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1.
储朝晖 《中国教育科学(中英文)》2019,(2):121-129
已经出版的教育史著作大都没有对数理教育的历史给予与历史全貌相一致的表述,其中对一些重大历史事件和人物的忽视令人震惊。产生这一问题的表面原因是:一方面从事理科教育的人不注重历史叙述;另一方面.教育史研究者大都缺乏理科知识,对理科教育的变化与进步没有感知,难以写史。更深层的原因是缺少充分的社会条件和文理兼修不为稻粱谋的学者;从学科建设方面分析,教育史学界所使用的“教育”概念是不完整不深刻的。教育史中的“教育”应该是聚焦于人的成长发展的活动,教育史也应当从人的成长发展过程出发,贯彻以人为本的理念,明确将成长发展中的人作为教育史的服务对象,把写出能反映全貌的教育史作为教育史学界努力实现的一个重要目标。这需要文理组合的团队,以开放的方式整体评估各类教育史实在教育发展中的地位和作用,确定综合性教育史著作和教科书的篇章节构,编写出文理平衡、以人为本的完整教育史。 相似文献
2.
Physics and chemistry programs at the secondary school level in France recommend introducing components of the history of science (HS). Emphasis is placed on a ‘cultural’ dimension, which is poorly defined but essentially refers to elements of epistemological nature. Moreover, the few examples of activities based on HS suggested by the programs and science textbooks are means to learn scientific content and convey a reductive and false image of the nature of science (NoS). Our main issue is to examine the possibility to communicate a more authentic image of NoS with HS. We begin by demonstrating how our historical and epistemological analysis led us to distinguish different learning goals about NoS. We then show how these goals can generate classroom activities involving collective inquiry based on the implementation of documents. These documents may or may not be paired with experiments. Finally, we discuss the tensions that our choices created with science curricula and among teachers. 相似文献
3.
A Reconstruction of Structure of the Atom and Its Implications for General Physics Textbooks: A History and Philosophy of Science Perspective 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent research in science education has recognized the importance of history and philosophy of science. The objective of this study is to evaluate the presentation of the Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr models of the atom in general physics textbooks based on criteria derived from history and philosophy of science. Forty-one general physics textbooks (all published in the United States) were evaluated on two criteria based on Thomson's work, three on Rutherford's work, and three on Bohr's work. Results obtained show that general physics textbooks do not systematically include a history and philosophy of science perspective. Most textbooks present an inductivist perspective in which experimental details are considered to be paramount. On the contrary, a historical reconstruction of the experimental details inevitably includes: the context in which an experiment is conducted, the theoretical framework that guides the scientist, and alternative interpretations of data that lead to conflicts and controversies. Examples are provided to show how historical reconstructions of atomic models can provide students an opportunity to appreciate how scientists work and science progresses. It is plausible to suggest that textbook presentations based on a history and philosophy of science perspective can perhaps arouse students' interest in the subject and hence lead to greater conceptual understanding. 相似文献
4.
杜亚泉是民国时期著名的自然科教科书编辑者。讲求实学、救世济民的理想和对自然科教科书作用的认识,是他编辑自然科教科书的动因。他提出了选择教材的＂四要件＂思想和应处理好的三对关系,并贯彻和体现在其所编辑的自然科教科书内容中。他编辑教科书的思想与实践发挥了重要的启民智、育新人的历史作用,是一份珍贵的文化遗产,对我们今天仍有借鉴意义。 相似文献
5.
Although history of science is a potential resource for instructional materials, teachers do not have a tendency to use historical
materials in their lessons. Studies showed that instructional materials should be adaptable and consistent with curriculum.
This study purports to examine the alignment between history of science and the curriculum in the light of the facilitator
model on the use of history of science in science teaching, and to expose possible difficulties in preparing historical materials.
For this purpose, qualitative content analysis method was employed. Codes and themes were defined beforehand, with respect
to levels and their sublevels of the model. The analysis revealed several problems with the alignment of historical sources
for the physics curriculum: limited information about scientists’ personal lives, the difficulty of linking with content knowledge,
the lack of emphasis on scientific process in the physics curriculum, differences between chronology and sequence of topics,
the lack of information about scientists’ reasoning. Based on the findings of the analysis, it would be difficult to use original
historical sources; educators were needed to simplify historical knowledge within a pedagogical perspective. There is a need
for historical sources, like Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, since appropriate historical information to the
curriculum objectives can only be obtained by simplifying complex information at the origin. The curriculum should leave opportunities
for educators interested in history of science, even historical sources provides legitimate amount of information for every
concepts in the curriculum. 相似文献
6.
Calvin Kalman 《Science & Education》2009,18(3-4):325-347
The views on epistemology by philosophers of science are developed through an historical lens. Enabling students to develop a scientific mindset is complicated by student’s views on the Nature of Science. Students need to appreciate the history of science and to contrast different frameworks. In order to do this, students have to be able to follow presentations in class and read their textbooks. Although individual words are understandable, the sentences appear to take the form of an unknown language. The solution utilized in this paper is to get students to approach their reading of their textbooks in the manner of the hermeneutical circle through an activity called Reflective Writing. 相似文献
7.
马勇军 《青岛大学师范学院学报》2011,28(3):9-15
国内外学者对中学理科教材中科学史的内容设计进行了大量研究,该领域的研究在历史与背景、研究视角、研究对象等方面存在明显差异。据此,建议国内学者今后应该以HPCS教育观指导研究、扩大研究对象范围、追求研究方法和工具的精细化和本土化、加强教材编写与课程标准、教学实施的动态衔接研究。 相似文献
8.
Dimopoulos Kostas Koulaidis Vasilis Sklaveniti Spyridoula 《Research in Science Education》2003,33(2):189-216
This paper aims at presenting the application of a grid for the analysis of the pedagogic functions of visual images included in school science textbooks and daily press articles about science and technology. The analysis is made using the dimensions of content specialisation (classification) and social-pedagogic relationships (framing) promoted by the images as well as the elaboration and abstraction of the corresponding visual code (formality), thus combining pedagogical and socio-semiotic perspectives. The grid is applied to the analysis of 2819 visual images collected from school science textbooks and another 1630 visual images additionally collected from the press. The results show that the science textbooks in comparison to the press material: a) use ten times more images, b) use more images so as to familiarise their readers with the specialised techno-scientific content and codes, and c) tend to create a sense of higher empowerment for their readers by using the visual mode. Furthermore, as the educational level of the school science textbooks (i.e., from primary to lower secondary level) rises, the content specialisation projected by the visual images and the elaboration and abstraction of the corresponding visual code also increases. The above results have implications for the terms and conditions for the effective exploitation of visual material as the educational level rises as well as for the effective incorporation of visual images from press material into science classes. 相似文献
9.
在美国的初中科学教材中,阅读材料与正文的关系是相辅相成的。阅读材料能使得教材在内容的深度和广度、时间和空间上得到扩展,能渗透科学技术与社会和科学发展史的内容,有利于学生开展研究性学习,所以阅读材料具有使科学教材在内容上综合化、弹性化、补充正文、培养学生的各种能力和激发学生对科学的学习兴趣的功能。其他国家编写科学教材的成功经验对我们有很好的借鉴和启发作用。 相似文献
10.
11.
Science Instruction with a Humanistic Twist: Teachers' Perception and Practice in Using the History of Science in Their Classrooms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Scholars have argued that the history of science should be included in the science curriculum because it provides meaningful perspective about scientific concepts, processes, and context. This article begins with a review of efforts to humanize science education by including the history of science, and a review of the rationale for including the history of science in the science education curriculum. The authors then synthesize a conceptual framework for examining the role of the history of science in science education. The framework is organized around realms in the history of science: a) conceptual understanding, b) procedural understanding, and c) contextual understanding, and includes approximately 3 sub-elements within each realm. The framework has been used previously to study the inclusion of the history of science in high school physics textbooks (Wang 1998). In this study, it is used to examine the perceptions and practices of elementary and secondary school teachers in using the history of science in their classrooms. Thirty-eight teachers completed a questionnaire which used Likert scale items to assess their perception of the value of the history of science, and practice in using it in their classroom. A sub-set of teachers were then interviewed to understand the interconnection of these views in more detail. Teachers believe that the inclusion of the history of science should not be used for elementary school students. Teachers who believe in and practice the inclusion of the history of science identify many benefits for their students. However, they believe that it is difficult to include the procedural realm of understanding. The authors conclude that humanizing science isn't a matter of making it fun so much as making it a human and meaningful endeavor. 相似文献
12.
Chen‐Yung Lin Jung‐Hui Cheng Wen‐Hua Chang 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(18):2521-2531
Many have argued that the inclusion of the history of science in science teaching might promote an understanding of the nature of science as well as the attitudes toward science. However, its inclusion in science teaching may not have the desired effect due to the limited coverage it receives in textbooks and the limited time available for teaching. A historical episodes map (HEM) is thus developed with four storylines and more than 20 events related to the history of science and is designed to fit in with regular teaching topics. A total of 329 students in Grade 7 were involved in the experimental group and the control group. The control group was taught using the textbook only, while the experimental group was also taught using the textbook plus HEM materials and associated discussion. The intervention of such teaching lasted for a month and a half. The findings reveal that the exposure of students to HEM materials did promote the students’ understanding of the nature of science as well as their attitudes toward science. 相似文献
13.
14.
科学教科书的意识形态 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
科学教科书的话语结构其实隐喻着“谁的知识最有价值”这一意识形态的问题,只是科学教科书的意识形态功能相对于人文社会科学来讲,更加隐蔽。科学教育作为一种社会事业,其教科书的编制与话语选择必然反映着它所处的社会和时代的主流意识形态。传统科学教科书中宣扬一种个人英雄主义的、实证主义的、归纳主义的、机械还原论的意识,这不利于学生良好科学素养的形成。 相似文献
15.
The main problems of science (especiallyphysics) teaching in Germany are students' lack ofinterest and motivation in the subject, their poorunderstanding of scientific concepts, ideas, methods,and results, and their lack of comprehension of thesocial, political, and epistemological role ofscience. These circumstances result in a growing`scientific illiteracy' of the population and adecline in democratic quality concerning decisionmaking processes about scientific and technologicalprojects. One means of improving this situation liesin the use of history and philosophy of science inscience teaching. School science curricula undtextbooks neglect almost completely the importance ofhistory and philosophy of science. In this paper, themain empirical results concerning motivation andknowledge are given. Some examples from sciencecurricula and textbooks are presented, and some of thefew reform projects in Germany are listed. As aconsequence a compensatory program is proposed inorder to create the prerequisites for raising scienceeducation in Germany to an international standard. 相似文献
16.
在新课程改革背景下,高中历史五大核心素养中包含了史料实证。就目前的高考实际情况来看,关于史料解析的考题越来越多。不仅如此,教科书上也出现了大量的史料,这些史料大多数都和教材中的重难点相关,非常典型且具有针对性,在现阶段的高中历史教学中的比重越来越大。历史学科与其他学科的不同之处就在于,它有许多内容需要记忆,如果教师使用不恰当的教学方式,那么就会使学生对历史学科产生厌烦的心理,打消学生对历史学习的积极性,也会因此影响高中历史的教学效率。 相似文献
17.
Kuhn (1970) considered textbooks to be good 'pedagogical vehicles' for the perpetuation of ‘normal science’. Collins (2000) has pointed out a fundamental contradiction with respect to what science could achieve (create new knowledge) and how we teach science (authoritarian). Despite the reform efforts, students still have naïve views about the nature of science. Textbook analyses show almost a complete lack of understanding of the role played by presuppositions, contradictions, controversies and speculations in scientific progress. A possible solution to the contradiction pointed out by Collins is provided by the comparison of teaching approaches based on Kuhnian and Lakatosian perspectives of history and philosophy of science. It appears that the Kuhnian approach leaves out what really happens, that is the 'how' and 'why' of scientific progress. On the other hand, the Lakatosian perspective would enable students to understand that scientific progress is subsumed by a process that involves conflicting frameworks (dispute in science, according to Collins, 2000), based on processes that require the elaboration of rival hypotheses and their evaluation in the light of new evidence. It is plausible to suggest that the teacher by 'unfolding' the different episodes (based on historical reconstructions) can emphasize and illustrate how science actually works (tentative, controversial, rivalries, alternative interpretations of the same data), and this will show to the students that they need to go beyond ‘normal science’ as presented in their textbooks. 相似文献
18.
Victor R. Lee 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(8):1099-1126
Visual representations are ubiquitous in modern‐day science textbooks and have in recent years become an object of criticism and scrutiny. This article examines the extent to which changes in representations in textbooks published in the USA over the past six decades have invited those critiques. Drawing from a correlational analysis of a corpus of 34 US middle school physical science textbooks, continuities are established with respect to the purposes that most textbook images serve and the numbers of schematic representations that are used. Changes are observed in the overall total number of representations in textbooks and in the proportion of representations that are photographic. Interpretive cases of individual representations over time are presented to further illustrate the continuities and changes that have taken place. Specifically, high‐fidelity images, such as photographs, are shown permeating or replacing schematic and explanatory images in the interest of promoting familiarization to students. This shifting emphasis toward familiarization is discussed as a specific cause for concern about quality and utility of representations in modern‐day US science textbooks. 相似文献
19.
Jonathan Dunne Abdulhussain E. Mahdi John O'Reilly 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(9):1513-1532
This study analyses several Irish primary school science textbook sets to evaluate their potential to support Inquiry-based Science Education (IBSE). The study was prompted by the results of the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) 2008 survey of Irish primary science which indicated that a 72% of surveyed teachers are using science textbooks within their teaching. The reliance on deductive methodologies, such as the using textbooks, has been attributed to a lack of pedagogical content knowledge. As the Irish primary science curriculum was changed to be more experiential in 2003, it is unlikely that deductive teaching from textbooks aligns with the new aims and objectives of the curriculum. This research analyses three textbook groups through the lens of the 5E model of teaching, a well-known framework for teaching through inquiry. A four-layer framework was developed around the 5E model that would highlight the strengths and weaknesses of textbooks in supporting IBSE. The results indicate that the various textbooks contain different structures, pedagogies and content, which can potentially be used to support the development of IBSE schema however, professional development must be provided as to how best to integrate textbooks into practice. 相似文献
20.
History and philosophy of science can serve the function of investigating scientific questions that are excluded by science itself. Because many things need to be protected from questioning and criticism in specialist science, its demonstrated effectiveness is also unavoidably accompanied by a loss of knowledge and a degree of dogmatism. History and philosophy of science can ameliorate this situation by working as a shadow discipline complementing specialist science in the production of knowledge about nature. In this enterprise the connection between philosophy of science and history of science is essential, since the questions that get consigned to the realm of philosophy are often, and not accidentally, the same ones buried in the historical record of past science. Some examples are given illustrating the complementary mode of history and philosophy of science, and its relations to other modes of study in history of science and philosophy of science are also examined. 相似文献