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1.
Spelling pronunciations are hypothesized to be helpful in building up relatively stable phonologically underpinned orthographic
representations, particularly for learning words with irregular phoneme-grapheme correspondences. In a four-week computer-based
training, the efficacy of spelling pronunciations and previewing the spelling patterns on learning to spell loan words in
Dutch, originating from French and English, was examined in skilled and less skilled spellers with varying ages. Reading skills
were taken into account. Overall, compared to normal pronunciation, spelling pronunciation facilitated the learning of the
correct spelling of irregular words, but it appeared to be no more effective than previewing. Differences between training
conditions appeared to fade with older spellers. Less skilled young spellers seemed to profit more from visual examination
of the word as compared to practice with spelling pronunciations. The findings appear to indicate that spelling pronunciation
and allowing a preview can both be effective ways to learn correct spellings of orthographically unpredictable words, irrespective
of age or spelling ability. 相似文献
2.
Orthographic spelling is a major difficulty in German-speaking children with dyslexia. The aim of the present study was to
evaluate the effectiveness of an orthographic spelling training in spelling-disabled students (grade 5 and 6). In study 1,
ten children (treatment group) received 15 individually administered weekly intervention sessions (60 min each). A control
group (n = 4) did not receive any intervention. In study 2, orthographic spelling training was provided to a larger sample consisting
of a treatment group (n = 13) and a delayed treatment control group (n = 14). The main criterion of spelling improvement was analyzed using an integrated dataset from both studies. Repeated-measures
analysis of variance revealed that gains in spelling were significantly greater in the treatment group than in the control
group. Statistical analyses also showed significant improvements in reading (study 1) and in a measure of participants’ knowledge
of orthographic spelling rules (study 2). The findings indicate that an orthographic spelling training enhances reading and
spelling ability as well as orthographic knowledge in spelling-disabled children learning to spell a transparent language
like German. 相似文献
3.
4.
The ‘Spello’ program was designed to use interactive speech feedback on a talking-computer system to improve children's spelling and phonological skills. In two versions of the program, the synthesizer pronounced the word to be spelled and the student tried to type in the word correctly. Both versions of the program showed the students which letters were correct in their spelling attempts. One version pronounced only the target word, as often as the child requested. The other version also provided intermediate speech feedback for children's spelling attempts, so they could hear how their own attempts sounded, and compare them to the target word. Twenty-eight children aged seven to fourteen studied 16 words they had misspelled on pretests and 16 words of related word structure. For children ten years or older, training with intermediate speech feedback led to greater benefits in phonological coding skills than training with word-only feedback, reflected in the ability to read nonsense words related in structure to the trained words. Intermediate speech feedback also led to a marginally significant advantage in spelling the trained words. When the groups switched conditions, however, there was no difference in their tested skills after a second week of training. 相似文献
5.
Patterns of spelling in young deaf and hard of hearing students 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Allman TM 《American annals of the deaf》2002,147(1):46-64
The study examined the invented spelling abilities demonstrated by kindergarten and first-grade deaf and hard of hearing students. The study included two parts: In Part 1, the researcher compared three groups (deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing) using posttesting only on the Early Reading Screening Inventory, or ERSI (Morris, 1998), and in part 2 collected and analyzed samples of the spelling of deaf students in a Total Communication program. Analysis showed that the deaf group performed significantly differently in three areas: concept of word, word recognition, and phoneme awareness ("invented spelling"; Read, 1971). The deaf group outperformed the hearing and hard of hearing groups in concept of word and word recognition. But in phoneme awareness, the deaf group performed significantly less well than the hearing group. Therefore, the deaf group's spelling was followed for 1 year. Deaf students' spelling patterns were not the same as those of hearing and hard of hearing students. Deaf students' spelling miscues were directly related to the cueing systems of lipreading, signing, and fingerspelling. 相似文献
6.
The predictive value of rime spellings in English was compared directly to other types of regularities beyond the level of the single letter. A computer-assisted analysis of a list of twenty-four thousand written words, each paired with its corresponding pronunciation, reveals that only a small number of rime spellings are highly regular in their pronunciations. The conventional division of vowel letter pronunciations into short and long in closed and open written syllables is the most reliable key to English pronunciation. Our findings support the notion that English spelling is based at least in part on syllable structure. In addition, prefixes and suffixes provide very reliable clues to pronunciation, which suggests that their regularity should be exploited in the teaching of reading. 相似文献
7.
Wanzek J Vaughn S Wexler J Swanson EA Edmonds M Kim AH 《Journal of learning disabilities》2006,39(6):528-543
Previous research studies examining the effects of spelling and reading interventions on the spelling outcomes of students with learning disabilities (LD) are synthesized. An extensive search of the professional literature between 1995 and 2003 yielded a total of 19 intervention studies that provided spelling and reading interventions to students with LD and measured spelling outcomes. Findings revealed that spelling outcomes were consistently improved following spelling interventions that included explicit instruction with multiple practice opportunities and immediate corrective feedback after the word was misspelled. Furthermore, evidence from spelling interventions that employed assistive technology aimed at spelling in written compositions indicated positive effects on spelling outcomes. 相似文献
8.
Two studies were conducted in which phonology‐based instructional strategies designed for improving spelling skills of elementary school children were compared against instruction strategies that relied only on visual exposure of words. The first study involved a total of 93 children. Of these, 46 were instructed by drawing their attention to the psycholinguistic nature of their spelling errors. The remaining 47 children in the comparison group were shown the correct version of all the words. In study II 15 children were placed in a treatment group and were taught phoneme awareness, and 15 children were placed in a comparison group and were exposed to printed words only. In both studies, posttests showed that children taught through psycholinguistic and phoneme awareness methods significantly outperformed the visual training groups. Further, these gains were retained after a period of 2 weeks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
9.
Silvana Weiss Roland H. Grabner Reinhard Kargl Christian Purgstaller Andreas Fink 《Reading and writing》2010,23(6):645-671
Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of a computer-aided morphological training protocol were examined in German-speaking
children from Grades 3 to 9. Study 1 compared morphological awareness, reading, and spelling skills of 34 trained children
with an untrained control group of 34 children matched for age, sex, and intelligence. All participants in the training group
showed increases in morphological awareness, but only students from secondary school improved significantly in reading and
spelling competences. In Study 2, a subsample of 8 trained children with poor spelling and reading abilities and 10 untrained
children with higher language competencies underwent an electroencephalography testing involving three different language
tasks. The training resulted in decreased theta-activity and increased activity in lower (7–10 Hz) and upper alpha (10–13 Hz).
These findings reflect more effortful and attention-demanding processing after the training and suggest that children with
poor spelling and reading abilities use the acquired morphological knowledge in terms of a compensatory strategy. 相似文献
10.
The objective of the present study was to examine the contribution of lexical and nonlexical processes to skilled reading
and spelling in Persian. Persian is a mixed orthography that allows one to study within one language characteristics typically
found in shallow orthographies as well as those found in deeper orthographies. 61 senior high-school students (mean age = 17;
8, SD = 4 months) attending schools in Iran were tested on reading and spelling of words and nonwords. The word stimuli differed
in terms of reading transparency (transparent when all phonemes have corresponding letters vs. opaque when short vowels were
not marked with a letter) and spelling polygraphy (nonpolygraphic phonemes vs. polygraphic phonemes). The nonwords were transparent
and nonpolygraphic. The reading results showed that both transparent and opaque words were read faster than nonwords, and
that transparent words were read faster than opaque words. Moreover, both transparent and opaque words were affected by word
frequency. These findings suggest that skilled readers of Persian relied on lexical processes to read words. In contrast,
the spelling results failed to show a word-advantage effect suggesting that skilled spellers of Persian rely on nonlexical
processes to spell words. Moreover, orthographic complexity also affected spelling. Specifically, nonpolygraphic words were
spelled faster than polygraphic words for both transparent and opaque words. Taken together, the findings showed that skilled
reading and spelling in Persian rely on different underlying processes. 相似文献
11.
Samantha Bouwmeester Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2011,26(1):61-74
In this study, we compared two instruction methods on spelling performance: a rewriting instruction in which children repeatedly
rewrote words and an ambiguous property instruction in which children deliberately practiced on a difficult word aspect. Moreover,
we examined whether the testing effect applies to spelling performance. One hundred eighty-six Dutch elementary-school students
(grades 3, 4, and 5) participated in this study. A mixed design was used in the present study, with age group and instruction
as between-subject variables and relearning as a within-subject variable. We showed that after a 2-day retention interval,
the rewriting condition outperformed the ambiguous property condition on spelling performance in all grades. The effect of
relearning type was not significant nor was the instruction × relearning interaction. An error analysis showed that relative
to the rewrite instruction, the ambiguous property instruction led to more errors on the non-practiced part of the words.
By contrast, the rewrite instruction and ambiguous property instruction did not differ with respect to the errors on the practiced
part of the words. The findings provide strong evidence for the superiority of a rewriting study instruction over an ambiguous
property study instruction with respect to the performance on a delayed spelling test. Results from the conditional error
analyses suggest that the beneficial influence of rewriting emerges because rewriting requires children to process the whole
word rather than only a part of the word. 相似文献
12.
Dorothy Bishop Caroline Adams Annukka Lehtonen Stuart Rosen 《Journal of Research in Reading》2005,28(2):144-157
This study evaluated a computerised program for training spelling in 8‐ to 13‐year‐olds with receptive language impairments. The training program involved children typing words corresponding to pictured items whose names were spoken. If the child made an error or requested help, the program gave phonological and orthographic cues to build up the word's spelling. Eleven children received this training with ordinary speech, and eleven had the same program but with speech modified to lengthen and amplify dynamic portions of the signal. Nine children were in an untrained control group. Trained children completed between 6 and 29 training sessions each of 15 minutes, at a rate of 3 to 5 sessions per week, with an average of over 1000 trials. Children were assessed before and after training. Trained children learned an average of 1.4 novel spellings per session. The trend was for children presented with modified speech to do less well than those trained with ordinary speech, regardless of whether they had auditory temporal processing impairments. Trained groups did not differ from the untrained control group in terms of gains made on standardised tests of spelling or word and nonword reading. This study confirms the difficulty of training literacy skills in children with severe language impairments. Individual words may be learned, but more general knowledge of rule‐based phonological skills is harder to acquire. 相似文献
13.
In orthographies studied to date, children learning to spell tend to omit one consonant of a cluster—for initial clusters,
the second consonant, and for medial nasal clusters, the nasal. Explanations have included a special status for the initial
consonant of a word, and the fact that in English nasal clusters are not true clusters but consist of a nasalised vowel plus
a consonant. We tested children’s spelling of initial and medial clusters consisting of a nasal consonant followed by another
consonant, but non-nasalised vowels, in Kiswahili. For both initial and medial clusters, the nasal was spelled wrongly more
often than the other consonant. The initial position in a word does not seem to have special properties. Rather, the spelling
of clusters seems to depend on the properties of the individual phonemes, nasals being particularly difficult to spell. It
is concluded that cross-linguistic studies of spelling development are necessary to draw generalised conclusions about phonological
processing. 相似文献
14.
Alan S. Brown 《Educational Psychology Review》1990,2(4):365-397
Research on spelling ability has witnessed a vigorous but fragmented growth in the last decade. A theory on the cognitive mechanisms of spelling remains elusive, as does a unified approach to spelling instruction. The idea that spelling competence unfolds in a series of developmental stages has gained popularity. Despite a lack of clear empirical support for the model, its impact on spelling instruction in the schools is growing. Research on traditional issues in teaching spelling continues unabated (size of word list, time between practice and test, immediacy of feedback), as well as investigation on innovative approaches (computers, group instruction). A creative technique applied in the early grades is invented spelling. Although popular and widely applied, its effectiveness remains unclear. Research is beginning to indicate that reading and spelling may be separable but related cognitive processes and that spelling ability involves two processing systems-phonological and lexical. Finally, experiencing incorrect spellings may be detrimental to spelling performance, and more research is needed on this issue. 相似文献
15.
Our spelling training software recodes words into multisensory representations comprising visual and auditory codes. These
codes represent information about letters and syllables of a word. An enhanced version, developed for this study, contains
an additional phonological code and an improved word selection controller relying on a phoneme-based student model. We investigated
the spelling behavior of children by means of learning curves based on log-file data of the previous and the enhanced software
version. First, we compared the learning progress of children with dyslexia working either with the previous software (n = 28) or the adapted version (n = 37). Second, we investigated the spelling behavior of children with dyslexia (n = 37) and matched children without dyslexia (n = 25). To gain deeper insight into which factors are relevant for acquiring spelling skills, we analyzed the influence of
cognitive abilities, such as attention functions and verbal memory skills, on the learning behavior. All investigations of
the learning process are based on learning curve analyses of the collected log-file data. The results evidenced that those
children with dyslexia benefit significantly from the additional phonological cue and the corresponding phoneme-based student
model. Actually, children with dyslexia improve their spelling skills to the same extent as children without dyslexia and
were able to memorize phoneme to grapheme correspondence when given the correct support and adequate training. In addition,
children with low attention functions benefit from the structured learning environment. Generally, our data showed that memory
sources are supportive cognitive functions for acquiring spelling skills and for using the information cues of a multi-modal
learning environment. 相似文献
16.
Nicole J. Conrad Kathleen Kennedy Wafa Saoud Laura Scallion Laura Hanusiak 《Journal of Research in Reading》2019,42(1):162-177
Skilled reading involves rapid and automatic word recognition. Through a self‐teaching process, phonological decoding during reading is thought to establish the word‐specific representations in memory that support efficient word reading. Much is known about orthographic learning during reading; less is understood about this process during spelling. Here, we compared the degree of orthographic learning that occurs during reading and spelling. Forty‐eight children in Grade 2 practised reading or spelling nonwords within stories. Orthographic learning was measured using spelling recognition, spelling production and word naming tasks. Both readers and spellers showed evidence of orthographic learning; however, spellers outperformed readers on all tasks. Overall, results suggest that spelling sets up a higher quality representation in memory and highlight the importance of spelling in the development of word reading efficiency. 相似文献
17.
This study investigated the relations of three aspects of morphological awareness to word recognition and spelling skills
of Dutch speaking children. Tasks of inflectional and derivational morphology and lexical compounding, as well as measures
of phonological awareness, vocabulary and mathematics were administered to 104 first graders (mean age 6 years, 11 months)
and 112 sixth graders (mean age 12 years, 1 month). For the first grade children, awareness of noun morphology uniquely contributed
to word reading, and none of the morphological tasks were uniquely associated with spelling. In grade 6, derivational morphology
contributed both to reading and spelling achievement, whereas awareness of verb inflection uniquely explained spelling only.
Lexical compounding did not uniquely contribute to literacy skills in either grade. These findings suggest that awareness
of both inflectional and derivational morphology may be independently useful for learning to read and spell Dutch. 相似文献
18.
Anila Fejzo 《Reading and writing》2016,29(2):207-228
The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between morphological awareness and the spelling of morphemes and morphologically complex words among 75 third- and fourth-grade Francophone students of low socio-economic status. To reach this objective, we administered a dictation comprised of morphologically complex words with prefixes, bases, morphogrammes and suffixes. The target items had inconsistent or infrequent spellings, so their spelling required children to apply morphological knowledge. The children also completed three tests that measured morphological awareness. Correlational analyses indicated that a higher level of morphological awareness was significantly associated with the spelling of each type of morpheme. Regression analyses showed that it made a unique contribution only to the spelling of morphogrammes (4 %), suffixes (9 %), and morphologically complex words (5 %) after grade level, word identification, non-verbal intelligence and phonological awareness were partialled out. However, morphological awareness no longer predicted the spelling of morphologically complex words when the spelling of morphemes was entered in the regression model. These findings extending those of previous studies with respect to the role of morphological awareness in the production of morphologically complex written words and contribute to the discussion on the nature of the link between morphological awareness and word spelling. 相似文献
19.
The development of word reading and word spelling was examined in French speaking children initially instructed either by a phonic or a whole-word method. Second, fourth and sixth graders were administered to reading and spelling tests in which grapho-phonological regularity, frequency, length and lexicality were manipulated. The results showed that in both curricula, reading and spelling acquisition can be characterized by a parallel increase in the use of sub-lexical correspondences and in the reliance on word-specific information. Contrary to a simple view of lexical development according to which the use of analytical knowledge and the use of word-specific knowledge correspond to two different cognitive processes that develop independently from each other, whole-word children did not appear to rely more on whole-word knowledge. On the contrary, and paradoxically, grade 2 whole-word children tended to use analytical correspondences to a greater extent than their peers. In later development, reading matched phonic and whole-word groups did not differ from each other. It is argued that the results support the hypothesis that the acquisition of sub-lexical correspondences constitutes a necessary step in the acquisition of reading and spelling. We conclude that the analytic comparison of different curricula provides a naturalistic tool for the study of the dynamics of development. 相似文献
20.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(3):11-18
Abstract Historically, spelling approaches have been broadly classified as ‘child‐centred’ or ‘instruction‐centred’ but, in recent times teachers have tended to combine elements of these theoretically different perspectives to design new approaches. The findings of research reporting teacher dissatisfaction with such combined approaches is contrasted with the experiences of staff (teachers of Years 2–5) from one Western Australian primary school. The setting was of interest because compared to populations of children in surrounding areas students at Grove Primary School demonstrated consistently higher spelling results in statewide tests. Rather than subscribing to a particular approach, the teachers reported employing a combined approach that included incidental spelling instruction in the context of literature in conjunction with teacher directed and student initiated word study. At the same time, all teachers reported a commitment to spelling practices aligned with an instruction‐centred approach including separate spelling lessons each morning of at least 20 minutes in duration and weekly or fortnightly pretest‐learn‐test cycles of word lists. 相似文献