共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Research and public policy on academic entrepreneurship are largely based on the assumption that faculty members start businesses to commercialize inventions that have been disclosed to university administrators and have been patented. In this paper, we analyze a sample of 11,572 professors and find that much academic entrepreneurship occurs outside the university intellectual property system. Specifically, about 2/3 of businesses started by academics are not based on disclosed and patented inventions. Moreover, we show that individual characteristics, departmental and organizational affiliations, and time allocation of academics that have started business outside the IP system are different from those of academics that have started businesses to exploit disclosed and patented inventions. We discuss the implications for research on and the practice of academic entrepreneurship. 相似文献
2.
Like the US before it, Japan has adopted a series of policy initiatives designed to encourage the commercialization of academic science. However, such initiatives may also adversely affect “open-science”. Based on matched surveys of almost 1000 researchers in Japan and over 800 in the US, the paper examines rates of commercial activity, reasons to patent, and secrecy related to research results. In particular, it examines the extent to which participation in commercial activity is associated with publication secrecy. The results show that patenting rates are higher in Japan, while industry funding is more common in the US. In addition, the overall level of publication secrecy is greater in Japan. And, in both countries, individuals who are commercially active are less likely to share their research results through publication. But, patents are less directly linked to commercial activity in Japan than in the US, and have less impact on academic secrecy. The results suggest that academic entrepreneurship is associated with reduced participation in open science, but that the extent of adverse effects depends significantly on institutional context. 相似文献
3.
Henry Etzkowitz 《Research Policy》2003,32(1):109-121
Academic entrepreneurship arose from internal as well as external impetuses. The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an “inner logic” of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a focus on teaching to research. The internal organization of the Research University consists of a series of research groups that have firm-like qualities, especially under conditions in which research funding is awarded on a competitive basis. Thus, the Research University shares homologous qualities with a start-up firm even before it directly engages in entrepreneurial activities. 相似文献
4.
【目的】 系统梳理国内外学术不端检测系统特点、局限性及存在争议,提出针对我国科技期刊的启示与建议。【方法】 通过文献调研与归纳总结,剖析学术不端检测系统现状及问题;结合国内外资料调研及编辑工作实践,得出启示与建议。【结果】 国外研发学术不端检测系统的时间较早,2009年国内成功研发学术不端检测系统并将其投入使用后,抄袭与剽窃等学术不端行为被有效遏制;但对学术不端检测系统的局限性认识不足、过度依赖学术不端检测系统、设置的文字复制比阈值太低,引起新的学术不端问题,不利于引导学术研究和学术继承性、创造性发展。【结论】 (1)科技期刊编辑部应理性使用检测系统、设置合理阈值、科学界定学术不端行为,为规范学术研究、保证研究质量和及时准确发布研究成果建立正确导向;(2)科技期刊编辑部应与相关机构联合,建立统一的引用规范,根据不同学科特点和论文类型等采用不同的阈值,实行“人机”结合、精准检测;(3)建立学术不端审核机制,规范审核流程,提升编辑把关能力,形成以编辑为主、多方联合的多元防治体系;(4)应用新技术不断提升检测系统查准率,提供更多服务功能,满足不同学科及新型出版方式的多样化需求;(5)建立学术不端法治体系,建立终身信誉制度或荣誉准则制度,开展科研诚信终身化与常态化教育,相关单位将学术道德纳入人才评价体系,促进学术生态良性发展。 相似文献
5.
Publication and patent behavior of academic researchers: Conflicting, reinforcing or merely co-existing? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Increasing entrepreneurial activity within academia has raised concerns that the number of publications added to the scientific commons might be reduced or that academic research would be directed exclusively towards the application-oriented needs of industry. In the case of academic inventions, the potential conflict between public- and private-oriented considerations seems most salient. In this contribution, we examine whether the publication behavior of academic inventors (at K.U. Leuven) differs from their colleagues (non-inventors) working within similar fields of research. Our analysis reveals that inventors publish significantly more. Moreover, no empirical evidence was found for the ‘skewing problem’. These findings not only suggest the co-existence of both activities; they may actually reinforce each other. 相似文献
6.
We present a conceptual framework of academic consulting and explore its impacts on universities and the benefits to innovating firms. We distinguish between three types of academic consulting: opportunity-driven, commercialization-driven and research-driven. Exploring the implications of these different types, first, we postulate that consulting has limited impact on biasing academic research towards more ‘applied’ themes. Secondly, while we expect research-driven consulting activities to be positively associated with research productivity, opportunity-driven consulting will have a negative impact. Thirdly, we differentiate between different functions of academic consulting for different types of firms. 相似文献
7.
高校将科研成果奖励作为学术治理体系及治理能力现代化构建的主要部分,以一系列科研成果奖励活动规约学术场城内的学术研究,诱发学术成果的“符号等级化”“等值兑换”等非常规的科研评价机制形成,使学术奖励从最初是一种激励高校教师开展学术研究的制度,演化成为高校教师为获得学术奖励而开展学术研究的一种精神导向和行为法则,一方面激励、导向教师向学术资源丰硕的资本领域推进,另一方面也裹挟、诱导教师在学术生产中形成趋利避害、避实就虚、投机取巧等不好的研究惯习.由此,高校的学术场域内隐匿着多重危机:在奖励的追求中异化学术研究的动机;在奖励的逐使中化约学术研究成为附庸品;在奖励的判别中掩饰虚假的学术研究.为此,高校的学术研究要从“危机”中走向“转机”,需纠偏科研评价场域内有失偏颇的奖励机制,淡化科研成果的相关奖励,旨归学术场域的本真状态. 相似文献
8.
学术失范,严重影响制约了国家的核心竞争力,是一阶规则被破坏、二阶制度供给失衡的重要表现。学术失范的出现是外在诱致与内在追求双重因素作用的结果,是以求真为旨趣与以财富支配权为皈依的资本以及与权力相结合并被异化的必然产物。基本规则、道德自律在资本面前,真知在权力面前,科学常识在官学掮客面前,制度在有意混淆体裁的学阀们面前显得孱弱与无助。废止冗余的制度,官—学、管—研分离,资源配置下沉,落实以人为本的治国理念,遵守科研规律和人才成长规律,严厉打击论文造假产业链,是拯救学术规范,遏制学术腐败的基本路径。 相似文献
9.
大学图书馆参考服务的发展趋势 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：16
Internet及电子信息资源给大学图书馆的参考服务带来了冲击和挑战，文章分析了当前参考服务环境的变化，根据国外图书馆实施数字化参考服务的状况，提出了参考服务数字化和深层次化是今后大学图书馆参考服务的发展趋势。 相似文献
10.
Our paper examines the relationship between managerial control and research performance of academic groups. An understanding of the determinants of research performance is a prerequisite for designing effective micro- and macro-research policies. The paper focuses on Dutch medical and health research groups. Our paper addresses the following question: do (certain) research management activities enhance the performance of academic groups? A quantitative approach was used to gather data from research leaders in 160 groups. Correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis show that several aspects of research management have a positive relationship with research performance. Furthermore, this study reveals that managerial choices of Dutch (bio)medical and health research leaders give rise to differences in performances measures. Additionally the disciplinary setting is found to have an impact on relationships between managerial control and performance. The paper concludes by giving suggestions for further research as well as considering possible implications for research policy. 相似文献
11.
In recent years the academic world has witnessed the mushrooming of journals that falsely pretend to be legitimate academic outlets. We study this phenomenon using information from 46,000 researchers seeking promotion in Italian academia. About 5% of them have published in journals included in the blacklist of ‘potential, possible, or probable predatory journals’ elaborated by the scholarly librarian Jeffrey Beall. Data from a survey that we conducted among these researchers confirms that at least one third of these journals do not provide peer review or they engage in some other type of irregular editorial practice. We identify two factors that may have spurred publications in dubious journals. First, some of these journals have managed to be included in citation indexes such as Scopus that many institutions consider as a guarantee of quality. Second, we show that authors who publish in these journals are more likely to receive positive assessments when they are evaluated by (randomly selected) committee members who lack research expertise. Overall, our analysis suggests that the proliferation of ‘predatory’ journals reflects the existence of severe information asymmetries in scientific evaluations. 相似文献
12.
Previous research on academic entrepreneurship and engagement with industry has found that the behaviour of academics is influenced by their local social context. However, we know little about the mechanisms that produce this effect. We argue that academic scientists’ industry engagement is influenced significantly by the behaviour of their peers, that is, the behaviour of colleagues of similar seniority. Using insights from social psychology, we hypothesize that these peer effects are produced by the mechanism of social comparison. In an analysis of data from multiple sources for 1370 UK academic scientists and engineers, we find that peer effects are stronger for early career individuals and weaker for star scientists, suggesting the incidence of social comparison. We argue that individuals look to their immediate peers for inspiration, because they view them as an important reference group and use them as a benchmark for their own ambitions and behaviours. Our findings have important implications for how universities may encourage scientists’ behaviours by paying attention to local work contexts. 相似文献
13.
University-industry linkages in the UK: What are the factors underlying the variety of interactions with industry? 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
This paper examines the different channels through which academic researchers interact with industry and the factors that influence the researchers’ engagement in a variety of interactions. This study is based on a large scale survey of UK academic researchers. The results show that university researchers interact with industry using a wide variety of channels, and engage more frequently in the majority of the channels examined - such as consultancy & contract research, joint research, or training - as compared to patenting or spin-out activities. In explaining the variety and frequency of interactions, we find that individual characteristics of researchers have a stronger impact than the characteristics of their departments or universities. Finally, we argue that by paying greater attention to the broad range of knowledge transfer mechanisms (in addition to patenting and spin-outs), policy initiatives could contribute to building the researchers’ skills necessary to integrate the worlds of scientific research and application. 相似文献
14.
2012年,德国联邦议院通过了《科学自由法》,即"关于非大学研究机构财政预算框架灵活性的法律"。根据该法,德国马普学会等政府资助的非大学学术和研究机构将在财务和人事决策、投资、建设管理等方面获得更多的自由。探究该法案实施的背景认为,赋予科研院所更大的独立自主权,加快发展多种组织形式的科研院所,更加注重高端人才的引进,对加快我国新型科研院所建设具有积极意义。 相似文献
15.
《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104587
We study the role of informal collaboration in academic knowledge production using published research papers previously presented and discussed at the NBER Summer Institute. We show that papers that have a discussant are published in highly-ranked journals and are more likely to be published in a top journal. Conditional on having a discussant, the quality of a paper’s journal outlet increases in the discussant’s prolificness and editorial experience. This supports the idea that discussants help reduce information asymmetries that are inherent in the academic publication process. Conversely, using social network analysis we find no evidence that citations accumulate because discussants diffuse information about the paper. 相似文献
16.
This paper investigates the difference in the profiles of university scientists who have founded or advised companies. We analyzed the commercial activities of a sample of 6138 university life scientists and found that the profiles of scientists who become academic entrepreneurs are different from those who become companies’ scientific advisors. Founding activity occurs earlier during a scientist's career than advising. Factors such as gender, research productivity, social networks and employer characteristics also differ in their effects on the propensity for founding and advising. In addition, regression analysis shows that being a company's scientific advisor decreases the probability of becoming an academic founder. Overall, evidence from our analysis suggests that founding and advising are two divergent paths for commercially oriented university scientists. 相似文献
17.
As a response to competitive market forces and governmental steering policies, Australian universities have strengthened considerably their internal research management in the last two decades. This paper examines empirically the effect of management on academic research productivity. The results suggest that management practices indeed seem to have some positive effect on research productivity, and the effect is consistent in the earlier (1995–2000) and later (2001–2007) time period. Universities with a more intensive management approach not only have higher absolute level of research productivity but they demonstrate also faster growth in productivity. An omitted variable bias and robustness of the results to the choice of the output measure are under a particular attention and call for some caution in interpreting the results. 相似文献
18.
本文主要对社会科学研究成果学术评估的概念、作用、以及目前常用的两种学术评价方法进行了分析,归纳了社会科学研究成果学术评估的特点,并就其体系构建的发展趋势提出了看法,认为我国的社科学术评价体系将会呈现出从专家评估走向多元主体评估、从单维度评估走向多元标准评估、从数量技术评估走向多种方法综合评估、从阶段评估走向全过程评估等多种发展趋势. 相似文献
19.
中国技术创新学术研究18年述评(上) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lei Jiasu Shi Xiaohong 《中国青年科技》2007,(9)
自1989年国家自然科学基金首次资助技术创新类课题以来,我国的技术创新学术研究已走过了18个年头。在这18年间,我国的技术创新研究从学者关注到全社会重视,已发展成为涉及等多个领域的重要学术领域。在该过程中,国家自然科学基金作为中国最高级别的学术资助基金,在资助技术创新学术研究上发挥了不可替代的重要作用。其所资助的技术创新类研究项目代表了中国技术创新研究的最高水平。本系统概括分析了1989年到2007年国家自然科学基金资助的1D0个技术创新类研究课题,就这些研究的领域分布,各领域研究的主要问题,所研究问题的时间特征等进行了综述。希望本文对关注中国技术创新学术研究的人群有一些启示。 相似文献
20.
This editorial examines the question of whether plagiarism may be on the increase in the social sciences and, if so, what needs to be done to keep the problem in check. It was prompted by the discovery of an alert reader in June 2007 that a 1993 paper in Research Policy appeared to have plagiarised a 1980 article in the Journal of Business. The allegation was investigated, and it was agreed by the Editors that the 1993 paper constituted a clear and serious case of plagiarism. However, the author concerned has published over 100 articles and books. Already, two other publications have been judged by the editors of the journals concerned to have plagiarised previous publications. Two more are under investigation, but the great majority of the remainder still remain to be checked. The fact that academic misconduct on this scale has gone unchecked over such a prolonged period raises serious issues about the efficacy of the processes used to police the conduct of researchers. Furthermore, the unexpected discovery that a paper by the author under investigation appears itself to have been plagiarised poses a fundamental question as to whether plagiarism may be far more common than previously assumed. The editorial concludes that a measured degree of vigilance and a greater willingness to pursue any well-founded suspicions of research misconduct are required by editors, referees, publishers and the wider academic community if the scourge of plagiarism is to be kept at bay. 相似文献