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1.
戴小春 《首都师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2008,(6)
从学生视角审视,高校课程管理本身就是高校提供的一种课程。它既具有显性课程属性,也具有隐性课程属性,但更多地在隐性课程范畴中发挥其课程功能。该功能的发挥方式可以表述为：学生在“际遇”大量课程管理事件、“意识到”并“吸纳”,甚至“内化”课程事件背后隐藏的各种关系、价值观念等,实现对自我的“确认”和“肯定”,或者引发观念世界的“冲突”,导致已有社会观念与行为的“解构”与“重构”。 相似文献
2.
OBJECTIVE: How children manifest psychological distress following the discovery of sexual abuse requires a better understanding of individual differences in developmental capacities and vulnerabilities. This study examined how age at the time of the abuse discovery and gender of victim are related to psychological distress. METHOD: One hundred and sixty-nine participants (96 children, 73 adolescents) were interviewed within 8 weeks of discovery of the abuse. Multivariate analyses were used to examine how age at discovery, and gender, with abuse characteristics as covariates, were related to shame, attribution style, depression, self-esteem, and traumatic events sequelae. RESULTS: Adolescents compared to children report a higher level of depressive symptoms, negative reactions by others, and lower levels of self-esteem, social support, and sexual anxiety. Girls compared to boys report higher levels of intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, sexual anxiety, personal vulnerability, and perceiving the world as a dangerous place and lower levels of eroticism. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the importance of considering individual differences in age and gender for understanding patterns of symptom expression. Treatment strategies need to reflect these individual differences in adjustment, such as targeting issues of sexual anxiety for girls and self-esteem for adolescents. 相似文献
3.
Children's magical explanations and beliefs were investigated in 2 studies. In Study 1, we first asked 4- and 5-year-old children to judge the possibility of certain object transformations and to suggest mechanisms that might accomplish them. We then presented several commonplace transformations (e.g., cutting a string) and impossible events (magic tricks). Prior to viewing these transformations, children suggested predominantly physical mechanisms for the events and judged the magical ones to be impossible. After seeing the impossible events, many 4-year-olds explained them as "magic," whereas 5-year-olds explained them as "tricks." In Study 2, we replaced the magic tricks with "extraordinary" events brought about by physical or chemical reactions (e.g., heat causing paint on a toy car to change color). Prior to viewing the "extraordinary" transformations, children judged them to be impossible. After viewing these events, 4-year-olds gave more magical and fewer physical explanations than did 5-year-olds. Follow-up interviews revealed that most 4-year-olds viewed magic as possible under the control of an agent (magician) with special powers, whereas most 5-year-olds viewed magic as tricks that anyone can learn. In a third study, we surveyed parents to assess their perceptions and conceptions of children's beliefs in magic and fantasy figures. Parents perceived their children as believing in a number of magic and fantasy figures and reported encouraging such beliefs to some degree. Taken together, these findings suggest that many 4-year-olds view magic as a plausible mechanism, yet reserve magical explanations for certain real world events which violate their causal expectations. 相似文献
4.
In the last 50 years, several new technologies have become enormously important within the Deaf community and have helped significantly to improve deaf people's lives in a hearing world. Current public attention and admiration, however, seems unduly focused on medical technologies that promise to solve "the problem" of being deaf. One reason for this interest, we argue, is the public's preoccupation with deafness as a disability and promises that technological breakthroughs such as the cochlear implant will "cure" deafness. Pressure on parents to make quick and early decisions and lack of adequate information about alternatives often leave them unprepared for the consequences of these decisions. To allow deaf individuals and their families to make better informed decisions about their lives and their futures, we argue finally that professionals who interact with these families adopt inclusive and individualizing ethics. 相似文献
5.
《风月宝鉴》与《桃花扇》都是采用"借情言政"的方式来表达作者对明王朝灭亡的痛惜,《桃花扇》用真人真事编成戏剧形式上演,而《风月宝鉴》则用隐蔽的方式来表达,其中甄士隐对《好了歌》的注释在《桃花扇》中多能找到相应的内容。 相似文献
6.
BACKGROUND: Over the past 30 years, the political response to child maltreatment and its prevention in the US has experienced periods of frantic activity, often followed by long periods of benign neglect. In reflecting on this history, Dick Krugman has referred to this uneven level of attention as a series of "waves" in which apparent progress is often minimized by an inability to sustain political commitment to a given reform or course of action. To an extent, this pattern reflects deep differences among child welfare advocates, researchers, and practitioners on how best to proceed. While most everyone agrees that "it shouldn't hurt to be a child," how to prevent this hurt and at what cost is less clear. METHOD: To address this dilemma, prevention advocates, researchers, and practitioners have struggled with a variety of conceptual frameworks and programmatic reforms. This article summarizes the relative gains and limitation of three such efforts and outlines the lessons these efforts offer those formulating future prevention policies and programs. RESULTS: Specifically, the authors suggest that future prevention efforts will need to take care in avoiding some of the most common mistakes experienced by earlier efforts. CONCLUSIONS: These mistakes or pitfalls include oversimplifying the problem of child abuse; overstating preventions' potential and appropriate target populations; failing to establish a significant partnership with child protective services; compromising depth or quality in an effort to maximize breadth or coverage; and failing to fully engage the public. 相似文献
7.
Three experiments considered the development of perceptual causality in children from 3 to 9 years of age (N = 176 in total). Adults tend to see cause and effect even in schematic, two-dimensional motion events: Thus, if square A moves toward B, which moves upon contact, they report that A launches B--physical causality. If B moves before contact, adults report that B tries to escape from A--social or psychological causality. A brief pause between movements eliminates such impressions. Even infants in the first year of life are sensitive to causal structure in both contact and no-contact events, but previous research with talking-age children found poor verbal reports. The present experiments used a picture-based forced-choice task to reduce linguistic demands. Observers saw eight different animations involving squares A and B. Events varied in whether or not these agents made contact; whether or not there was a delay at the closest point; and whether they moved rigidly or with a rhythmic, nonrigid "caterpillar" motion. Participants of all ages assigned events with contact to the physical domain and events without contact to the psychological domain. In addition, participants of all ages chose causality more often for events without delay than with delay, but these events became more distinct over the preschool range. The manipulation of agent motion had only minor and inconsistent effects across studies, even though children of all ages considered only the nonrigid motion to be animal-like. These results agree with the view that perceptual causality is available early in development. 相似文献
8.
The last two decades have witnessed numerous changes in the administrative systems of many less developed countries. A few have centralised their administrations, but a larger number have decentralised. Usually education has been affected as part of overall changes, though occasionally reforms in education have been initiated independently of other sectors.
This paper begins by discussing the meaning of decentralisation. It points out that the term is vague, that systems may have many contradictory strands, and that the terminology and processes may not be understood even by those in charge of decentralisation projects. The paper then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different structures, and the experiences of several countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Particular prominence is given to events in Papua New Guinea. 相似文献
9.
《Critical Studies in Education》2013,54(2):19-48
Abstract Terror, war, death and destruction are on the lips of politicians, commentators, observers and activists concerned with the ‘war against terror’. Since the tragic events of 11 September, 2001 various intellectual struggles, tensions and controversies have arisen as writers, often from hostile and competing camps, seek to understand and interpret the nature, meaning and consequences of the attack. This article focuses on three genres of post‐'9/11’ textual discourse that have arisen in book form: ‘critical contextual’, ‘moral philosophical’ and ‘reflective parochial’. Each body of work is distinguished broadly by a shared analytical and intellectual trajectory that defines its discursive parameters of analysis and interpretation. We argue that given the prevailing political context in the wake of 11 September — typified by a deep sense of insecurity, risk, suspicion of uncertainty, and denial of ethical dilemmas ‐ and many of the policy measures that have resulted from these, critical contextual texts have been largely relegated by the powerful to the margins of heretic ‘irrelevance’. Despite this, critical contextual works have undoubtedly had a profound and lasting effect upon ‘public opinion’, in spite of attempts to diminish the credibility of such accounts. 相似文献
10.
Psychology is one of the disciplines that provides education with a theoretical basis from which to inform the teaching and learning processes. This article examines square the areas of psychology to which early years teachers are typically introduced square the implications of these psychological perspectives on classroom practice square alternative psychological perspectives and their implications for practice in the early years.
The critical question addressed in this article is whether it is possible for early years teachers to achieve an understanding and appreciation of children's behaviour and development without also having insights into their own behaviour and family background? It is argued that teachers must recognise the importance of their own background as a key factor in how they look at children, teaching and events in the classroom; that how they were treated as children has a bearing on the way they too, relate to the children in their care; and that there will be echoes of their own up bringing in the way they face the tasks and challenges of teaching. It is particularly important that these issues are addressed by early years teachers given their potential influence on young children's social and emotional development. 相似文献
11.
Galileo's contemporaries as well as today's students have difficulty understanding relative motion. We hypothesize that the construction of visual models, resolution of these visual models with numeric models, and, in many cases, rejection of commitments such as the belief in one true velocity, are necessary for students to form integrated mental models of relative motion events. To investigate students' relative motion problem solving, high school science students were videotaped in classroom and laboratory settings as they performed collaborative predict-observe-explain activities with relative motion computer simulations. Half of the students interacted with simulations that provided animated feedback; the other half received numeric feedback. Learning, as measured by a diagnostic test, occurred following both conditions. There is evidence that many numeric condition students used faulty mechanical algorithms to solve problems, while many animation condition students used mental imagery to solve problems. In this paper, interactions in which student involvement was visual model based will be contrasted with interactions in which involvement was algorithm based. Implications for pedagogy and educational uses of computer simulations will be discussed. 相似文献
12.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence and characteristics of reports of emotional maltreatment (EMT) in Canada, as well as changes in these reports between 1998 and 2003.Methods
This study is based on a secondary analysis of data collected in the first and second Canadian Incidence Study. Emotional maltreatment (excluding exposure to intimate partner violence) investigations were categorized into six groups: emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and other maltreatment as the only investigated form of maltreatment, and these same three groups were examined when they co-occurred with another form of maltreatment.Results
Both the rate of emotional-abuse-only investigations and emotional-neglect-only investigations increased almost threefold from 1998 to 2003. Substantiated emotional neglect investigations had the highest rate of transfer to ongoing services. Half of the investigations involving single forms of emotional maltreatment occurred for six months or more. Finally, emotional neglect cases (in single form and when it co-occurs with another form of maltreatment) were more likely to be associated with emotional harm and longer duration of maltreatment.Conclusions
In 2003, EMT represented a significant increasing form of maltreatment and is detected nearly twice as often in situations in which abuse or neglect are also reported. Reports of emotional abuse are two and a half times more frequent than reports of emotional neglect. Nevertheless, lack of emotional engagement may also be difficult to identify, since an omission is more difficult to detect. Reports of EMT often reveal situations of chronic victimization that have been the subject of previous reports and are associated with greater emotional impact. 相似文献13.
Individual psychological factors have been shown to exacerbate risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth following maltreatment, but the novel contribution of the present study includes a focus on interactive relationships between these factors on specific PTSD symptom clusters. This study identified maltreated youth at highest risk for re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptom clusters via cognitive, affective, and demographic variables. Participants (n = 400) included ethnically diverse maltreated youth. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, a form of binary recursive partitioning (BRP), identified subgroups of maltreated youth at highest risk for three core PTSD symptom clusters. Posttraumatic cognitions, anhedonia, negative mood, processing speed, and ethnicity best predicted re-experiencing symptoms. Depersonalization/derealization, verbal comprehension, sexual maltreatment, and age best predicted avoidance symptoms. Negative cognitions about self, IQ, dissociation, working memory, and posttraumatic cognitions best predicted hyperarousal symptoms. Core PTSD symptom clusters may thus be associated with unique collections of risk factors for maltreated youth. Clinical protocols for this population could be recalibrated to be more sensitive to specific profiles that more accurately identify highest risk maltreated youth and better inform evidence-based treatment practices. 相似文献
14.
OBJECTIVE: To understand the conceptualization of child abuse and attitudes on reporting behaviors of Hong Kong adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional telephone survey of 1,001 randomly selected subjects. MAIN RESULTS: There is a discrepancy between perceived prevalence and the ability to name different child abuse types without prompting: 79.9% named physical abuse, while 41.2% felt it was common: 21.0% named child neglect, while 76.9% felt it was common; 13.4% named psychological abuse, while 47.4% felt it was common; 6.8% named sexual abuse, while 23.5% felt it was common. Most respondents classified severe physical abuse situations as abusive (e.g., "severely injuring a child"). Other scenarios such as "mildly injuring a child" and neglect and psychological abuse scenarios (e.g., "leaving a young child alone at home" and "shouting at a child often") were often not classified as abusive. As regards case-reporting behavior, only about 40% would report abuse cases to authorities. Those who would not report abuse were less likely to classify abuse situations as abusive and more likely to think that seeking help is difficult, troublesome and unhelpful. CONCLUSIONS: The official reported prevalence figures for child abuse in Hong Kong should be interpreted with care, because underreporting is likely to be serious. Hong Kong people's conceptualization and awareness of what comprises child abuse is found to differ from official definitions. They are reluctant to report abuse cases, due to their perceived low efficacy of case reporting. Both the difference in conceptualization and the reluctance to report might partly be attributable to Chinese culture. 相似文献
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16.
万海洋 《湖北广播电视大学学报》2007,27(11):64-65
梁小斌的诗《雪白的墙》虽然看似简单,但却经得起分析和推敲。这首诗最明显的特征就是诗中存在着两种文本:显性文本和潜文本,显性文本以孩子的视角写出,潜文本写的则是成人世界,文革的灾难以及更广阔的人类灾难和这些灾难带来的哀伤以及重见天日带给人的惊喜,两种文本的运用带来了诗学张力,收到了很好的表达效果。另外,此诗无论在语言的运用还是在意象的选择上都起到了"微言大义"的效果,对于这些诗歌手段的分析对于理解作者的深意和复杂的抒情动机是有好处的。 相似文献
17.
历史教学的有效性不仅来自教学内容的有效选择,还来自于教学内容的呈现方式。"悬念"作为一种戏剧表达方式应用于教学中,能缩短学生与教师、历史事件间的距离,增强学生历史学习的兴趣,提高课堂教学的有效性。历史课堂制造"悬念"的主要方法包括:转换叙事方式,用文学创作中"倒叙"、"隐叙"的方式;运用历史认知的心理机制,制造认知信息的落差与冲突、放大历史发展的落差与冲突的方式;运用停顿、设问等方式控制呈现节奏,把复杂的历史事件的相关信息次第展示。这些方式使史料不再静态,而是在学生和历史事件间架起了对话的桥梁,提升了教学的有效性。 相似文献
18.
《Chinese Education & Society》2013,46(5):34-52
This subject was at first one of the topics selected for my assignment "Gender and Education." After the teacher told us in class about some of the gender problems that exist in teaching materials, a light seemingly lit up before our eyes: How was it that there were such problems in the language teaching materials that had commanded so much "respect"? We had never noticed or suspected such problems. At the time, the teacher did not say what direct effects these problems had on children, but examined teaching materials from the perspective of feminism supported by many theoretical backgrounds. Since I have always loved children, I like to listen to their voices, am highly interested in their ways of thinking, and am often curious about such things. On top of that, the qualitative (zhi xing) research methods I had once learned gave me confidence that I could convincingly present these interesting things; they were not absurd, and perhaps people could find value in them. Hence, I had a strong desire to know how children saw their language teaching materials. How far from or how close are the children to their textbooks? What do they see in them? Have the gender issues in the teaching materials come to the attention of children? How do these affect elementary school students? We wished to bring attention to the ways teaching materials affected children's gender concepts. 相似文献
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Joaquim Dolz Marie-Claude Rosat Bernard Schneuwly 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1991,6(2):175-185
When and whay children change tense subsystem in a written text? 89 French and German pupils and 90 Catalan pupils aged 10, 12 and 14 produced each a fairy-tail, a short news item and a letter. The analysis of tense subsystem alternations in these texts reveals:
- that the factors explaining alternations are the same in the observed languages
- that in some cases, alternations are errors induced by the difficulty to master different enunciative levels in the text
- that most alternations create sense effects in relation to text structure, but since very often no other linguistic unit reinforces the effect created, it may lead to some ambiguity for the receiver.