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1.
Assessing reflective thinking in solving design problems: The development of a questionnaire
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Yi‐Chun Hong Ikseon Choi 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2015,46(4):848-863
Reflection is a critical factor in solving design problems. Using good methods to observe designers' reflection is essential to inform the design of the learning environments that support the development of design problem‐solving skills. In this study, we have developed and validated a novel self‐reporting questionnaire as an efficient instrument to explore reflection, called Assessing Reflective Thinking in Solving Design Problems (ARTiD). This questionnaire has been developed based on the three‐dimensional model for reflective thinking: the timing, the objects and the levels of reflection. A total of 294 undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of engineering, computer science and instructional design were recruited to participate in one of four iterative, formative tests through which reliability and validity analyses were performed to revise and confirm the questionnaire. Examples of participants' reflection patterns were demonstrated to show the practical value of this questionnaire. In conclusion, the final version of ARTiD was presented as a valid instrument to explore students' reflection for research and educational practice. In addition, we found that ARTiD can be used as an effective learning tool to guide student designers' reflections toward better learning and performance. 相似文献
2.
Monica W. Tracey Alisa Hutchinson Tamme Quinn Grzebyk 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2014,62(3):315-334
As the design thinking approach becomes more established in the instructional design (ID) discourse, the field will have to reconsider the professional identity of instructional designers. Rather than passively following models or processes, a professional identity rooted in design thinking calls for instructional designers to be dynamic agents of change who use reflective thinking to navigate the design space and develop solutions to ill-structured problems. Graduate programs in ID will also need to prepare students to manage the complexities they will encounter in their professional practice, including the establishment of design precedents, reflective thinking skills, and the foundations of professional identity. This research explored the use of reflective writing assignments in an introductory ID graduate course, with results indicating that most students are able to engage in meaningful reflection in relation to prompts concerning design concepts, experiences, and identity attributes, although no clear patterns of improvement emerged over time. Future directions for research include the use of feedback and the structure of prompts (including frequency of writing assignments and wording of prompts) to support improved student performance. 相似文献
3.
Reflective learning can assist a learner’s purposeful and conscious manipulation of ideas toward meaningful learning and knowledge
integration. Blogs have been used to support reflection, but Blogs usually do not provide overt mechanisms for students to
make connections between different parts of an experience, which is integral to reflective activity. A blogging-mapping tool
was designed to support the reflective learning process. The tool allowed students to write blog posts, attach up to five
keywords to each post, and link the keywords on a concept map. This study aimed to seek patterns of participants’ use of the
tool, including evidence of reflective learning, identified as integration between concept maps and blogs. Nine graduate students
participated in the study for a semester. Data analysis included examining concept maps for knowledge integration over time.
Participants’ various mapping activities implied different levels of thinking. Some participants’ final concept maps showed
signs that they tried to integrate knowledge around the content area. Yet, the inconsistent and inconclusive patterns of participants’
concept mapping activities signaled that more strategies were needed to sustain their commitment. 相似文献
4.
Stephen C. Yanchar Joseph B. South David D. Williams Stephanie Allen Brent G. Wilson 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2010,58(1):39-60
This study employed a qualitative research design to investigate instructional designers’ views and uses of conceptual tools
in design work (e.g., learning theories and design theories). While past research has examined how instructional designers
spend their time, how they generally make decisions, and expert-novice differences, little attention has been paid to the
value and perceptions of conceptual tools, from the perspective of practicing designers. Based on intensive interviews of
practitioners, our findings included ten themes organized according to three meta-themes: (a) using theory, (b) struggling
with theory, and (c) connections between theory and intuition in craftwork. While these results substantiate (to some degree)
the claim that practitioners often find theory too abstract or difficult to apply, they also suggest that practitioners use
theory in several important ways and tend to view theory with ambivalence rather than indifference or dislike. Other conclusions
regarding the role of theory in design are provided and future directions for theorizing and research are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Guolin Lai Brendan Calandra 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2010,58(4):421-437
This study employed an explanatory mixed methods design to examine the effects of two computer-based scaffolds on novice teachers’
reflective journal writing. The context for the study was an attempt to refine the reflective writing component of a large
scale electronic portfolio system. Quantitative results indicated that the computer-based scaffolds significantly enhanced
the participants’ reflective journal writing as well as the length of their written artifacts. Moreover, correlation analysis
revealed that there was a positive relationship between the highest level of reflection and the length of journal writing.
Three factors gleaned from qualitative data helped explain how and why the scaffolds enhanced participants’ reflective thinking,
including (a) the specific requirements conveyed in the scaffolds; (b) the structure of the scaffolds; and (c) the use of
the critical incidents to anchor reflective journal writing. It is hoped that the analyses and results of the current study
can help inform others on how to leverage the affordances of computer-based scaffolds to augment reflective practice in technology-enhanced
educational systems. 相似文献
6.
Cindy S. York Peggy A. Ertmer 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2011,59(6):841-863
Evidence suggests that experienced instructional designers often use heuristics and adapted models when engaged in the instructional
design problem-solving process. This study used the Delphi technique to identify a core set of heuristics designers reported
as being important to the success of the design process. The overarching purpose of the study was: (1) to examine and describe
the heuristics that guided instructional designers’ practice and (2) to identify the relationship between these heuristics
and key competencies of the discipline, as outlined by the International Board of Standards for Training, Performance, and
Instruction. Sixty-one heuristics were ultimately identified (reached consensus). All 61 aligned with at least one of the
four categories of IBSTPI, with some aligning with more than one. More specifically, 17 heuristics aligned with Professional
Foundations competencies, 17 aligned with Planning and Analysis competencies, 18 aligned with Design and Development competencies
and 10 aligned with Implementation and Management competencies. By examining instructional design heuristics, we hope to better
understand the potential genesis and/or future application of each heuristic. Results provide insights into the specific heuristics
experienced designers perceive as being effective during the ID process. 相似文献
7.
Molly H. Goldstein Şenay Purzer Robin S. Adams Jie Chao Charles Xie 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2019,44(1-2):123-136
ABSTRACTAlthough reflection is a key behaviour of expert designers, it is often a challenging task for new designers. In addition, research on the reflectivity of student designers is limited. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to identify the levels of reflectivity while designing, and (2) to study the relationship between reflectivity and conceptions of informed design. We collected data from high school students engaged in an engineering design project. We developed a coding protocol to score levels of reflectivity in student reflections at three levels (low, medium, and high), and used the conceptions of design test to assess changes in student understanding of design activities. Using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, we determined if students tended to select more ‘key’ design activities and fewer ‘distractors’ within each reflection group. We also performed McNemar’s tests to determine which specific design activities were important within each reflection group after the design project. The results show moderately reflective students had higher gains in understanding of informed design activities compared to those with high or low reflectivity. Results also indicate that different design activities became important for students within each of the three reflective groups. Implications from this research indicate that groups of students experience changing conceptions of design in different ways. An understanding of what students deem important while designing would better allow teachers to encourage behaviours that are like those of informed designers. 相似文献
8.
Jill M. Aldridge Barry J. Fraser Lisa Bell Jeffrey Dorman 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2012,23(3):259-290
This article reports the development, validation and use of an instrument designed to provide teachers with feedback information,
based on students’ perceptions, about their classroom environments. The instrument was developed to provide teachers with
feedback that they could use to reflect on their teaching practices and, in turn, guide the implementation of strategies to
improve their learning environments. To determine the validity and reliability of the new instrument, data from 2043 grade
11 and 12 students from 147 classes in 9 schools were analysed. The Rasch model was used to convert data collected using a
frequency response scale into interval data that are suitable for parametric analyses. During an action research process,
reflective journals, written feedback, discussions at a forum and interviews with eight teachers helped to illuminate the
processes used by teachers during action research. This article reports the views of these teachers in general and examines
more closely how one of the teachers used student responses to the learning environment questionnaire as a tool for reflection
and as a guide in transforming her classroom environment. This case study helped us to gauge the extent to which action research
based on students’ perceptions of the learning environment was useful in guiding teachers’ improvements of their classroom
learning environments. 相似文献
9.
Sue Bennett 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2010,58(4):459-480
Case-based learning has long been used to bring students into contact with the complexity of real-world situations. Despite
this popularity and considerable history, research into how case analysis can support future problem-solving has been limited.
The study reported in this paper investigated learners’ understanding of multimedia instructional design and development derived
from the analysis of two richly detailed cases, and how this understanding then supported learners in their own design projects.
A qualitative case study approach was used to follow a class of Masters students engaged in a technology-supported, case-based
learning environment. Student work from case analysis, group project and reflective tasks was the key data source, complemented
by interviews with students and their instructor, observations of class meetings, and the collection of online discussion
list records and electronic resource files. The study found that the case analysis task raised learners’ awareness of design
approaches and project management strategies, and that discussion and reflection play critical roles in developing students’
understanding. The study also highlighted some limitations of the case approach, suggesting the need for strategies that support
learners’ thinking and reasoning. 相似文献
10.
反思性思维是决定教师专业发展水平的关键,国内外已有的研究仅对反思性思维的外在表现形式,即教学反思,进行了研究,内容主要集中在教学反思的影响因素和促进策略方面,所得出的影响因素缺乏理论性和系统性,所提出的促进策略无理论根基且可操作性不强。思维可视化技术可帮助教师表征头脑中的思考过程,它与反思性思维的运作机制具有较好的契合点。据此,针对已有研究的不足,采用文献研究法、德尔菲法、理论分析法和结构方程模型法,构建了思维可视化技术支持下的教师反思性思维影响因素模型。该模型建立在影响因素的关系结构基础之上,具有较强的可操作性,它体现了非智力因素和思维可视化技术工具,对问题解决导向的反思过程发挥作用的具体方式。之后,对模型进行两轮行动研究:第一轮从反思日记、反思动机影响因子和教师的反思动机类型等方面搜集相关数据;第二轮从反思日记中统计教师在反思的各环节,运用思维可视化技术工具各功能的频次,从而完善思维可视化技术工具所发挥的具体作用。最终,经过行动研究完善后的影响因素模型,为教师提供了可操作性的程序。 相似文献
11.
From a Disciplinary to an Interdisciplinary Design Research: Developing an Integrative Approach for Design
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As the new generation of designers face more complex design issues, the forms of design research start to shift towards a user‐centred approach to problem‐solving. The cooperation and communication among various fields and specialisations are becoming more complex; in many practical design cases, in particular, technology developers face challenges in deciphering the creative ideas of designers and the needs and restraints of users, society, law and science. The emergence of integrative design based on a wide range of disciplines has prompted discussion and exploration among various participants. The direction of contemporary design research has already transformed from one based on production of artefact to one focused on the integration of varied knowledge and fields at different stages. We examine such design research based on a problem‐driven approach in two case studies characterised by interdisciplinary collaboration for solving complex problems. We focus on the transformation and implementation of integrative design research methods and suggest a ‘reflection‐in‐action’ problem‐solving process for strengthening the capabilities of multidisciplinary design research. 相似文献
12.
Amani Bell Jill Kelton Nadia McDonagh Rosina Mladenovic Kellie Morrison 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2011,36(7):797-815
The use of reflective learning journals to encourage higher order learning outcomes is a growing area in higher education research and practice. However, without a unified and clear definition of reflection, identifying and assessing reflection is problematic for educators. In an attempt to address this issue, in 1999 Kember and colleagues devised a coding scheme based on the work of Mezirow, to identify and assess levels of reflective thinking in students' written journals. We evaluated the usefulness of this coding scheme in a business education context. Findings revealed that the scheme was useful in identifying categories of reflective thinking. Inter‐coder agreement was 0.802 which is satisfactory. On average, 65% of the journal content was coded as non‐reflection and 35% as reflection. A further outcome of the research was to refine the coding scheme and to provide suggestions for its application in teaching practice. 相似文献
13.
K. Ann Renninger Ming Cai Mark C. Lewis Margot M. Adams Katherine L. Ernst 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2011,59(2):229-247
As hypermedia, online teacher professional development (TPD) should ideally support diverse learners to work with online content
effectively because it involves multiple representations and a nonlinear format. Differences among participants in motivation
and learning provide challenges for design. The present study is a use-inspired, mixed-method study of 164 teachers’ motivation
and learning in an unmoderated online workshop. It addresses participants’ demographic and motivational profiles, participation
in this type of workshop (e.g., the frequency, duration, and focus, as well as their work with technology-enhanced, nonroutine
challenge problems and journal assignments), the predictive value of the initial questionnaire, and implications for design.
Findings indicate that while three clusters of motivational profiles could be identified (low interest, low self-efficacy,
and less math; low interest, high self-efficacy, and more math; high interest, high self-efficacy, and more math), whether
the teachers continue to participate appears to be related to the structure and content of the workshop, not just these profiles.
Findings are interpreted as suggesting that the potential of hypermedia lies in its designers’ abilities to support participant
stake by providing for multiple ways into thinking and working with disciplinary content—design that both accommodates and
supports those with differing strengths and needs. Implications for studying motivation and learning online are also discussed. 相似文献
14.
Elementary Teachers’ Teaching for Conceptual Understanding: Learning From Action Research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study reports teachers’ learning through action research on students’ conceptual understanding. The study examined (a)
the teachers’ views about science teaching and learning, (b) the teachers’ learning about their teaching practices and (c)
the conditions that supported the teachers’ learning through action research. A total of 14 elementary in-service teachers’
course discussion, self-video reflection, action research reports, and learning reflection were analyzed. Findings revealed
that (a) the teachers in this study commonly espoused the importance of probing and utilizing students’ preconceptions in
science teaching, but they demonstrated various levels of epistemological understanding of student learning and teaching,
(b) the teachers experienced the action research as a means to evaluate science teaching methods and changing their teaching
practices, and (c) the teachers identified sharing goals, problems, and solutions as an essential supporting condition for
their learning through action research. Implications for professional development and further research are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Dawn Del Carlo Holly Hinkhouse Leah Isbell 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2010,19(1):58-68
This paper outlines the connection between qualitative research methods in education and teacher reflective practices as they
relate to Valli’s (Reflective teacher education: cases and critiques. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1992; Peabody J Educ 72(1): 67–88, 1997) model of reflection. Using the authors’ own experiences in performing and guiding educational research, and existing research
in the field of teacher education pertaining to reflective practitioners, explicit connections are made between the two paradigms.
These connections illustrate the importance of integrating authentic research experiences into the teacher education curriculum
outside the context of methods courses, much like models established in the sciences. 相似文献
16.
Caroline Heim 《Higher Education》2012,63(3):289-298
This article introduces a model for group facilitation in the humanities based on Carl Roger’s model for group psychotherapy.
Certain aspects of Carl Roger’s reflective learning strategies are reappraised and principles, specific only to psychotherapy,
are introduced. Five of Rogers’s axioms are applied to the tutorial discussion model: a non-directive approach, climate-setting,
facilitation, reflective listening and positive regard. The model, which has been trialed in tutorials at The University of
Queensland encourages active learning, self-direction and critical thinking. 相似文献
17.
Lisa-Angelique Yuen Lie Lim 《Instructional Science》2011,39(2):171-188
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a constructivist approach to learning which is believed to promote reflective thinking in
students. This study investigated how students in one particular institution developed in their reflective thinking habits—Habitual
Action, Understanding, Reflection, and Critical Reflection—as they went through the daily practice of PBL. A 16-item questionnaire
measuring the four levels of reflective thinking habits was administered to four cohorts of students: an incoming cohort,
first-years, second-years, and third-years. First-year students rated themselves higher on Reflection and Critical Reflection,
while third-years reported the highest levels of Habitual Action. Discriminatory and scatterplot analysis on the third year
cohort revealed that while a proportion of students (47%) reported higher levels of Habitual Action with lower levels of Reflection,
there was a small subgroup who also reported higher levels of both Habitual Action and Reflection. Overall, the results showed
that PBL does promote the development of reflective thinking, particularly for first-year students, but that this development
is not sustained consistently after that. This pointed to other possible factors that could hinder students’ development of
reflective thinking in PBL. 相似文献
18.
Using a video-based curriculum to develop a reflective stance in prospective mathematics teachers 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Shari L. Stockero 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2008,11(5):373-394
Although video cases are increasingly being used in teacher education as a means of situating learning and developing habits
of reflection, there has been little evidence of the outcomes of such use. This study investigates the effects of using a
coherent video-case curriculum in a university mathematics methods course by addressing two issues: (1) how the use of a video-case
curriculum affects the reflective stance of prospective teachers (PTs); and (2) the extent to which a reflective stance developed
while reflecting on other teachers’ practice transfers for reflecting on one’s own practice. Data sources include videotapes
of course sessions and PTs’ written work from a middle school mathematics methods course that used a video-case curriculum
as a major instructional tool. Both qualitative and quantitative analytical methods were used, including comparative and chi-square
contingency table analyses. The PTs in this study showed changes in their level of reflection, their tendency to ground their
analyses in evidence, and their focus on student thinking. In particular, they began to analyze teaching in terms of how it
affects student thinking, to consider multiple interpretations of student thinking, and to develop a more tentative stance
of inquiry. More significantly, the reflective stance developed via the video curriculum transferred to the PTs’ self-reflection
in a course field experience. The results of this study speak to the power of using a video-case curriculum as a means of
developing a reflective stance in prospective mathematics teachers.
相似文献
Shari L. StockeroEmail: |
19.
论基于实践-反思取向的教师培训教材设计模式 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
我国当前的教师培训教材在设计过程中存在着诸多问题。产生这些问题的主要原因可以归结为教材设计者以"知识本位"为核心的设计理念,仅仅满足了教师对理论性知识的需求,却忽视了对实践性知识的反思。本研究认为,教师专业发展的实践―反思取向是解决当前教师培训教材存在上述问题的主要途经。基于实践—反思取向的教师培训教材设计模式应该以"疑—知—情—行"为结构要素,以"问题导入(疑)→理论阐释(知)→反思体验(思)→实践拓展(行)"为操作程序。 相似文献