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1.
By using a sample of 793 inventors drawn from the PatVal-EU dataset, this paper explores three aspects of patent production at the individual inventor level: (1) the number of EPO patents that the inventors produce; (2) the average value of their inventions; (3) the production of the most valuable patents. By jointly estimating the three equations we find that the inventors’ level of education, employment in a large firm, and involvement in large-scale research projects positively correlate with quantity. Yet, apart from the size of the research project, none of these factors directly influence the expected value of the inventions. They do, however, have an indirect influence, as we find that the number of patents explains the probability of producing a technological hit (the maximum value). Also, there is no regression to the mean in the invention process at an individual level, as the number of inventions that an inventor produces is not correlated with the average value. 相似文献
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We examine patent licensing business models of non-practicing entities that generate revenue by selling, licensing, or litigating patents. They may also pursue R&D activities, invent new technologies, or provide services to inventors or product companies. We describe their business models and patent market behavior and then compare their litigation strategies against product companies using a matched sample of highly comparable patents. The main differences among patent licensing firms stem from their technological capabilities, patent portfolio sizes, and external relationships. We find that licensing firms with technological capabilities often pursue litigation until decision and engage in forum shopping. In contrast, litigation incidence, parties involved, and outcomes are primarily determined by patent characteristics, not entity types. Licensing business models drive the acquisition of certain types of patents that influence the outcomes of the patent system. We argue that patent policy should strengthen mechanisms to discover invention quality rather than focus on the amount of litigation or types of entities. 相似文献
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在梳理我国风能技术发明专利发展演变趋势基础上,以维持时间为衡量指标,本文认为中国风能技术发明专利质量低于国外专利质量。通过选取1985年-2013年无效专利为样本,作者运用多元线性回归模型重点研究中国风能技术发明专利维持时间的影响因素问题,发现:选取的六个自变量中,影响力度最大的是年费,影响力从大到小依次排列的是年费、专利族大小、发明人数、科研院所或个人、专利审查时间。根据多元线性回归模型的结果,作者提出了增加我国风能技术发明专利维持时间、提高我国风能技术专利质量的对策和建议。 相似文献
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专利市场是经济活动中效率最为低下的市场之一。一方面,专利属于无形资产,很难评判其价值。另一方面,由于信息不对称,市场参与双方（发明人和使用者）均面临很大的搜寻和交易成本。然而较少有文献实证记录这些市场摩擦所带来的后果。本文记录中国个人专利申请的一个特别现象：与企业专利相比,个人专利被广泛认为质量较差;然而另一方面,个人专利在授权后的维持时间却长于企业专利。本文认为专利市场摩擦可以一定程度上解释该现象：由于搜索成本和信息不对称,相对于企业来说,个人发明人需要更长时间才能将其专利许可或转让给可以商业化的公司。个人发明人往往需要这些转让收益来收回发明的投资成本,为此他们会努力寻求潜在的授予方,而不得不维持专利到更长的时间。 本文提供一些实证证据来支持这个假说。在专利质量比较过程中,本文基于中国国家知识产权局的数据库,整理并建立了中国专利申请的详细数据并构建了若干质量指标。同时,作者利用谷歌专利数据库补充了专利权利要求项数量和专利引证这两个指标,为中国专利质量分析、知识传递与溢出提供了重要的数据来源。 相似文献
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Academic inventors as brokers 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Francesco Lissoni 《Research Policy》2010,39(7):843-857
Academic inventors are university scientists who appear as designated inventors of patents owned either by business companies, academic institutions or individuals. We analyse their relationships with co-inventors, who may be either academic colleagues, students, or, very often, industrial researchers. Gould and Fernandez's (1989) taxonomy of ‘brokerage’ roles is adjusted to patent data, and complemented with information drawn from both academic inventors’ publications and replies to a short questionnaire. Only very few academic inventors are found to hold brokerage positions. Such inventors have a large number of patents, a strong publication record and a higher-than-average share of patents held by companies, rather than universities. Relationships of academic inventors with co-inventors from industry are weaker and less likely to be maintained than those with co-inventors from academia. Academic inventors in gatekeeping positions (between university and industry) maintain the strongest ties with all types of co-inventors. 相似文献
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This paper examines the role of various inter-organizational relationships in patent development, and how these relationships contribute to patent competitiveness. It takes the perspective of individual inventors and describes how they utilize external knowledge in the development of patents. Based on a case study of a European telecom operator, we found interaction with R&D consortia, suppliers and customers to support inventors in the development of new ideas for patents and in solving related problems. In terms of patent competitiveness, buyer-seller relationships were more valuable for an operator than R&D consortia relationships, as they reduced the market and technology uncertainty related to the patent. 相似文献
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How team composition exactly influences innovation outcomes remains a complex and unsolved puzzle in the literature on creativity and innovation. Our study differentiates two types of team technology-related diversity—technological dissimilarity and technological variety, and investigates their influences on the impact of an invention created by a team. Analyses of over half million U.S. utility patents in the 1991–2005 period invented by teams reveal that technological variety of team inventors has a positive effect on invention impact, and that technological dissimilarity between team inventors plays both positive and negative roles, eliciting an inverted U-shaped effect. In addition, we find that the positive effect of dissimilarity is significantly reduced after controlling for variety. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. 相似文献
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学术型发明人是科学向技术转移的重要桥梁和媒介。本文从识别高影响力的学术型发明人入手,通过对高影响力学术发明人的论文和专利的持续研究主题的研究,来识别对比高科技领域科学与技术前沿主题的差别与联系,并分析识别学术型发明人的研究成果中的更具市场潜力的研究主题。研究发现,不同国家的学术型发明人的研究侧重点不同,有的偏重科学研究,有的偏重技术研发;学术型发明人的科学研究主题与技术研究主题重叠度并不高;企业参与的专利发明与研究论文在主题上强相关。 相似文献
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Paola Giuri Myriam Mariani Gustavo Crespi Dominique Francoz Walter Garcia-Fontes Raul Gonzales Karin Hoisl Alessandra Luzzi Lionel Nesta Önder Nomaler Pari Patel Bart Verspagen 《Research Policy》2007,36(8):1107-1127
Based on a survey of the inventors of 9017 European patented inventions, this paper provides new information about the characteristics of European inventors, the sources of their knowledge, the importance of formal and informal collaborations, the motivations to invent, and the actual use and economic value of the patents. 相似文献
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Economic theory views patents as policy instruments aimed at fostering innovation and diffusion. Three major implications are drawn regarding current policy debates. First, patents may not be the most effective means of protection for inventors to recover R&D investments when imitation is costly and first mover advantages are important. Second, patentability requirements, such as novelty or non-obviousness, should be sufficiently stringent to avoid the grant of patents for inventions with low social value that increase the social cost of the patent system. Third, the trade-off between the patent policy instruments of length and breadth could be used to provide sufficient incentives to develop inventions with high social value. Beyond these three implications, economic theory also pleads for a mechanism design approach: an optimal patent system could be based on a menu of different degrees of patent protection where stronger protection would involve higher fees, allowing self-selection by inventors. 相似文献
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在全球专利膨胀的大背景下,有效的早期专利评价指标是把握技术发展态势服务战略和技术管理的有力工具。本文以中国专利局1986-2005年间授权的机械工具领域发明专利为研究对象,以专利文献中早期可获得的经济或技术信息为基础构建出专利质量早期表征指标,选择专利维持时间作为专利质量的代理变量,建立生存分析模型,利用SPSS统计软件研究了这些早期指标表征专利质量的有效性。研究表明,该技术领域中权利要求项数的增加能够降低国内专利生存危险,专利说明书页数和发明人数的增加能够降低国外专利生存风险,对应专利组的平均专利质量也相对高。结果说明,权利要求项数、说明书页数、发明人数等早期文献指标能够不同程度地表征专利质量。本研究结果、思路及方法对探索和确定早期专利评价指标特别是适合中国专利数据的指标具有启发性,也为从广义虚拟经济的角度研究专利资产价值提供参考。 相似文献
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风险投资对企业技术创新作用的研究结果呈现出多样化特征。本文选取2009-2018年间在中国创业板上市的708家企业为样本,从创新投入和创新产出视角,构建创新生产模型研究风险投资对中国企业技术创新的作用。研究发现：风险投资背景对企业创新投入和创新产出没有显著的促进作用;风险投资机构的数量对企业创新投入和创新产出有显著影响;风险投资机构的持股比例对企业创新投入和创新产出有负向作用;风险投资金额对企业创新投入有显著的促进作用,对企业创新产出则没有影响。进一步的检验揭示了研发投入对于风险投资机构数量和创新产出之间的中介效应,企业创新产出主要源于风险投资机构数量累积效应下的企业研发投入实现。研究结果表明,风险投资对中国企业的技术创新同时具有促进效应和抑制效应。 相似文献
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纳米科学与技术之间的联系:基于学术型发明人的分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文聚焦于从事纳米研究的学术型发明人,即大学中同时具有国际期刊论文作者和专利发明人双重身份的研究人员(author-inventor),他们是联结纳米科学与纳米技术的纽带.通过比较学术型发明人和非学术型发明人的论文数量、被引频次和H指数,本文发现学术型发明人的研究绩效显著高于纯学术研究者,并且在高产作者和高影响力作者行列中占有更高的比例.本文使用负二项回归模型分析了专利活动对于学术型发明人研究绩效的作用,发现专利数量对于论文数量呈正向作用,但对论文质量有副作用.最后,本文给出了相关政策建议. 相似文献
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Ernst-Jürgen Horn 《Research Policy》1983,12(2):91-103
The so-called technological balance of payments has been widely and controversially discussed as an indicator of a country's performance in innovative activity and its role in the international transfer of technology. The main virtue of data on technological payments is usually ascribed to the fact that they are related to the output of innovative activity rather than to the input. And output indicators of innovative activity are in great demand in research on technical change, but in notoriously short supply.This paper examines the explanatory power of the technological balance of payments in the case of the West German economy. The drawbacks of West German data on the patents and licences account are discussed in detail. Then the patterns by industry and by country of the technological balance of payments are analyzed. Regarded across industries, a positive relationship is found between receipts — but not for payments — on patents and licences, on the one hand, and domestic R&D intensity, on the other. Technological payments seem to be closely related to foreign direct investment. For example, the bulk of payments to abroad is done by affiliates of foreign companies, to which only a very small fraction of receipts accrue. Taken together, there is no simple relationship between the technological balance of payments position and the innovativeness of countries. It would, therefore, be misleading to interprete the overall large deficit of the West German patents and licences account as an indicator of technological weakness. Furthermore, changes in the balance, particularly in recent years, suggest an increasing improvement. 相似文献
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专利价值再认识:大学专利转让的实证研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(9):1608-1620
高价值专利工作已经成为我国经济社会发展的一个重要方面,合理认识、科学评价专利价值是开展相关工作的重要前提和手段。从保护范围、创新水平、主体特征、时间因素等方面系统回顾、梳理了有关专利价值的客观指标。利用手动收集的1704项大学转让专利,用转让价格测量价值,实证分析了相关指标对专利价值的影响,发现专利价值是内生的。整体上,权利要求数、专利文献页数、海外同族专利数、独立权利要求字数、专利寿命对专利价值有显著的影响,发明人数量、专利审查时间、专利引用信息、是否与企业合作没有表现出与专利价值的显著相关性。分别以5万元、10万元、15万元为临界值进行逻辑回归发现,真正高价值的专利不仅具有法律意义上的高质量,技术上的高水平是其高价值的重要基础。 相似文献
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专利的技术新兴度与其技术影响力间关系研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(6):1034-1043
识别具有发展潜力的新兴技术和最具价值的新兴技术主体已成为各利益相关方关注的重点。美国的FUSE项目提出了“技术新兴度”这一指标,实现了对新兴技术（主体）的定量评估。在此基础上,本文以专利为研究对象,引入文献计量学、计量经济学等相关方法,在对专利的技术新兴度进行计算的基础上,从定量角度探究专利的技术新兴度与其技术影响力间的关系,并使用纳米载药领域的专利数据进行实证分析。研究表明,专利的技术影响力与其技术新兴度间存在显著的正相关关系,即技术新兴度越高的专利可能对后续的技术发展产生更大的影响和推动作用,且这种新兴技术思想（新兴术语）对专利技术影响力的提高作用具有一定的持久性（至少3年）。本研究为新兴技术的定量研究、高质量专利的挖掘以及我国政府或企业相关科技策略的制定提供了重要的参考。 相似文献
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This paper develops a people-centric perspective on the geographical dispersion of technological renewal in the multinational corporation (MNC). We contend that a large proportion of all foreign technological advancements can be attributed to a handful of individual inventors, suggesting a blockbuster effect of subsidiary technological development. This suggests that analyses carried out at the subsidiary or firm level disguise significant yet largely unexplored variation in the technological contributions made by individual members of these foreign units. To support this proposition, the paper draws upon an original data set that comprises all of the advanced foreign subsidiaries of 21 Swedish MNCs between 1893 and 2008, and follows their patenting activity in order to document the distribution of inventive activity, both across and within individual subsidiaries. The findings at the subsidiary level show that the distribution of technological activity and contribution to the overall multinational group is significantly skewed; the paper then empirically explores the assumption that a similar distribution also applies at the level of individual inventors. The results point to a pattern whereby most inventors make only occasional and limited technological contributions and, instead, more significant numbers of new technological discoveries are attributable to a select group of exceptionally inventive individuals. In the light of the results, we suggest the fruitfulness of applying a people-centric perspective on the sources of sustained competitive advantage of the MNC, the management of geographically dispersed capabilities in the multinational network, and the geographical sources of technological renewal in the MNC. 相似文献