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1.
The focus of the present study was on the mediation and moderation effects of reading processes as evidenced from eye movements on the relation between cognitive and linguistic student characteristics (word decoding, vocabulary, comprehension skill, short-term memory, working memory, and nonverbal intelligence) and text comprehension. Forty 4th graders read 4 explanatory texts and afterward answered text comprehension questions. During their reading, eye-movements of gaze, look back, and second pass duration were examined for the heading, first sentence, and final sentence. The result show differential effects of reader and text characteristics on skipping probability, driven by decoding and nonverbal intelligence. Regression probability and regression path duration are also influenced by decoding. Concluding, this study shows reading behaviour to be related to both students’ skills and text comprehension measures. 相似文献
2.
Short-term memory plays an essential role in successful listening comprehension.The information extracted from short-term memory in listening comprehension is influenced by many factors.This paper explain some ways of improving listening ability while examine,which emphatically point out how to extend short-term memory. 相似文献
3.
The purpose of this study was to determine the components of working memory (WM) that underlie less skilled readers' comprehension and word recognition difficulties. Performance of 3 less skilled reading subgroups---children with reading disabilities (RD) in both word recognition and comprehension; children with comprehension deficits only; and children with low verbal IQ, word recognition, and comprehension (poor readers)--was compared to that of skilled readers on WM, short-term memory (STM), processing speed, executive, and phonological processing measures. Ability group comparisons showed that (a) skilled readers outperformed all less skilled readers on measures of WM, updating, and processing speed; (b) children with comprehension deficits only outperformed children with RD on measures of WM, STM, phonological processing, and processing speed; and (c) children with RD outperformed poor readers on WM and phonological processing measures. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that (a) subgroup differences on WM tasks among less skilled readers were moderated by a storage system not specific to phonological skills, and (b) STM and updating contributed significant variance to WM beyond what was contributed by reading group classification. The latter finding suggested that some differences in storage and executive processing emerged between skilled and less skilled readers that were not specific to reading. 相似文献
4.
Marjolijn van Weerdenburg Ludo Verhoeven Hans van Balkom Anna Bosman 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(6):484-507
This study investigated the role of cognitive and language skills as predictors of early literacy skills in children with Specific Language Impairment. A range of cognitive and linguistic skills were assessed in a sample of 137 eight-year-old children with SLI at the beginning of the school year, and 6 months later on word decoding and reading comprehension. The cognitive and linguistic measures revealed four factors that were called language, speech, short-term memory, and phonological awareness. Structural equation modeling showed word decoding to be predicted by speech, short-term memory, and phonological awareness, whereas reading comprehension was predicted by word decoding skills and short-term memory. It can be concluded that in children with SLI variations in early word decoding are mostly determined by speech abilities and short-term memory, and to a lesser extent by phonological awareness. Moreover, reading comprehension turns out to be highly dependent on word decoding and short-term memory. 相似文献
5.
Charles Perfetti 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(4):357-383
The lexical quality hypothesis (LQH) claims that variation in the quality of word representations has consequences for reading skill, including comprehension. High lexical quality includes well-specified and partly redundant representations of form (orthography and phonology) and flexible representations of meaning, allowing for rapid and reliable meaning retrieval. Low-quality representations lead to specific word-related problems in comprehension. Six lines of research on adult readers demonstrate some of the implications of the LQH. First, large-scale correlational results show the general interdependence of comprehension and lexical skill while identifying disassociations that allow focus on comprehension-specific skill. Second, word-level semantic processing studies show comprehension skill differences in the time course of form-meaning confusions. Studies of rare vocabulary learning using event-related potentials (ERPs) show that, third, skilled comprehenders learn new words more effectively and show stronger ERP indicators for memory of the word learning event and, fourth, suggest skill differences in the stability of orthographic representations. Fifth, ERP markers show comprehension skill differences in meaning processing of ordinary words. Finally, in text reading, ERP results demonstrate momentary difficulties for low-skill comprehenders in integrating a word with the prior text. The studies provide evidence that word-level knowledge has consequences for word meaning processes in comprehension. 相似文献
6.
马维娜 《沙洋师范高等专科学校学报》2005,6(4):71-73
听是获得信息的重要手段，也是学习外语必须掌握的一项基本技能。影响听力理解的因素有很多，除了语言因素之外，学习者的个人语言因素是一个不可忽视的重要方面。本文分析了学习者的语言知识，学习动机和短时记忆能力对听力理解的影响，指出在大学英语教学中，教师不应该只注重语言知识的讲解和听力技巧的培养，而应该有意识的加强学习动机和短时记忆能力的培养。 相似文献
7.
Lynn S. Fuchs Douglas Fuchs Donald L. Compton Carol L. Hamlett Amber Y. Wang 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2015,19(3):204-223
This study’s hypotheses were that (a) word-problem (WP) solving is a form of text comprehension that involves language comprehension processes, working memory, and reasoning, but (b) WP solving differs from other forms of text comprehension by requiring WP-specific language comprehension as well as general language comprehension. At the start of the 2nd grade, children (n = 206; on average, 7 years, 6 months) were assessed on general language comprehension, working memory, nonlinguistic reasoning, processing speed (a control variable), and foundational skill (arithmetic for WPs; word reading for text comprehension). In spring, they were assessed on WP-specific language comprehension, WPs, and text comprehension. Path analytic mediation analysis indicated that effects of general language comprehension on text comprehension were entirely direct, whereas effects of general language comprehension on WPs were partially mediated by WP-specific language. By contrast, effects of working memory and reasoning operated in parallel ways for both outcomes. 相似文献
8.
Keith E. Stanovich 《Annals of dyslexia》1985,35(1):67-96
After years of confusion, the literature on individual differences in reading ability is finally beginning to coalesce around
a small set of general conclusions that are endorsed by the vast majority of researchers. The most fundamental is that word
decoding ability accounts for a very large proportion of the variance in reading ability at all levels. Variation in word
decoding skill is primarily the result of differences in phonological abilities, rather than visual processes. Less-skilled
readers are not characterized by a general inability to use context to facilitate word recognition. However, situations where
such readers fail to utilize context to facilitate word recognition will arise when their slow and inaccurate decoding of
words renders the context useless. Less-skilled readers display performance deficits on a wide variety of short-term memory
tasks, probably due to an inability to efficiently employ various memory strategies, and most certainly due to inadequate
phonological coding. Less-skilled readers may have comprehension deficits that are partially independent of word decoding
skill. These problems probably arise because syntactic abilities and metacognitive strategies are inadequately developed.
Presented at the Twelfth Annual Conference of the New York Branch of The Orton Dyslexia Society, New York, March 1985. 相似文献
9.
何洪霞 《沈阳教育学院学报》2010,12(5):42-44
分析了HSK听力短文题型中所存在的语速适应障碍、记忆能力障碍、应试技巧障碍及文化冲突障碍,提出了HSK听力短文题型训练中应加强记忆力、听力技巧、听力速度的训练并跨越文化障碍等对策。 相似文献
10.
The Relations Between Children’s Reading Comprehension, Working Memory, Language Skills and Components of Reading Decoding in a Normal Sample 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The primary aim of the current study was to identify the strongest independent predictors of reading comprehension using word
reading, language and memory variables in a normal sample of 180 children in grades 3–5, with a range of word reading skills.
It was hypothesized that orthographic processing, receptive vocabulary and verbal working memory would all make independent
contributions to reading comprehension. The contributions of reading speed, receptive grammatical skills, exposure to print,
visuospatial working memory and verbal learning and retrieval (a measure of longer-term retention) were also investigated.
Working memory tasks that required the processing and storage of numerical and spatial material were used. One of the numerical
working memory tasks was based on the number span task developed by Yuill, Oakhill, and Parkin British Journal of Psychology, 1989, 80, 351–361. A visuospatial equivalent of that task was developed from the forward Corsi block task [Corsi, Abstracts International, 1973, 34, 891]. The results revealed that, after controlling for age and general intellectual ability, the word reading and the language
variables had a much stronger relation with reading comprehension than the memory variables. The strongest independent predictor
of reading comprehension was orthographic processing since it captured variance in both word reading, language skills and
verbal working memory. The forward Corsi task and performance on a measure of verbal learning and retrieval each made small
independent contributions to reading comprehension but the contribution of verbal working memory was not significant. It was
concluded that tasks measuring the interplay between short-term and long-term memory, in which new information is combined
with information already stored in long-term memory, may better predict reading comprehension measured with the text available
than working memory tasks which only have a short-term memory component. 相似文献
11.
《Learning and individual differences》2000,12(2):131-143
The purpose of the present research was to investigate whether inefficient suppression mechanisms cause overload and interference in working memory and, consequently, influence reading comprehension. Two groups of children, matched for intelligence but differing in inferential comprehension ability, were compared on measures of short-term (passive storage) and working memory (maintenance and processing) and memory for relevant and irrelevant information after reading a passage. Poor comprehenders produced more intrusion errors in a working memory task and recalled more irrelevant information from the passage. The presence of irrelevant information in recall suggests that poor comprehenders are less efficient in reducing the activation (suppression) of information, which is no longer relevant. A year-long longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the influence of suppression efficiency in reading comprehension. Intrusion errors were shown to be a good predictor of comprehension performance 1 year later. Suppression mechanisms seem to play an important role in working memory by reducing interference and improving the processing and maintenance of relevant information in order to build a coherent representation during reading comprehension. 相似文献
12.
听力理解是一个复杂的心理语言过程和创造性的思维过程。教师可以通过影子练习,转述、联想和记笔记等方法培养学生记忆能力,尤其短时记忆能力,以提高他们听力理解水平。 相似文献
13.
短时记忆是口译重要技能,如何进行短时记忆教学是口译教学的难点。实验教学结合记忆理论及语篇理论,构建口译短时记忆教学模式。实验数据表明：应用此教学模式训练学生8周之后,实验组的回忆信息量在实验后有明显提高;问卷调查及访谈结果显示教学方法及训练材料针对性强且切实有效。 相似文献
14.
Working memory capacity and reading skill moderate the effectiveness of strategy training in learning from hypertext 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Johannes Naumann Tobias Richter Ursula Christmann Norbert Groeben 《Learning and individual differences》2008,18(2):197-213
Cognitive and metacognitive strategies are particularly important for learning with hypertext. The effectiveness of strategy training, however, depends on available working memory resources. Thus, especially learners high on working memory capacity can profit from strategy training, while learners low on working memory capacity might easily be overtaxed. In addition, efficient basic reading comprehension processes are important for strategy training to be successful: When both the newly acquired strategies and poorly routinized basic reading comprehension processes compete for working memory resources, navigation within the hypertext and learning might deteriorate rather than improve. In an experiment, 64 undergraduates learned with a comprehensive expository hypertext after receiving either a cognitive or a metacognitive or no strategy training. In line with the predictions, learners high on working memory capacity or reading skill could profit from learning strategy training in terms of learning outcomes and the quality of their navigational behavior. Learners low on working memory capacity or reading skill, in contrast, performed worse in both training conditions compared to the control condition. The improvement in learning outcomes for skilled learners as well as the impairment in learning outcomes for unskilled learners could be shown to be indirect effects mediated by the quality of navigational behavior. 相似文献
15.
This paper reports two studies investigating the nature of comprehension deficits in a group of 7–8 year old children whose decoding skills are normal, but whose reading comprehension skills are poor. The performance of these poor comprehenders was compared to two control groups, Chronological-Age controls and Comprehension-Age controls. The first study examined whether these comprehension difficulties are specific to reading. On two measures of listening comprehension the poor comprehenders were found to perform at a significantly lower level than Chronological-Age controls. However, they did not differ from a group of younger children matched for reading comprehension skills. This indicates that the observed comprehension difficulties are not restricted to reading, but rather represent a general comprehension limitation. The second study investigated whether these comprehension difficulties can be explained in terms of a memory deficit. The short-term and working memory skills of these three groups were examined. The poor comprehenders did not differ from their Chronological-Age controls on either of these tasks. In conclusion, it is argued that working memory processes are not a major causal factor in the creation of the comprehension difficulties identified in the present group of poor comprehenders. 相似文献
16.
浅谈口译训练中的记忆训练 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
许多人经常把口译技巧训练等同于记笔记训练。然而,从对吉尔的口译模式分析中可以看出,记忆力,尤其是短时记忆,是口译成功的关键。因此,口译技巧训练的第一步应该是记忆训练。结合短时记忆的特点,可以总结出三种有效的记忆训练方法,即逻辑整理练习、复述练习和影子跟读练习。 相似文献
17.
听力是语言交际能力的中心环节之一, 在听的过程中记忆是重要的信息储存器和处理器, 在记忆的工作过程中有三个关键变量影响了听力的效果。因此, 在英语听力的课堂教学中应帮助学生合理分布注意力, 增加短期记忆的储存量, 提高长期记忆的信息加工能力。 相似文献
18.
Evelien van Wingerden Eliane Segers Hans van Balkom Ludo Verhoeven 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2018,22(4):321-334
The present article aimed to explore how the development of reading comprehension is affected when its cognitive basis is compromised. The simple view of reading was adopted as the theoretical framework. The study followed 76 children with mild intellectual disabilities (average IQ = 60.38, age 121 months) across a period of 3 years. The children were assessed for level of reading comprehension (outcome variable) and its precursors decoding and listening comprehension, in addition to linguistic skills (foundational literacy skills, rapid naming, phonological short-term memory, verbal working memory, vocabulary, and grammar) and non-linguistic skills (nonverbal reasoning and temporal processing). Reading comprehension was predicted by decoding and listening comprehension but also by foundational literacy skills and nonverbal reasoning. It is concluded that intellectual disabilities can affect the development of reading comprehension indirectly via linguistic skills but also directly via nonlinguistic nonverbal reasoning ability. 相似文献
19.
The effect of lateral preference on passage comprehension and short-term memory function was examined for 48 normal fourth-grade males. Scores on a self-report measure of lateral preference were used to divide the children into groups who differed in their laterality. The subjects were tested for basic comprehension on written and aurally presented prose in standard and nonstandard phrase form. Consistently lateralized readers recalled more information under the auditory than under the written conditions, while bilateral readers showed no preference for mode of presentation. Between-group comparisons showed bilateral readers to comprehend significantly more in the written conditions than did the other group. Groups did not differ on recall of auditorily presented material or on short-term digit memory. These results may be interpreted as demonstrating that bilateral preference need not be tied to reading difficulty. 相似文献
20.
王璐璐 《安徽教育学院学报》2005,23(1):84-86
在外语学习和教学中,了解并掌握有关的记忆理论,可以提高英语听力理解的学习效率.以记忆理论为指导,选择有效的学习策略,将是今后外语听力教学一个重要而又具有实际意义的努力方向. 相似文献