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1.
刺五加Eleutherococcus senticosus(Rupr． et Maxim．)Maxim．植株在开花后雌配子体的发育状态与 一般植物不同在于:雌配子体在开花当天均末成熟,在开花后经4-5天才发育成熟。开花第6天,雌株 和两性株的成熟胚囊百分率各为82．25％和67．25％,其余为未育、败育、退化或未成熟胚囊,未观察到 已受精的胚囊;而此时,雄株的雌配子体退化、花朵全部脱落。伴随着胚囊的分化,刺五加雌株和两性株 的花柱逐渐延长,蜜腺渐趋成熟。开花后4～6天,乳突细胞发育,柱头开始外翻;此后,蜜腺分泌花蜜, 柱头进入可授期。开花第7天,胚囊开始受精。开花后9～10天,雌株已受精的胚囊占胚囊总数的40～ 65％,两性株已受精的胚囊占胚囊总数的25～41％。刺五加花粉萌发至雌雄性核融合的间隔期约为2 ～3天。刺五加的双受精过程与一般被子植物基本相同。其受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。 此外,还观察了成熟胚囊退化的类型,观察到多余花粉管进入胚囊以及两个精子与卵受精、两个精子与次生核融合的图象。  相似文献   

2.
刺五加的有性生殖与营养繁殖   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
刺五加 Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.)Maxim,既可进行有性繁殖,又可进行营养繁殖。本文报道其三类花丝长度不同的植株每个花序的花朵数量、座果率、饱满种子率及根茎形态和形态发生的某些特点。通过人工受精,检测了其繁育系统。结果表明:长花丝植株不座果,短花丝植株座果,但不同年份、不同生境中座果率不同,中花丝植株也座果但饱满种子率教低。在正常年份,短花丝植株的座果率接近40％，并且林缘的座果率稍高于皆伐迹地和次生林下的。考虑到中花丝植株在所研究地区居群数很少，我们认为绝大多数刺五加种子是异花传粉的产物，其有性生殖与营养繁殖相配合，在无人为破坏的前提下，该物种不应该濒危。  相似文献   

3.
 本文研究并报道了百合科蜘蛛抱蛋亚族的花粉形态，主要结论如下：1．开口箭属含两种花粉类型即：(1)单槽、椭圆形；(2)无萌发孔、球形。具单槽、椭圆形花粉的种类含单型性核型，花形较小，柱头小而花柱短，雄蕊高于柱头；无萌发孔、球形花粉的种类则为单型性核型，花形较大，柱头常高度膨大，雄蕊常着生在花被筒基部。2．万年青属花粉为椭圆形，具单槽；蜘蛛抱蛋属花粉则为球形，无萌发孔；开口箭属花粉一部分与万年青属相似，另一部分则与蜘蛛抱蛋属雷同。3．蜘蛛抱蛋亚族中最原始的花粉类型为单槽椭圆形，具孔状或网状外壁纹饰。球形，无萌发孔，外壁具皱波状、瘤状或芽孢状纹饰的花粉为派生类型。4．蜘蛛抱蛋亚族种下花粉形状、萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰基本稳定，可作为分种特征。  相似文献   

4.
本文报道刺五加Eleutherococcus seticosus(Rupr．et Maxim．)Maxim的花朵酬物、访花者类别、访花 者在花序上的访花行为、访花频率及传粉效果。主要结果如下:(1)每朵雄花可提供的报偿是58 000～ 81 000粒花粉,5.5～8.0 µl／d×2～4d花蜜。每朵雌花仅可提供4.0～8.0µl／d× 2～3 d花蜜,不能提 供花粉。每朵两性花可提供19 000～54 000粒花粉和7.0～10.0 µl／d× 2～6 d花蜜。(2)花粉提供者 (雄花和两性花)提供报偿的日期是开花后1～3天,花粉接受者(雌花和两性花在柱头外翻变白时)是 开花后5～7或7～9天,这进一步证实了剌五加雄蕊先熟。另外,花粉提供者提供花蜜的时间在一天中 是8:30至15:30,其高峰是9:00～15:00;花粉接受者提供花蜜的时间在一天中是10:30至16:30,其高 峰是11:00～16:00。这种时间差异可能是刺五加影响传粉者流向(从花粉提供者到花粉接受者)的关键 因素。(3)在刺五加花朵上记录到的访花昆虫有50余种,分别隶属于膜翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目和 半翅目。在不同天气、不同生境、不同性别的植株记录到的访花频率及高峰时间不同:花粉提供者的 访花高峰早于花粉接受者的;雄株上的访花频率高于雌株的;两性株接受花粉时的访花频率高于提供花 粉时的;而天气越晴朗,刺五加地块(patch)越大,则访花频率越高;每日接受光照越早,访花高峰越早。 (4)从传粉效果看,刺五加种子的形成完全依赖于传粉昆虫的活动。其中,蜂类,如熊蜂、花蜂、切叶蜂、胡蜂和蜜蜂等是最有效的传粉者,其它昆虫如粉蝶、食蚜蝇、寄蝇和鳃角金龟等对传粉也有帮助。  相似文献   

5.
铁线莲属研究随记(Ⅲ)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
 (1)在铁线莲属的15个组330余种中,只有绣球藤组sect．Cheiropsis的5个种(短梗铁线莲Clematis brevipes Rehd.,美花铁线莲C．potaninii Maxim.,绣球藤C．montana Buch．-Ham．ex DC.,薄叶铁线莲C．gracilifolia Rehd．&; Wils．和金毛铁线莲C．chrysocoma Franch．)的花与比自己原始的近缘属——银莲花属Anemone的花在构造上相近似,这表现在：萼片水平开展,膜质,倒卵形,顶端圆形或圆钝,内面无毛,外面被柔毛,但边缘无狭的短绒毛带;雄蕊无毛,花丝条形(linear)或狭条形,花药长圆形或狭长圆形,药隔顶端不突出,上述均是铁线莲属花的原始特征。在此属的其他种,可以看到萼片和雄蕊的形态发生了以下诸种变化：萼片从平展变为斜上方开展或甚至直立,质地变厚,呈纸质,有时甚至呈革质,形状多少变狭长,呈倒卵状长圆形、长圆形、倒披针形、披针形、条形,甚至狭条形,顶端有时变为渐尖或渐狭,内面出现了或疏或密的柔毛,外面边缘出现了一条极狭的短绒毛带;在雄蕊方面,花丝全长由等宽变为不等宽,呈狭披针形或狭倒披针形,花药变狭长,呈条形或狭条形,药隔顶端出现了短或长的突起,花丝或花药或二者上出现了或多或少的柔毛。上述的形态变化当均属衍生特征;(2)建立了绣球藤组sect.Cheiropsis和广布于北、南美洲和大洋洲具单性花的单性铁线莲组Sect．Aspidanthera的新分类系统;(3)描述了1新亚组,13新系,5新种,4新变种;(4)做出了6新等级,2新组合。  相似文献   

6.
 刺五加Eleutherococcus senticosus(Rupr．et Maxim．)Maxim．雄株的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过 程正常,大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程多不正常。雄花具5个花药,花药4室,药壁发育属双子叶型, 腺质绒毡层,绒毡层细胞多具2核。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成四面体形四分体,其胞质分裂为同时 型。成熟花粉为3细胞型。子房下位,5室;每室有上胚珠和下胚珠,上胚珠退化,下胚珠倒生、具单珠 被、厚珠心;大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形或“T”形四分体,偶尔有2个并列或串联的四分体或在 四分体之上又出现孢原细胞。其功能大孢子位置不确定。雌配子体发育中异常现象较多。开花时,雌 配子体主要为反足细胞退化后的四细胞胚囊。刺五加雌株的小孢子母细胞不能进行减数分裂或减数分 裂不正常,不能形成四分体。开花时,药室空瘪,无花粉形成。其大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程正常, 大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形或“T”形四分体,合点端大孢子为功能大孢子,胚囊发育属蓼型。开花 时,雌配子体主要为七细胞八核或七细胞七核胚囊,其卵器尚未发育成熟。刺五加两性株的小孢子发生 过程无异常,但雄配子体发育过程有部分异常;开花时,药室内有或多或少的空花粉,且花粉粒大小悬 殊,大的直径达35μm,小的仅15～18 μm。两性株的雌蕊发育大部分正常,也有一些异常胚囊形成。开 花时,雌配子体主要是七细胞八核胚囊、七细胞七核胚囊和反足细胞退化后的四细胞胚囊,其卵器也未发育成熟。  相似文献   

7.
 黄花蔺Limnocharis flava(Linn．)Buch．的蝎尾状聚伞花序上通常产生两性花2∽13朵,单花花期5～13h。自然居群中观察到,花开放后有两种甲虫访花,但外围数轮无花药的退化雄蕊限制了花粉向外散布,内轮雄蕊上花药开裂后花粉直接落在自花的柱头上。花被片闭合后内轮花被片萎蔫成液体,促进了花粉在柱头上萌发。花粉与胚珠的比值为930±180(650∽1120),属于较经济的自花传粉类型。果实成熟后花序倒伏,其顶端产生的营养芽萌发形成新的营养苗。一个基株一年内可产生6∽20个营养苗。黄花蔺自花传粉结实率达80％,每果实产生种子470～640枚。黄花蔺近距离扩散以营养繁殖形成的新植株完成,长距离扩散或占领新生境以及抵抗干旱则依靠种子。人工去雄、套袋及授粉实验表明,黄花蔺的繁育系统是以自交为主的混合交配类型,并可能是由异交向自交演化的。  相似文献   

8.
对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis L.的茴芹铁线莲组sect.Pseudanemone进行了分 类学修订，确定此组包含约16种、3亚种和2变种;写出了此组的分类学简史和地理分布，讨论 了此组在铁线莲属的系统位置;将此组划分为3系，写出了分系、分种检索表，以及各种植物 的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等，并附有多幅插图。（2）本组植物的花具4枚平展的萼 片，雄蕊花丝条形，被柔毛。在铁线莲属中，这样的花构造与对枝铁线莲组sect.Brachiata e的花较为相似。但本组植物为直立的亚灌木或小灌木，萼片常部分镊合状排列，部分覆瓦状 排列，通常呈卵形或宽卵形，内面常密被短柔毛或短绒毛，雄蕊花药通常条形，较长，常长 达5-9.5mm。因为具有这些较为特化的特征，此组遂比对枝铁线莲组为进化（在对枝铁线莲组 ，所有的种均为木质藤本植物，萼片4枚镊合状排列，通常呈长圆形，内面常被短柔毛，但不 被短绒毛，雄蕊花药通常长圆形，较短，长1-3mm），可能由后者演化而来，因此，茴芹铁线 莲组和对枝铁线莲组一样，也是属于铁线莲属中欧洲铁线莲演化干的一个成员。（3）如前所 述，本组的萼片常部分镊合状排列，部分覆瓦状排列。在铁线莲属中，绣球藤组sect.Cheir opsis特产日本的单型亚组subsect.Williamsianae和单性铁线莲组sect.Aspidanthera特产新 西兰的亚组subsect.Hexapetalae的萼片卷叠式也有类似情况，这说明在铁线莲属中不同演化 干上出现的部分萼片呈覆瓦状排列的情况应当是次生的，而不是原初的现象。（4）根据萼片 的毛被和花药的长度，本组被划分为3系:第1系，茴芹铁线莲系ser.Pimpinellifoliae，是本 组的原始群，含7种，特产马达加斯加中亚山区，其特征为萼片薄纸质，内面无毛或多少疏被 短柔毛，花药条形或狭长圆形，长2.2-4mm。第2系，绒毛铁线莲系ser.Villosae，含3种，特 产非洲大陆中部及南部，其特征为萼片常较厚，呈纸质或亚革质，内面密被短绒毛或密短柔 毛，花药通常条形，有时狭长圆形，长2.5-4（-5）mm。第3系，黄果铁线莲系ser.Chrysoca rpae，含6种，特产非洲大陆中部之南，其特征为萼片较厚，呈纸质或亚革质，内面通常被密 短柔毛或短绒毛，只1种无毛，花药条形，在多数种长5.8-7mm，在特产扎伊尔南部的C.kata ngensis则长8-9.5mm，是茴芹铁线莲组中最长的花药。  相似文献   

9.
以杜鹃花属叶状苞亚属Rhododendron　subg. Therorhodion (Maxim.) Gray 的叶状苞杜鹃R. redowskianum Maxim.为外类群，使用PAUP4.0b8软件对马银花亚属sub g. Azaleastrum Planch.的马银花组sect. Azaleastrum (Planch.) Maxim. 7种1 变种和长蕊杜鹃组sect. Choniastrum Planch. 2种及2个相关的单型亚属（异蕊杜鹃 亚属subg. Mumeazalea Max  相似文献   

10.
对鹅掌楸Liriodendron chinense 3个自然居群连续3年直接统计落置柱头上的花粉量,其中 61.9％以上的柱头接受了花粉。每柱头上的平均花粉量为4.4～42.6粒,明显超过胚珠数2。授粉率是 结实率的6～8倍,鹅掌楸结实率低的主要原因可能不是由于花粉的限制。落置柱头的花粉几乎均可萌 发,少数花粉管穿过花柱道,经珠孔端进入胚囊,暗示花粉间存在着强烈的竞争。授粉率和柱头上的平 均花粉量与结实率呈正相关(R＝0.77,R=0.69)。在柱头上人工授同株和异株的花粉,花粉管生长速 率看不出明显差异,到达胚珠的时间在48～60 h之间。花开花药未裂时柱头上落置较高比例的花粉, 由于先期到达柱头的花粉最有可能受精,表明鹅掌楸有异交为主的繁育系统。人工处理包括套袋、套网、去除花被片,其结实率大大降低,而去雄后的结实率接近自然传粉结实率支持了这一观点。  相似文献   

11.
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.  相似文献   

12.
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.  相似文献   

13.
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.  相似文献   

14.
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."  相似文献   

15.
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.  相似文献   

16.
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.  相似文献   

17.
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.  相似文献   

18.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.  相似文献   

19.
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.  相似文献   

20.
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.  相似文献   

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