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1.
Intuitions and Schemata in Mathematical Reasoning 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Efraim Fischbein† 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1999,38(1-3):11-50
The present paper is an attampt to analyze the relationship between intuitions and structural schemata. Intuitions are defined as cognitions which appear subjectively to be self-evident, immediate, certain, global, coercive. Structural schemata are behavioral-mental devices which make possible the assimilation and interpretation of information and the adequate reactions to various stimuli. Structural schemata are characterized by their general relevance for the adaptive behavior. The main thesis of the paper is that intuitions are generally based on structural schemata. The transition from schemata to intuitions is achieved by a particular process of compression described in the paper.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Timothy S. Gegg-Harrison 《Instructional Science》1991,20(2-3):173-192
A set of basic construct Prolog schemata are presented as the basic constructs of a structured Prolog for recursive list processing. Prolog schema hierarchies are given that group classes of Prolog programs within each of the basic construct Prolog schemata via most-specific schemata which high-light their similarities and differences. A schema-based instructional approach based upon this classification of Prolog programs is provided as a method of introducing recursion to novice Prolog programmers. The incorporation of this approach to teaching recursive Prolog programming in an intelligent tutoring system is presented. Finally, a schema-based Prolog programming environment embedding this tutoring system in addition to a standard Prolog development system is proposed which promotes the acquisition and use of structured programming constructs in Prolog. 相似文献
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Xenia Vamvakoussi Wim Van Dooren Lieven Verschaffel 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2013,82(2):323-330
This study tested the hypothesis that intuitions about the effect of operations, e.g., “addition makes bigger” and “division makes smaller”, are still present in educated adults, even after years of instruction. To establish the intuitive character, we applied a reaction time methodology, grounded in dual process theories of reasoning. Educated adult participants were asked to judge the correctness of statements about the effect of operations. Their accuracy and reaction times were measured. For items where the correct answer was not in line with the assumed intuitions, more mistakes were observed; moreover, we found longer reaction times for correct responses, indicating that these intuitions interfere in participants’ reasoning on these tasks, even when they provide a correct response. 相似文献
5.
《Learning and Instruction》2006,16(4):350-362
The differential effects of four task selection methods on training efficiency and transfer in a computer-based training for Air Traffic Control were investigated. Two personalised conditions were compared with two corresponding yoked control conditions. The hypothesis that personalised adaptive task selection leads to more efficient training than non-adaptive task selection was partially confirmed. However, the hypothesis that adaptive task selection based on personalised efficiency leads to more efficient training than adaptive task selection based on personalised preference was not supported. The results are discussed and suggestions are given for future research. 相似文献
6.
陈雅文 《江西教育学院学报》2014,(2):93-96
国内外对图式理论和翻译补偿的研究早已具备一定的研究成果,但从文化图式理论视角下的研究却仍然稀缺。从文化图式理论视角下对翻译的研究虽然有所发展,但与翻译补偿关联的研究却十分欠缺。文章通过介绍文化图式理论,以文化图式理论为基础,分析刘士聪《英汉·汉英美文翻译与鉴赏》中应用的翻译补偿策略,尝试从一个较新的视角对翻译补偿进行研究,为译者提供与文化图式理论相关的翻译补偿策略作参考。 相似文献
7.
Patricia J. Bauer 《Child development》1993,64(1):285-297
Gender-schema theory predicts that, based on a rudimentary understanding of gender (e.g., self-labeling), children will invoke gender schemata in the processing of information. In older children, one indication of schematic processing is differential memory for schema-consistent versus schemainconsistent material. Due to a lack of appropriate measures, evidence of very early use of gender schemata has been limited. In the present study, elicited imitation was used to assess 25-month-old girls' and boys' immediate and delayed recall of sequences depicting femalestereotyped, male-stereotyped, and gender-neutral activities. At immediate and delayed testing, girls showed equivalent levels of recall of all 3 sequence types. Boys showed superior recall of male- relative to female-stereotyped sequences; their recall of gender-neutral sequences was equivalent to that of male-stereotyped ones. Results indicate that, at least for boys, use of gender schemata is evident by 25 months of age. Possible explanations for the absence of a clear effect for girls are discussed. 相似文献
8.
John Clement David E. Brown Aletta Zietsman 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(5):554-565
This study begins the task of mapping out the domain of valid, potentially helpful beliefs of students and raises the possibility of drawing on these intuitions in teaching conceptual material. Some issues are explored surrounding the identification of such intuitions, referred to as anchoring conceptions or anchors. We attempt to: (1) propose some organizing theoretical and observational definitions of the anchor construct; (2) present some initial findings from a diagnostic test designed to uncover anchors for physics instruction; and (3) provoke an initial discussion of the new methodological issues that arise in this domain. The results of the diagnostic test indicate that a number of group anchors exist. In addition, some unexpected non‐anchors were identified. Furthermore, evidence was found indicating that some anchoring examples may be ‘brittle’, i.e., evidence that the anchor could not be extended analogically to help a student make sense of a target situation. Finally, it is suggested that further research is needed to construct a theory of anchoring conceptions that would, for example, specify what characteristics would indicate that an anchoring conception can provide the basis for conceptual change via analogical extension. 相似文献
9.
吴艳 《廊坊师范学院学报》2004,20(4):98-100
由于文化差异，中国英语学习者对英语语篇中的隐喻理解通常出现困惑。针对这一问题，文章以图式理论为指导并根据隐喻特点及某些相关的运作机制，从内容图式(content schemata)、语言图式(1inguistic schemata)及文化图式(cultural schemata)三个角度来分析英语语篇中的隐喻理解程序特点，并指出了相应的英语隐喻理解策略。 相似文献
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Over the last 20 years, science education studies have reported that there are very different understandings among students of science regarding the key aspects of climate change. We used the cognitive linguistic framework of experientialism to shed new light on this valuable pool of studies to identify the conceptual resources of understanding climate change. In our study, we interviewed 35 secondary school students on their understanding of the greenhouse effect and analysed the conceptions of climate scientists as drawn from textbooks and research reports. We analysed all data by metaphor analysis and qualitative content analysis to gain insight into students' and scientists' resources for understanding. In our analysis, we found that students and scientists refer to the same schemata to understand the greenhouse effect. We categorised their conceptions into three different principles the conceptions are based on: warming by more input, warming by less output, and warming by a new equilibrium. By interrelating students' and scientists' conceptions, we identified the students' learning demand: First, our students were afforded with experiences regarding the interactions of electromagnetic radiation and CO2. Second, our students reflected about the experience-based schemata they use as source domains for metaphorical understanding of the greenhouse effect. By uncovering the—mostly unconscious—deployed schemata, we gave students access to their source domains. We implemented these teaching guidelines in interventions and evaluated them in teaching experiments to develop evidence-based and theory-guided learning activities on the greenhouse effect. 相似文献
12.
Malgorzata Przenioslo 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2004,55(1-3):103-132
The paper is based on extensive research carried out on students of mathematics who had completed a university course of calculus. The basic purpose of the research was to determine the students' images of the concept of limit, that is to find out their associations, conceptions and intuitions connected with limits and to determine the degree of their efficiency and the sources of their formation. To achieve the objectives an expanded set of selected problems — simple but not quite standard — and various other research instruments were used. Several classes of images of the limit concept have been identified and described, according to their main foci: neighborhoods, graph approaching, values approaching, being defined at x0, limit of f atx0 equals f(x0), and algorithms. 相似文献
13.
Are children's rule-assessment classifications invariant across instances of problem types? 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Wilkening and Anderson recently criticized Siegler's rule-assessment methodology as being insufficiently diagnostic of some rules that may be used to solve tasks like the balance scale. An implication of this criticism is that the rule-assessment method may yield classifications that vary with the problems used to assess knowledge. We tested this implication by varying the size of the product difference within problem types for both the balance-scale and the inclined-plane tasks. Many children's classifications differed from problem set to problem set. Children tended to achieve more developmentally sophisticated classifications with larger product differences, and variability in classifications was attributable to greater accuracy on all problem types with larger product differences. The variability in accuracy on the simple problem types is predicted by neither Siegler's nor Wilkening and Anderson's analyses. Possible explanations for these findings were discussed. 相似文献
14.
The hypothesis is advanced that a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for the acquisition of proportional reasoning during adolescence is the prior internalization of key linguistic elements of argumentation, essentially those used in hypothetico-deductive reasoning. This hypothesized internalization, which does not occur in all individuals, results in some who have acquired the ability to reflect upon the correctness of self-generated answers in a hypothetico-deductive manner, and others who have not. As an initial test of the hypothesis, 46 subjects (Ss) (mean age = 21.03 years) were classified into additive, transitional, or proportional reasoning categories based upon responses to a proportions task. Group differences were found in which proportional Ss performed better than transitional Ss who in turn performed better than additive Ss on a number of items testing Ss' abilities to identify, generate, and use the linguistic elements of argumentation. Further it was found that some Ss who were successful on the linguistic items failed the proportions task, but no Ss who were successful on the proportions task failed the linguistic items. This result supports the hypothesis that the internalization of linguistic elements of argumentation is a prerequisite for proportional reasoning and by inference other advanced reasoning schemata as well. Implications for science instruction are drawn. 相似文献
15.
Anton E. Lawson 《科学教学研究杂志》1982,19(9):743-760
Although the development of reasoning is recognized as an important goal of science instruction, its nature remains somewhat of a mystery. This article discusses two key questions: Does formal thought constitute a structured whole? And what role does propositional logic play in advanced reasoning? Aspects of a model of advanced reasoning are presented in which hypothesis generation and testing are viewed as central processes in intellectual development. It is argued that a number of important advanced reasoning schemata are linked by these processes and should be made a part of science instruction designed to improve students' reasoning abilities. Concerning students' development and use of formal reasoning, Linn (1982) calls for research into practical issues such as the roles of task-specific knowledge and individual differences in performance, roles not emphasized by Piaget in his theory and research. From a science teacher's point of view, this is good advice. Accordingly, this article will expand upon some of the issues raised by Linn in a discussion of the nature of advanced reasoning which attempts to reconcile the apparent contradiction between students' differential use of advanced reasoning schemata in varying contexts with the notion of a general stage of formal thought. Two key questions will be discussed: Does formal thought constitute a structured whole? And what role does propositional logic play in advanced reasoning? The underlying assumption of the present discussion is that, among other things, science instruction should concern itself with the improvement of students' reasoning abilities (cf. Arons, 1976; Arons & Karplus, 1976; Bady, 1979; Bauman, 1976; Educational Policies Commission, 1966; Herron, 1978; Karplus, 1979; Kohlberg & Mayer, 1972; Moshman & Thompson, 1981; Lawson, 1979; Levine & linn, 1977; Pallrand, 1977; Renner & Lawson, 1973; Sayre & Ball, 1975; Schneider & Renner, 1980; Wollman, 1978). The questions are of interest because to date they lack clear answers, yet clear answers are necessary if we hope to design effective instruction in reasoning. 相似文献
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John C. Wright Aletha C. Huston Rosemarie Truglio Marguerite Fitch Elizabeth Smith Suwatchara Piemyat 《Child development》1995,66(6):1706-1718
Do children's schemata for occupations they observe in real life differ from those they see on TV? 177 second- and fifth-graders were assigned to conditions in a 2 (real-life or on TV) × 2 (police officer or nurse) design. They answered open-ended questions about what police officers or nurses do (in real life or on TV) and rated the typicality of various job activities. Their schematic knowledge about TV and real occupations was clearly differentiated. TV versions entailed more glamour, higher income, more stereotypes, and more dramatic events without negative consequences. Real-life occupations entailed more effort, status, and excitement. Older children differentiated slightly more clearly than younger ones. Children who perceived television as factual and realistic had real-world schemata similar to TV images. Children who were heavy viewers and perceived television as realistic were most likely to aspire to jobs shown on TV. Conclusion: children form separate schemata for social information acquired from TV and from real-world experience, but those who perceive television as socially realistic are apt to incorporate TV messages in their schemata and their aspirations. 相似文献
17.
The study seeks to determine the underlying factors contributing to the overrepresentation of minorities in school disciplinary programs. Data from 207 Disciplinary Alternative Education Programs (DAEPs) in Texas are analyzed. The data represent more than 62 % of the student population of Texas school districts. Results support the hypothesis that the ‘whiteness’ of school district undesirably affects the overrepresentation of Black students (but not Hispanic students) in DAEP. Overrepresentation of Black students in disciplinary programs is significantly higher in urban school districts than in rural districts. The findings, however, add a new layer of complexity to the debate on the overrepresentation of minorities in disciplinary programs. This is because not only White school districts are more likely than other districts to exercise their discretionary authority to punish minorities but they also more frequently subject their minority students to mandatory disciplines that are well defined by the state. Plausible explanations of such overrepresentation is offered for future research. Neither wealth nor the districts’ type (urban, suburban, rural and mid-size) have been found to have significant impact on discretionary or mandatory disciplinary actions against minority students. 相似文献
18.
中国早期马克思主义新闻学术范式试探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
孟庆鸿 《湖南大众传媒职业技术学院学报》2003,3(2):86-90
俄国十月革命后,马克思主义学说大规模传人中国,影响了中国的新闻学术研究,建立了中国的马克思主义新闻学术范式。由于对马克思主义接受程度的不同,这一范式内部也表现出不同的学术思想图式。本文通过对萨空了、张友渔、恽逸群和解放区共产党人的新闻学术思想的比较,呈现了这些不同的新闻学术图式。 相似文献
19.
In our paper, we present the story of emancipation of a Roma woman, who works as a social outreach worker. Our method is based on ethnographic approach and our paper focuses on the study the emic perspective of participants in our research. The aim of the paper is to show the tension arising between the actions and expectations of Alice and the actions and expectations of those who are the important others in relation to her. There are two planes present in the personal story of Alice’s emancipation: the plane of Alice’s agency, which is represented by actions, decisions, self-determined will, versus the plane of cultural models, schemata, roles, status positions, images that are in some way offered to Alice or even forced upon her or with which she herself identifies. We will follow the contradictory process of establishment of personal identity of a woman who takes endeavours in several social fields constantly trying to maintain the permeability of these fields and their meanings, which is not an entirely trivial matter. 相似文献
20.
Marc Lafuente 《Interactive Learning Environments》2017,25(1):72-84
Through profiling and matching processes, technology provides individuals with information that becomes redundant to their previous beliefs, attitudes and preferences. The emergence of informational redundancies encouraged by some technologies is likely to influence the way knowledge is constructed by individuals in these settings. In this paper, we present a theoretical basis, rooted in cognitivist and socio-constructivist educational psychology, to characterize such knowledge-construction processes in informal settings. Learning processes in these environments are defined as cumulative: on the individual level, the most likely form of learning is through accretion of knowledge into previous schemata; on the social level, these environments foster learning through cumulative talk. We highlight the challenges that this might pose to education systems and suggest possible educational responses. 相似文献