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1.
《International Journal of Educational Development》2001,21(4):345-359
Most discussions and policy lessons about the commercial role in education have derived from the provision of private education programs in elementary, secondary and higher, and education and training. The private education industry includes two additional categories of activity which have not been the focus of attention. These are the private provision of education products and education services. But how large are these two activities? Do they involve international trade? Do they already attract the interest of private capital? Are these activities growing, and if so, what are their implications? This analysis will attempt to respond to these questions, and will be divided into four sections.The first section defines education products and services, and outlines the structure of the two sub-sectors. The second section describes the size of commercial activity and its trends. The third section reviews the challenges and opportunities for those who are interested in investing in this arena. The fourth section asks the question of whether the commercial provision of education goods and services is good or bad, inevitable or not; whether countries, unsure about the appropriate response, should welcome or resist these trends.Commercial activity in education goods and services can be expected to grow substantially. Reliable local data are rare, in part because of how education data are categorized, and in part because education data are untrustworthy in general. Government regulations may inhibit or in some instances distort local markets, for commercial enterprises, whether local or international. On the other hand, the efficiency importance of having a highly responsive commercial sector providing education goods and services is incontestable.These changes will raise questions about the assumptions about the virtues and drawbacks of globalization, the ‘protection’ of developing countries, and the importance of maintaining local cultural integrity. They will also challenge some of the basic principles of national education systems. Do countries have the right to prohibit access to education if supplied by a non-government provider? If supplied by an international provider? Or do citizens in all democracies have the same right of access to the education of their choice? Should nations with technical or regulatory advantage be restricted from exporting education goods and services, on grounds that they may ‘dominate’ other cultures? But what if citizens want to buy it? What if they are willing to privately pay for it? Is education like a railroad or public utility? Or is there something which differentiates education from other public good services? Far from being settled, these questions will continue to be at the forefront of debate in the next few years. 相似文献
2.
The public/private divide in higher education: A global revision 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Simon Marginson 《Higher Education》2007,53(3):307-333
Our common understandings of the public/private distinction in higher education are drawn from neo-classical economics and/or
statist political philosophy. However, the development of competition and markets at the national level, and the new potentials
for private and public goods created by globalisation in higher education, have exposed weaknesses in the traditional notions
of public/private. For example, (1) the statist notion that higher education is always/already a public good blinds us to
its role in producing scarce positional private goods, even in free systems; (2) because there is no global state, both statists
and neo-liberals model the global higher education environment simply as a trading environment without grasping the potential
for global public goods in education – goods that are subject to non-rivalry or non-excludability, and broadly available across
populations, on a global scale. Yet higher education in one nation has the potential to create positive and negative externalities
in another; and all higher education systems and institutions can benefit from collective systems e.g. that facilitate cross-border
recognition and mobility. The paper sets out to revise public/private in higher education. Rather than defining public/private
in terms of legal ownership, it focuses on the social character of the goods. It argues that public/private goods are not
always zero sum and under certain conditions provide conditions of possibility for each other. It proposes (a) units in national
government that focus specifically on cross-border effects; (b) global policy spaces – taking in state agencies, individual
universities, NGOs and commercial agents – to consider the augmentation, distribution of and payment for global public goods.
This paper has been adapted from a keynote address to the Conference of Higher Education Researchers (CHER), University of
Twente, Enschede, 19 September 2004. The CHER conference was focused on the public/private question. Warm thanks to Erik Beerkens,
Jurgen Enders, Marijk van Wende, Ben Jongbloed, Guy Neave, other colleagues who took part in discussion at the CHER conference,
and the reviewers for Higher Education. 相似文献
3.
This article contributes to the emerging theoretical construct of what has been called ‘transnational academic capitalism’, characterised by the blurring of traditional boundaries between public, private, local, regional and international, and between market-driven and critically transformative higher education visions. Here we examine how these issues are reflected in higher education policy in the Arab Gulf, asking: what kinds of capital are being constructed and traded? By and for whom? What is the relationship between higher education competition, governance and the public good? We find contradictory trends, which we see as strategic ambivalence pointing to country-specific readings of similar regional markets and attempts to hedge bets between rival forms of apparent capital. The exploration offers a counterpoint to more widely cited examples, hereby helping to shape new paradigmatic ‘glocalised’ understandings of this field. 相似文献
4.
Ming Cheng 《高等教育研究与发展》2012,31(6):785-795
Declining trust in public services has led to increasing calls for higher education to be ‘accountable’ for the quality of its teaching and learning provision. However, increasing levels of quality evaluation have led academics to feel that their professionalism is under attack. Reflecting on this history and various dimensions of accountability, this paper seeks to interpret accountability by addressing two questions: What is accountability in higher education? How can it be related to academic professionalism? The paper argues that professionalism and accountability appear to be contradictory terms, but can exist simultaneously. If academics' moral and social responsibility becomes requisite to an enhanced social accounting for the quality of university teaching and learning, there could be less perceived tension between academic professionalism and accountability. 相似文献
5.
《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2012,36(1):40-50
Abstract The advent of the single European market has generated new demands for training and consultancy, and many further and higher education institutions have been anxious to exploit the commercial opportunities that have been created. In general, however, institutions have been more successful in providing training for the public sector than they have been for the private sector. A survey of FHE reveals the kinds of single‐market training that are on offer, and suggests that the training that is available needs to be more precisely geared to the requirements of business if colleges and universities are to make further inroads into the private sector. It is argued that much training is currently ‘supply led’ rather than ‘demand led’, and that institutions need to recognise important differences between information needs, skills needs and qualifications needs in the design of their single market provision. There are, however, examples of good practice, and institutions’ perceptions of their own needs in improving their European training are also discussed. The article concludes with some practical steps that institutions might consider in order to improve their single‐market training. ‘The training performance of industry and commerce in this country must be raised to meet the greater commitment and higher standards of other European countries.’ The words belong to the then Minister for Further and Higher Education, Robert Jackson, and were spoken in 1990 at the launch of the Department of Education and Science‐funded PICKUP Europe Unit ‐‐ an initiative designed to help further and higher education (FHE) to meet the training needs of industry and business in anticipation of the changes heralded by the single European market (SEM). Helping industry and business to respond to the challenges of the enlarged European market fitted well into the PICKUP scheme, which was intended to encourage FHE institutions to make their expertise and resources available for the purposes of updating and reskilling the labour force. It reflected the Government's desire to build a stronger link between education and wealth creation, and to foster competence‐based, as well as knowledge‐based, aspects of educational provision. The 282 measures associated with completion of the single market have made it increasingly important that workers at all levels are familiar with the new Europe in which they will produce goods and services, but just how effectively are further and higher education institutions facing up to their own challenge, and providing the ‘training for Europe’ that is considered so important in ensuring that British businesses exploit the opportunities of the single market? 相似文献
6.
Malcolm Tight 《Higher Education Quarterly》2006,60(3):242-256
Where does higher education in the United Kingdom sit today in terms of the public–private distinction, and what does that distinction mean in the higher education context? This article considers these questions and related issues, noting how the particular example of the United Kingdom compares with other systems internationally. Following a historical exploration of the meaning of ‘public’, ‘private’ and other related terms, an examination is undertaken of their currency during the post‐war period in the UK higher education system. This is exemplified through an analysis of the two major British higher education reports of the last 50 years – the Robbins Report of 1963 and the Dearing Report of 1997. It is argued that the contemporary UK higher education system could be seen as suffering from the worst of both worlds, trapped between and suffering from the seemingly contrary pressures of privatisation and nationalisation. 相似文献
7.
Carol Ascher 《The Urban Review》1986,18(2):137-145
Conclusions As black students move into private schools at greater rates, a number of questions are raised. To what extent and under what conditions is a private school education better than a public school education for black students? What are the social and educational benefits and costs of being educated in a largely white environment? And what will be the benefits and costs as private schools themselves become increasingly black? Are the economic sacrifices made by black families to send their children to private school worth it to the individual child—to the black community? 相似文献
8.
W.G. Walker 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(3):261-272
Among the chief characteristics of the post‐industrial society are ambiguity and paradox. In Australian higher education, as in other sectors of Australian Society, these have found expression in individualism, private initiative and entrepreneuship. The ‘privatization’ of higher education now includes the imposition on enrolment charges, the re‐introduction of ‘full cost’ fees, especially for private overseas students, moves towards the deregulation of salaries and conditions of employment of academic staff and the establishment of new ‘self‐contained’ and ‘hybrid’ private higher education institutions. In response to these developments, debate has tended to centre upon a number of mythologies which inter alia assert that private higher education is new to Australia, that it is foreign to the Western academic tradition and that such education avoids the employment of public funds. Moreover, it is claimed that while private higher education is ipso facto elitist, it will, through competition, result in a more effective and efficient public sector. The above mythologies are examined in the light of past, present and proposed developments in Australian higher education, with particular note being taken of the establishment of the Bond University in Queensland. 相似文献
9.
ROBERT TOBIAS 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2013,32(6):569-588
This article examines New Zealand experiences and understandings of lifelong education and lifelong learning over the past 30 years or so. It investigates the place of lifelong education and lifelong learning discourses in shaping public policy in Aotearoa as well as questions about the similarities and differences between the discourse in New Zealand and in Europe and the UK. The aim of the paper is to throw light on the following questions: what effects, if any, have notions of lifelong education or lifelong learning had on public policy discourses on tertiary education and the education of adults? Is there evidence to suggest that notions of either ‘lifelong education’ or ‘lifelong learning’ have provided a vision or sense of purpose or set of guidelines in developing public policies? Have they served to justify or legitimate new initiatives or funding arrangements? And, if so, what is the nature of this influence? Finally, in the light of this discussion the article also examines the question whether notions of ‘lifelong education’ and ‘lifelong learning’ as they have featured in the academic and policy literature are predominantly located in a Euro‐centred discourse and hence how they might be reconstituted to reflect more adequately discourses of learning and education in other parts of the world. 相似文献
10.
Martin Carnoy Isak Froumin Prashant K. Loyalka Jandhyala B. G. Tilak 《Higher Education》2014,68(3):359-378
Because higher education serves both public and private interests, the way it is conceived and financed is contested politically, appearing in different forms in different societies. What is public and private in education is a political–social construct, subject to various political forces, primarily interpreted through the prism of the state. Mediated through the state, this construct can change over time as the economic and social context of higher education changes. In this paper, we analyze through the state’s financing of higher education how it changes as a public/private good and the forces that impinge on states to influence such changes. To illustrate our arguments, we discuss trends in higher education financing in the BRIC countries—Brazil, Russia, India, and China. We show that in addition to increased privatization of higher education financing, BRIC states are increasingly differentiating the financing of elite and non-elite institutions. 相似文献
11.
《Africa Education Review》2013,10(1):97-110
Abstract The aim of this paper was to review the contribution of private institutions to higher education in Africa and use Monash South Africa as a case study. A literature search was conducted to gain perspective on the current situation with respect to private higher education institutions in Africa and how they are perceived in relation to public higher education institutions. In comparison with public higher education institutions, private higher education institutions in Africa were successful in four areas: ? Widening access to higher education in the continent ? Improving the quality of education ? Improving student experience ? Increasing the recognition and marketability of their degrees However, private higher education institutions in Africa have failed in two areas: ? Reducing the costs of higher education in Africa ? Assisting with retention of skilled human capital in African countries. In fact, private higher education institutions in Africa, have exacerbated the two situations above. Monash South Africa was the first foreign university to be established in South Africa and one of over 100 private universities in the continent. As a campus of Monash University in Africa, it has seen a steady growth with over 3,500 students in the past 10 years of its existence. Like other private institutions, the campus was successful in the four areas above and also fails in the area of costs and assisting in retention of skilled staff in Africa. The campus has been successful in blending its private provider status with a public purpose mandate by offering degrees in social science, business and economics, information technology and health sciences. 相似文献
12.
In a time of cultural pluralism and legitimation crisis (Habermas), there is an increasing uncertainty among teachers in Sweden about with what right they are fostering other people's children. What does it mean to teach ‘common values’ to the coming generation? How do teachers find legitimacy and authority for this endeavour, not as family members or as politicians, but as teachers? To respond to this uncertainty, the paper takes the public/private distinction as a starting‐point for rethinking the place of the school. Drawing on the work of Hannah Arendt and of Jan Masschelein and Maarten Simons, it argues that the school is an in‐between place—a place that transforms values into ‘common goods’ and turns fostering into a teaching matter. The overall purpose of the paper is to sketch out the consequences of this ‘in‐betweenness’ for what it means to find one's voice as a teacher in fostering the coming generation. 相似文献
13.
Do Costs Differ Between For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Producers of Higher Education? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In theory, not-for-profit organizations will be characterized by higher production costs per unit of output than for-profit producers of otherwise-identical goods/services, since profit maximization implies cost minimization per unit of output; breaking even does not imply cost minimization and, indeed, may imply inflated costs. We explore the empirical validity of this hypothesis in the context of higher education. Using 1996 data, we estimate multiproduct cost functions for 1,450 public, 1,316 private, not-for-profit, and 176 private, for-profit institutions of higher education in the United States. We fail to find a statistically significant difference between for-profit and not-for-profit private providers, but do find a statistically significant difference between private, not-for-profit institutions and public institutions. 相似文献
14.
Constance L. Russell 《Environmental Education Research》2005,11(4):433-443
While McKenzie mentions in passing her concern about anthropocentrism and human oppression of the natural world, she is mostly silent about the role of ‘nature’ in post‐post approaches to environmental education research. If one takes feminist poststructuralist ideas about voice and representation seriously, surely the place of ‘nature’ in environmental education research must be interrogated? Is there space for ‘nature’ in multivocal representations of research? How might our own polyvocality include our experiences of our animality? How might we assess the legitimacy of such representations? What are the limits and possibilities of post‐post approaches to environmental education research when ‘nature’ is taken into account? 相似文献
15.
Henry Bradford Alexander Guzmán José Manuel Restrepo María-Andrea Trujillo 《Higher Education》2018,75(5):909-924
How should the governance system in a non-membership non-profit organization be designed? This organizational form has no shareholders; instead, donors provide funds. Thus, at the organizational level, the board of directors could have all the power. Under this legal form, who controls the board? If too powerful, boards could misuse resources or distract the organization from its foundational goals. We examine the case of private higher education institutions (HEIs) in Colombia and the balance of power in university governance systems which feature this organizational form. Most HEIs in our sample have a kind of assembly of representatives as the governance body with the highest authority and able to appoint and control the board. We specifically discuss the assemblies’ reason for being, structure, and functions in private HEIs in Colombia. We analyze a total of 204 HEI governance structures and find governance arrangements with the characteristics of an assembly of representatives in 154 (75.9%). Our analysis highlights features in some of these governance bodies that could lead to overly powerful assemblies (e.g., founder donors with tenure for life). Clearly, a proper balance of power is required to avoid rent-seeking behaviors or the pursuit of harmful private non-monetary benefits from assembly members as well as boards. 相似文献
16.
留学生学费定价与资助政策研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
我国对留学生的高等教育服务具有较少的公共产品属性 ,可将其确定为私人产品。成本补偿政策不是留学生学费定价政策的理论基础。应允许高等学校根据市场需求状况、自身教育质量、教育理念、地区、专业等因素 ,自主确定留学生学费并允许赢利。对留学生的高等教育服务可能产生的外部收益具有可分割性 ,据此应取消公费与自费留学生的区别 ,并将目标外部收益分割操作 ,以确定留学生资助政策。据此思路 ,内地对港澳台学生的学费定价与资助政策也应调整 相似文献
17.
Brian Booth 《Higher Education Quarterly》1989,43(4):278-288
What is ‘quality’ and how should it be handled by a funding body? This article discusses the practical implications of concern for quality in the PCFC sector of higher education, the role of institutions and of external agencies other than the PCFC. It concludes by offering advice to the PCFC on its policies towards the preservation and enhancement of quality. 相似文献
18.
公私合作伙伴关系产生于新公共管理浪潮,该关系致力于充分发挥公共部门与私营部门的优势,从而提高公共产品服务的质量与效率。作为准公共产品服务,我国民办高等教育领域已经出现了公私合作伙伴关系的多种形式,主要表现在产权、融资和运营三个方面。随着我国政府公共服务职能的日益凸显,公私合作伙伴关系对破解我国民办高等教育发展中的难题,乃至探索高等教育发展的第三条道路,均将发挥积极作用。 相似文献
19.
How can higher education educate graduates who know more than ‘just knowledge’? Such an education includes developing in students an awareness of the limits of their knowledge, an ability to discern what kinds of knowledge are appropriate in a given situation and a sensitivity to different forms of knowing. When is scientific rigour appropriate and when is another type of knowing appropriate? When should one set aside own preferences in favour of the needs of others? This paper rethinks ‘bildung’ as a source of ideas on aims for teaching students. Making the arguably ephemeral ideal of bildung work in practice can be an obstacle. This paper, however, takes it as a positive challenge, exploring ways in which bildung might be appropriate in professional education. If bildung can be helpful even within this most applied part of higher education, implications in terms of the development of more readily applicable and fully inclusive notions of bildung would benefit not only professional education but also higher education more generally. Drawing on work by Wolfgang Klafki, the authors argue the value of updated notions of bildung. Klafki's three-part conception of bildung as self-determination, co-determination and solidarity helps reconnect the importance of personal development with that of peer communities (e.g., professional bodies) and action for others. Klafki's framework facilitates working with ethical-epistemological questions such as these. 相似文献
20.
公共经济视野下的高等教育产品 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据公共经济的分类,高等教育提供一部分纯公共产品,但主要提供准公共产品。纯公共产品是用于满足社会公共需要的产品和服务,准公共产品介于公共产品与私人产品之间。高等教育一方面具有公共产品受益的非排他性、效用的不可分割性和消费的非竞争性的特点;另一方面具有私人产品,可以买卖的商品性质,因此具有排他性、效用的可分割性和消费的竞争性特点;高等教育作为准公共产品,存在一系列经济和生产问题。 相似文献