrns are given in table form. Methods of measuring the grid current, critical grid potential, etc., with D.C. power supply are given along with the results obtained on the General Electric Company thyratrons FG-17, FG-27 and FG-67. Characteristics obtained with A.C. power supply are also shown for these thyratrons and some of the relative advantages of the “phase-shift” and the “critical potential” methods of control are discussed when used in connection with photoelectric cell circuits. The A.C. measurements seem to show that a time of 10?3 second is required to start a thyratron. An amplifier circuit is shown by which it is theoretically possible to control a thyratron circuit using an input current to the amplifier of 10?11 ampere. 相似文献
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Martin A. Pomerantz 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1946,241(6):415-433
The secondary electron emission from alkaline-earth oxide-coated cathodes has been investigated under both continuous and pulsed bombardment. Various factors affecting the yield, such as dependence upon primary voltage, collecting voltage, temperature, time, and angle of incidence, are noted, and the present state of the theory is discussed.Experiments have been performed with three types of apparatus. Yield vs. Energy data reveal values of δ of 4–7 at room temperature, with a more or less flat maximum at approximately 1,000 volts primary energy.The yield increases with temperature in an exponential manner, and plots of log Δδ (i.e. δK° ? δ300°K) vs. 1/T give straight lines. Values of Q1 between 0.9 – 1.5 eV. are generally indicated, and from extrapolation of these curves, yields exceeding 100 at 850° C. are deduced. The secondary emission depends upon the degree of activation, and increases with enhancement of the thermionic emission characteristics. Short-time effects such as growth or decay of secondary current after the onset of primary bombardment or persistence after the cessation of bombardment have not been observed, and values of yield obtained by pulsed methods are in accord with those obtained under D.C. conditions. Tail phenomena reported by J. B. Johnson and interpreted as “enhanced thermionic emission” from oxidecoated cathodes become manifest only under experimental conditions characterized by certain space-charge effects, and have been effectively simulated by bombarding a tantalum target adjacent to an electron-emitting tungsten filament. Various measurements of the energy distribution of secondary electrons as a function of primary voltage and temperature have been obtained. It was observed that the average energy of the secondary electrons decreases with temperature at a rate which more than compensates for the increase in the number of secondaries emitted per incident primary. The mechanism of the observed dependence of yield upon temperature is not well understood. Various alternative explanations are discussed and, in the light of the present state of our knowledge, regarded as untenable. 相似文献
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This paper discusses the results of a series of experimental investigations that have been conducted at The Johns Hopkins University on the effects of electric shock. Rats and dogs were used as the experimental animals. They were completely anesthetized before the experiments. Studies of the effects produced by electric current upon the nervous system and upon the heart are reported. Three types of circuits were used in the work, namely, direct current, alternating current, and the discharge of an impulse generator.In the first series of experiments, the effect of voltage was studied and it was found that low voltage alternating current circuits are much more deadly than direct current circuits of the same voltage. At voltages of 1,000 and higher the reverse is the case. In this work, the importance of the size of the animal as related to the injury was definitely established, larger animals being able to withstand a greater current than those small in size.The resistance offered by a body in an electrical circuit was determined. The resistance is made up of two parts—the contact resistance, and the ohmic resistance of the body proper. The resistances offered at the contacts are of the nature of a voltage drop and are largely independent of the current flowing. The importance of contact resistances in industrial accidents is emphasized.In a second series of experiments the effect of the current path through the 相似文献
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ORDUNG PF 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1948,245(1):37-51
Within recent years, engineering applications using pulses of direct current as short in duration as a microsecond and repeated several thousand times per second have become important. Such pulses may have amplitudes that are greater than 100 amperes. This paper discusses the techniques and precautions which are essential for oscillographic observations of such pulses. Particular consideration is given to the problem of determination of the bandwidths required for measurements of such pulses, of the construction and the calibration of resistors for metering such currents, and of properly terminating the coaxial transmission line used for connecting the metering element to the oscillograph. 相似文献
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通过介绍当前具有代表意义的智能双向表计技术、智能电器及插座技术、智能用电终端技术、智能用电信息管理系统技术及互动式用电技术,分析了各项用电技术的特点及在智能电网中所承担的重要功能。这些技术在当前的智能用电技术中得到广泛的应用,可以预期智能用电技术将在未来得到极大的丰富与发展,在我国也逐渐得到广泛的应用,表现出很好的技术效果。 相似文献
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Peter J. Mulder 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1938,225(5):527-547
The phosphorescence of the calcium sulphide was excited by light and the intensity of the combined radiation of all stimulated wave-lengths was measured as a function of time by means of photoelectric cell, the current from which was amplified by a special vacuum tube amplifier. The amplified currents deflected a galvanometer, the deflection of which was found to be strictly proportional to the intensity of the light falling on the cell.Decay curves for different durations of excitation of the sample were obtained, the decay in intensity during the first thirty seconds after excitation being automatically recorded. Similar curves were obtained for identical durations of excitation at various temperatures of the sample. The effects of several different binders for the calcium sulphide powder were also investigated. A single empirical equation for sulphide in a given binder was obtained, by means of which the intensity of the phosphorescence can be computed for any time after excitation begins, and for any temperature within the range studied. 相似文献
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Mario Porru Alessandro Serpi Ignazio Marongiu Alfonso Damiano 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2018,355(2):728-752
Two different control approaches for suppressing DC-link voltage unbalance in Three-Level Neutral-Point Clamped Converters (NPCs) are presented in this paper. They both guarantee DC-link voltage equalization over any NPC operating conditions, i.e. when the NPC feeds or is supplied by the main AC grid at different active and/or reactive power rates. The proposed control approaches consist of either a hysteresis or a proportional regulator, each of which synthesizes the most suitable control action based on the actual DC-link voltage unbalance. Particularly, two different PWM techniques have been developed in order to achieve DC-link voltage equalization successfully, preserving NPC voltage and current waveforms at the same time. The performances achievable by means of both the proposed control approaches have been compared to each other through an extensive simulation study in order to highlight their most important advantages and drawbacks, as well as their effectiveness over any operating conditions. Particularly, both control approaches are validated in the Matlab-Simulink environment referring to DC-link voltage equalization of an NPC that represents the point of common coupling between a DC microgrid and the main AC grid. 相似文献
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V.S. Kulkarni 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2008,345(1):29-38
The present paper deals with the determination of unknown temperature and thermal stresses on the upper surface of a thick circular plate. A thick circular plate is subjected to arbitrary known interior temperature under steady state. The fixed circular edge and lower surface of the circular plate are thermally insulated. The governing heat conduction equation has been solved by using Hankel transform methods. The results are obtained in series form in terms of Bessel's functions. The results for displacement and stresses have been computed numerically and illustrated graphically. 相似文献
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基于信息熵和模糊物元模型的城乡结合部农地质量评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城乡结合部是城市与农村相互结合的特殊经济地理单元,是城市快速扩张的重点区域。目前城乡结合部范围不明确,确定方法以定性为主,土地评价偏重土壤质量。针对此点,文章以信息熵理论为基础,通过遥感解译TM影像获取研究区土地利用类型图后,构建土地利用信息熵模型,计算500m×500m网格单元的熵值后借助突变点检测法确定城乡结合部内外边界,内外突变点位熵值为30;然后确定农地质量评价指标体系,通过叠置法和多边形法相结合来获取评价单元及其属性数据,借助地理信息系统（GIS）和模糊物元贴近度聚类分析模型计算评价单元贴近度,划分研究区农地质量等级,并采用野外调查和相关系数法检验结果。结果表明：研究区农地质量中等偏上,以二级, 三级为主,占评价总面积的73.35％;尽管受多因素及RS栅格数据特点的影响,城乡结合部带有锯齿状和犬牙交错,但本研究结合了行政界线完整性的原则,划分方法科学、适用,其结果为荆州市确定城市扩展方向、合理利用城乡结合部土地资源提供了重要参考依据,同时也能够为类似地区城市扩展方向的确定提供一种较好的思路。 相似文献
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Allan C.G. Mitchell 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1930,210(3):269-286
It has been shown that electrons with 11.5 volts energy can dissociate a hydrogen molecule into its two constituent atoms, but up until recently no experiments have been performed to see whether fast positive ions are able to dissociate hydrogen.In the present experiments Li or Cs positive ions of various velocities are produced in a tube containing hydrogen molecules. The tube is immersed in liquid air, and the rate of decrease of pressure of hydrogen is measured as a function of the velocity of the positive ions. It is found that with no positive ions entering the tube there is a certain decrease in the pressure of the hydrogen due to its thermal dissociation on the hot filament and its subsequent condensation on the cold walls of the tube. With ions of energies from 15 to 320 volts flowing in the tube the rate of decrease of pressure is greater, showing a formation of some condensible product due to the action of the ions.The rate of pressure decrease with the voltage applied has been found to be proportional to the ion current flowing. The rate per unit current is proportional to the pressure; and the rate per unit current per unit pressure is practically independent of the voltage for Li and Cs ions of energies from 15 to 320 volts.The effect has been shown not to be due to secondary electrons.The process may be due to the formation of alkali hydrides in the gas phase. The number of hydrogen molecules disappearing per positive ion entering the tube varies from 0.01 to 0.5. No critical potentials have been found in this experiment, in disagreement with recent experiments of Leipunsky and Schechter. 相似文献
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J.M. Meek 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1940,230(2):229-242
The potentials required for breakdown between spheres are calculated on the basis of the streamer theory of spark discharge. This theory is founded on atom-physical considerations, so that the calculations are not of the usual empirical nature. Agreement within about 3 per cent. of the values determined experimentally is obtained in the case of the symmetrical sphere-gap for spacings up to a sphere diameter. The effect of variation of air density is also considered and the calculations are again found to be in close agreement with experiment. The Toepler discontinuity is explained in terms of the new theory, which predicts a transition region between two types of mechanism in the range of spacings where the discontinuity is observed, and which further accounts for the known increase in scattering of the measured potentials in that region. 相似文献
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We review the recent progress in the emerging area of devices and circuits operating on the basis of ionic currents. These devices operate at the intersection of electrochemistry, electronics, and microfluidics, and their potential applications are inspired by essential biological processes such as neural transmission. Ionic current rectification has been demonstrated in diode-like devices containing electrolyte solutions, hydrogel, or hydrated nanofilms. More complex functions have been realized in ionic current based transistors, solar cells, and switching memory devices. Microfluidic channels and networks—an intrinsic component of the ionic devices—could play the role of wires and circuits in conventional electronics. 相似文献
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采用单相电流型多电平变流器作为光伏并网发电系统的电路接口,可以降低开关器件的开关频率和电流应力,同时可以使电网侧电流获得更好的谐波特性。为获取更好的谐波性能,电流型多电平逆变器部分采用POD-PWM调制,并通过直流侧电流反馈实现分流电感电流的均衡控制。最后,通过锁相环控制,使多电平逆变器输出的电流跟踪电网电压,实现并网。基于PSIM仿真环境,设计了单相五电平电流型光伏并网逆变系统,对上述方案的正确性和可行性进行了验证。 相似文献
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Britton Chance 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1940,229(6):737-766
A manual syringe drive has been found to fulfil the requirements for a high driving force and a small disturbance to the electro-optical system. A syringe bore has been selected with due regard for the force-speed characteristic of the hand and flow velocities of 25 m./sec. have been obtained in this manner. A direct comparison of a manual and an electric drive has been made and it has been found that the mechanical and electrical effects of the latter upon the photoelectric system greatly reduce the possible range of the electric drive method. 相似文献
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Carl C. Chambers 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1934,218(4):463-484
The results of Del Rosario on cold emission are shown to result from the fact that, through the attainment of specially good vacuum conditions and freedom from contamination, the cold electron current from the wire was suppressed up to field strengths greater than those at which measurable current was obtained in the work of previous observers. It was in fact suppressed beyond the point at which discharge started from points on the welding of the support. The results of Del Rosario are thus probably characteristic of conditions other than those pertaining to the wire, a conclusion which accounts for his current voltage curves. The formula of Fowler and Nordheim is found to apply in the measurable regions in form directly and in magnitude only if irregularities of the surface are such as to raise the field at the surface to a sufficiently high value. Breakdowns after intense heat treatment are studied and found to be caused by immeasurably small currents of electrons knocking ions from the anode. The erratic original curves obtained by previous investigators are found to be caused by successive breakdowns similar to those found after intense heating. 相似文献