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1.
In this paper, we explore the connection between education and wage inequality in Spain for the period 1994–2001. Drawing on quantile regression, we describe the conditional wage distribution of different populations groups. We find that higher education is associated with higher wage dispersion. A contribution of the paper is that we explicitly take into account the fact that workers who are and workers who are not in jobs commensurate with their qualifications have a different distribution of earnings. We differentiate between three different types of educational mismatch: ‘over-qualification’, ‘incorrect qualification’, and ‘strong mismatch’. We find that while over-qualification and incorrect qualification are not associated with lower wages, strong mismatch carries a pay penalty that ranges from 13% to 27%. Thus, by driving a wedge between matched and mismatched workers, the incidence of strong mismatch contributes to enlarge wage differences within education groups. We find that over the recent years, the proportion of strongly mismatched workers rose markedly in Spain, contributing toward further within-groups dispersion. 相似文献
2.
Manuel Salas-Velasco 《Higher Education》2010,60(4):357-368
This paper examines the determination of wage rates for health professionals using three well known, and commonly used, econometric
techniques: ordinary least squares, instrumental variables, and Heckman’s method. The data come from a graduate survey and
the analysis focuses on a regional labor market, due to nationwide information on salaries is absent in Spain. After estimating
different wage equations, the results suggest that OLS estimates are preferable. The findings show an important wage premium
for medical doctors relative to nurses, but also a wage advantage for workers who are civil servants and a gender wage-gap
that favors men. Although the expansion of higher education in Spain has reduced social inequalities in access, the main policy
implication from this paper is that social class differences can still persist at the degree level—in the choice of degree—if
students of higher socioeconomic status get a place at university in a degree of higher earnings, a fact that is corroborated
in this study. 相似文献
3.
In a recent paper, García-Mainar and Montuenga-Gómez [García-Mainar, I. & Montuenga-Gómez, V. M. (2005). Education returns of wage earners and self-employed workers: Portugal vs. Spain. Economics of Education Review, 24(2), 161−170] apply the generalized IV model of Hausman and Taylor to estimate education returns of wage earners and the self-employed in Portugal and in Spain. Our examination reveals several problems which relate to the validity and documentation of the instrumental variables, as well as the robustness of the results. 相似文献
4.
This paper analyzes the dynamics of rate of returns for postgraduate education and the determinants of wage premiums for postgraduate
labor, especially for the impact of higher education expansions, in terms of quantity and quality, since the late 1990s in
Taiwan. Utilizing quasi-panel data over the 1990–2004 period and employing the double fixed effect model, the empirical results
first confirm the existence of wage premiums for workers with postgraduate degrees. However, the analysis on the dynamics
of wage premiums finds that it ranged from only 1.40 to 11.67% and decreased sharply in 2004, indicating that the pecuniary
reward for postgraduate qualification seems not to be as high as expected. Along with the rapid expansion of higher education,
the concern about its negative impact on rate of returns to education is witnessed in this study. The sharp increase in the
supply of postgraduate labors appears to have a negative impact on an individual’s wage premium. Similarly, a decline in the
postgraduate labor quality along with higher education expansion has contributed to a negative wage effect. 相似文献
5.
Unlike previous studies on educational returns in developing countries, this paper examines the distributional impacts of education on wages using a recently developed econometric approach – unconditional quantile regressions. The results yield unconditional impacts of education at different points of the wage distribution and, therefore, are more informative from a policy perspective than both traditional regression and quantile regression methods commonly used for estimating educational returns. We use a nationally representative dataset on labor markets in India, collected in 2005–2006. The results reveal significant heterogeneity in education's effects along the wage distribution and striking differences in these patterns by gender: the effect of primary education is found to be significantly higher for women than men in the middle of the wage distribution; while the effect of post primary education exhibits a distinct pattern whereby women get significantly higher rewards than men above the median and significantly lower rewards than men below the median. These findings have direct implications for the targeting of education policies that seek to reduce gender wage inequality. 相似文献
6.
Michael Modarelli 《Changing English: An International Journal of English Teaching》2006,13(2):241-252
The author addresses the growing concern with part‐time employment within the academy and argues that reliance on part‐time faculty in universities is morally wrong because this practice violates Kant's respect for persons principle. Further, because universities benefit from the employment of part‐timers, the latter are exploited for gains in the universities' end, which undermines the very moral nature of education as a business practice between and among persons. To maintain morality in higher education, universities have a duty to provide a living wage and meaningful work for their employees. 相似文献
7.
Although studies have shown a significant wage gain associated with the possession of a college degree, few have considered
at what age the degree was received to estimate this college wage premium. Given the recent increase in the enrollment of
older students, this study examines how the size of the premium is affected by college timing while focusing on a possible
gender difference. Results from fixed-effects models show that those who complete their degree at 25 or older receive a significantly
lower premium than those who graduate at a younger age, while the penalty for late graduation is much smaller for women than
men. A further analysis suggests that the late college penalty is partly due to the delayed onset of the cumulative benefits
higher education provides, and that women are penalized less for late degree completion because they gain less from college
education over the course of time to begin with. 相似文献
8.
The Japanese higher education sector has seen increases in tuition with stagnant household incomes in a society where family support for university students has been the norm. Student loans from the government have grown rapidly to sustain the gradual increase in university enrolments. These time-based repayment loans (TBRLs) have created financial hardship for increasing numbers of loan recipients and their families. There is some evidence that prospective students from low-income households are forgoing a university education to avoid student loan debt. The Japanese government has introduced some measures including grants and a partial income-contingent loan (ICL) scheme to help alleviate these problems.While the ICL scheme is a positive development, this paper shows that it requires further refinement and broader coverage if it is to adequately address the challenges facing higher education financing in Japan. We show that an affordable and universal ICL system could be introduced in Japan that avoids problems with the current partial income-contingent loan scheme and would help alleviate access issues for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Importantly, the unique features of the Japanese labor market have to be carefully considered, especially the large gender wage gap for married women. By introducing dynamics into modeling graduate earnings and using carefully selected parameters, we show that it is possible to have a universal ICL which achieves a balance between access and affordable repayment with minimal long-run costs to taxpayers. 相似文献
9.
Xavier Pons 《European Journal of Education》2017,52(2):131-144
This article provides a literature review on the effects of the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) on education governance and policy process across participating countries. This review seemed necessary because there has been a growing body of literature on this topic since 2003, especially since 2010, because this literature is not always well‐known and because the discourse on the so‐called ‘PISA shock’ remains important, even if it is more of a metaphor than a concept and may be politically partial. The article exploits a dataset of 87 references which show that PISA introduced major changes in the governance of education worldwide. Driven by soft power strategies and new policy transfers, this governance is based on data and measurement tools which redefine the scales of education policies. It also shows that PISA has a strong influence on a variety of national reforms, as illustrated in many case studies. However, this influence strongly depends on domestic policy contexts that scholars intended to capture through different theoretical frameworks. Nonetheless, few propose overarching theorisations of the political meaning of PISA effects on education governance and policy processes. The article concludes by stressing three main challenges for the subsequent studies on these PISA effects: better conceptualising these effects, preserving an epistemology of uncertainty in order to avoid taken for granted views and normalising the research on PISA effects not to perpetually and artificially rediscover its so‐called novelty. 相似文献
10.
张昆仑 《江西教育学院学报》2011,32(2):52-55
2010年我国高校的绩效工资制改革可以看作是对2006年＂工改＂的全面实施和深化。这些年来,学术界对高校＂工改＂从七个方面进行了有价值的探讨。但存在六个方面的不足。随着＂工改＂的深入进行,这方面的研究必将系统而深入地向前推进。 相似文献
11.
This paper studies the non-market effects of education on crime using a panel dataset for the 20 Italian regions over the period 1980–1995. Our empirical results suggest that education reduces crime over and above its effect through labour market opportunities (employment rate and wage rate). Because of the absence of a credible instrumental variable for education for Italy, our empirical strategy is to include in our econometric specification region fixed effect, year fixed effects and region-specific time trends together with an extensive set of socioeconomic and deterrence variables. Our results are robust to model specification, changes in the typology of crimes and finally, to alternative definitions of education. 相似文献
12.
13.
In this paper the current national legislations, the quality assurance approaches and the activities of impact analysis of three quality assurance agencies from Romania, Spain and Germany are described from a strategic perspective. The analysis shows that the general methodologies (comprising, for example, self-evaluation reports, peer reviews, on-site visits, assessment reports, follow-up measures) and main subjects of quality assurance in higher education (such as study programmes and institutional structures and processes) are very similar in the sample cases. However, up to now, impact evaluation of quality assurance has not been implemented systematically in the sample agencies (as in many others). This is the more relevant since the European standards of quality assurance in higher education oblige quality assurance agencies to analyse their general findings and observe the effects of their activities. Against that background, it is argued that methodologically sound impact analyses of quality assurance interventions in higher education institutions should be seen as an integral part of the agencies’ own quality assurance because it would make their work more transparent and easier to improve systematically. The paper identifies some professionalisation needs required for impact evaluation competences: staff and peers who are qualified by methodological knowledge but also by ‘soft’ skills such as project and conflict management. 相似文献
14.
The 1980s saw a revival of studies on literacy in Spain, thanks partly to the convergence of economic history and the history of education but above all to the emergence of young historians in conjunction with prestigious specialists in the history of education. This article analyses the latest research to be published in Spain and the part that it has played in the shift from traditional approaches to new methodologies. Against the background of the history of education in Spain, the article assesses such key aspects as the controversial relationship between human capital and literacy, the importance of long‐standing cultural factors in literacy and its geographical distribution, the need for a qualitative history of literacy within the more general framework of the written culture, and the relationships between literacy and modernisation. 相似文献
15.
《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2013,45(10):1047-1064
This article challenges the assumption underlying most education reforms that constructivism is politically neutral and intrinsically democratic. It makes this argument by examining the curriculum reform in Spain during the 1980s and 1990s in light of the neoliberal politics that the country was experiencing at that time. This study employs the poststructuralist analytical lens of governmentality developed by Foucauldian scholars. Accordingly, it claims that, the psychological version of constructivism adopted by the official curriculum reform failed to deliver promises for democracy because it was crafted within the same neoliberal political rationality that redefined the terms of government in the late 1980s, a redefinition that decontextualized the learner from his/her social context and adopted the logic of the market. 相似文献
16.
Work experience placements are mandatory in the UK for all young people aged 16–18 in education, and their employability effects and associated wage premia are well noted in the literature. Through Bourdieu’s lens, this article analyses and conceptualises a unique data set of reflective testimonies submitted in response to a YouGov survey of over one thousand young people. Different capitals are detected, their distributions are observed, and correlations with key variables such as social background and school type are reported. Emerging through young people’s perceptions of employer engagement is a complex web of human, social and cultural capital accumulation. Overlaps are frequent, with newly acquired forms of capital often activating others. We argue that because of the cyclical nature of employer engagement gains, benefits accumulate exponentially for some young people while leaving others increasingly detached from the capitals that are most important for labour market success. 相似文献
17.
王思敏 《天津成人高等学校联合学报》2014,(6):24-27
文章通过介绍西班牙巴斯克地区在职业教育中对创新型人才培养方案的设计,分析西班牙巴斯克地区职业教育的成功经验,结合当前我国职业教育人才培养方案中存在的质量标准不规范、职业教育所用技术和管理手段缺乏创新等问题,借鉴西班牙巴斯克地区职业教育的做法,对我国职业教育人才培养提出采用统一的质量认证标准、通过政策和制度保证职业教育创新等建议。 相似文献
18.
In 2005 Chilean congress approved a bill that established a new funding tool for higher education funding through a "private system" of student loans (named CAE). The system aimed to support higher education inclusion among students with academic merits overcoming the lack of resources for ensuring access. Politicians have referred to this reform in higher education funding as a critical factor for expanding higher education enrollment. By its immediate results, it is a great strategy to cope with inequality and social mobility issues. However, there is little empirical evidence about labor market variables' overall effects, such as gender discrimination. This work attempts to estimate the new instrument's impact on the three standard measures of gender labor discrimination: labor participation, the gender wage gap, and the glass ceiling. The empirical strategy uses a difference-in-difference approach to provide estimates. The results indicate that the CAE policy changed women's labor market participation and contributed to close the gender pay gap in the labor market. However, the glass ceiling increased in the entire labor market, but not in the white-collar job market in specific. 相似文献
19.
Between Transaction and Transformation: The Role
of School Principals as Education Leaders in Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Spain is, together with Portugal, the only OECD country where school principals are democratically elected from the teaching
staff of each primary and secondary school by a School Council, where all members of the school community are represented.
While this unique feature of the Spanish system entails many promises in terms of deep democracy and, equally important, the potential legitimacy of change promoted by school leaders, the reality seems to be somewhat less
romantic. This paper explores the limitations and constraints faced by school principals in Spain to actually perform their
role as school leaders in primary and secondary schools. Based on a major study that we carried out for the National Institute
for Quality and Evaluation (INCE) in 2002, involving more than 20,000 questionnaires and 30 Focus Groups (with teachers, principals,
school inspectors, administrators, education experts and parents), the paper deals with the impact of leadership on school
improvement and change, especially as far as teaching and learning processes are concerned. Despite their democratic legitimacy,
or perhaps precisely because of its unexpected effects, the elected principal in Spain faces constraints which de facto position
himself or herself between a practice of permanent transaction with colleagues and the mounting pressure of transformation and accountability coming from outside the school. Results from this research suggest that such constraints are determining
that the practice of school leadership in Spain is management and maintenance-oriented rather than change-oriented, thus casting
doubts about the very model of school leadership. 相似文献
20.
Recent research on economic returns to higher education in the United States suggests that those with the highest wage returns to a college degree are least likely to obtain one. We extend the study of heterogeneous returns to tertiary education across multiple institutional contexts, investigating how the relationship between wage returns and the propensity to complete a degree varies by the level of expansion, differentiation, and cost of higher education. Drawing on panel data and matching techniques, we compare findings from the US with selection into degree completion in Germany and the UK. Contrary to previous studies, we find little evidence for population level heterogeneity in economic returns to higher education. 相似文献