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1.
Recent studies have found a positive link between match quality, i.?e., the congruence of motives for doing volunteer work and the actual experiences, and the satisfaction of volunteers. We studied determinants of match quality based on data of volunteers in sports clubs from Rhineland–Palatinate. We found that match quality is positively correlated with different forms of support and recognition by sports clubs, whereas support by the employer plays only a minor role. We furthermore found path dependencies: previously gained skills and the question who or what affected the initial decision of doing volunteer work influence match quality. Match quality is lower if a lack of volunteers is perceived within a club. On average, match quality is higher for volunteers who do operative work than for volunteers in executive positions.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Soccer players are required to have well-developed physical, technical and cognitive abilities. The present systematic review, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, examined the effects of cognitive training strategies on motor and positive psychological skills development in soccer performance and identified the potential moderators of the “cognitive training–soccer performance” relationship. Thirteen databases were systematically searched using keywords related to psychological or cognitive training in soccer players. The review is based on 18 studies, employing 584 soccer players aged 7–39 years. Cognitive strategies, particularly imagery, appear to improve sports performance in soccer players. Regarding imagery, the combination of two different types of cognitive imagery training (i.e., cognitive general and cognitive specific) has a positive influence on soccer performance during training, whereas motivational imagery (i.e., motivational general-arousal, motivational general-mastery and motivational specific) enhance competition performance. Younger soccer players employ cognitive general and cognitive specific imagery techniques to a greater extent than older soccer players. Combined cognitive training strategies were more beneficial than a single cognitive strategy relative to motor skills enhancement in elite (particularly midfielders) and amateur (i.e., when practising complex and specific soccer skills in precompetitive period) soccer players. In conclusion, it appears that there are differences in cognitive/psychological training interventions, and their efficacy, according to whether they are directed towards training or competition, and the age, standard and playing position of the players.  相似文献   

3.
The jump throw is one of the most applied techniques in handball. Therefore, analyzing its underlying performance factors is important since they may provide a basis to adjust training interventions. Currently, the coach decides what needs to be improved in order to enhance the overall performance of an athlete. The aim of this study is to break down the performance factors in jump throws and to assign athletes to subgroups. This classification should allow athletes to benefit from the resulting group-specific training contents and may support a coach in deciding about the next steps in his training program. A total of 113 male handball players (age 15 ± 0.38 years, height 184.07 ± 7.1?cm, weight 74.83 ± 9.31?kg) participated in this study. From each athlete the standing reach height (SRH), the jumping reach height achieved with a countermovement jump (JRH), the maximal ball height achieved with a handball-specific single-legged jump and straight arm (BHJ), and the ball release height achieved in a jump throw (BHT) were measured. Performance factors were derived as differences between these measurements (JRH ? SRH = UJA for unspecific jump ability, BHJ ? JRH = SJT for specific jump technique, BHT ? BHJ = STT for specific throwing technique). A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to find groups of athletes based on the derived and scaled difference measures (UJA, SJT, STT). The dendrogram shows a clear distinction of four groups of athletes. Average values within each cluster reveal (A) one group with high UJA values, (B) one with low UJA values, (C) one with high SJT but low STT, and (D) one with low SJT but high STT. These results may be interpreted with respect to consequences for training because group (B) seems to benefit most from a general strength training while the properties of group (A), (C), and (D) recommend a focus on technical aspects of performance.  相似文献   

4.
Constitutional factors are relevant for outstanding performance in team handball. Only a few studies focus on female players, and positional specialization is likely to be necessary regarding constitutional demands. Therefore, the current study will research constitutional aspects concerning the different playing positions in female team handball with respect to the association between specialization and success. For this purpose, 654 female players from German clubs at all performance levels were tested regarding age, body height, body weight and body fat percentage in addition biographical data with respect to their handball career. These findings make it possible to calculate an expertise index stating the success of every player. Specialization can be quantified by applying a suitable formula to the data. After statistical analysis it is evident that there are significant differences between the positions regarding constitutional factors (e.?g., body height with p < 0.001, wing players being the smallest players). Expertise correlates with different constitutional performance factors for each position, e.?g. body height in goalkeepers (correlation coefficient 0.301). While specialization correlates positively with expertise regarding particular constitutional performance factors on some positions, e.?g. body height for half backs and goalkeepers (0.392; 0.306), it correlates negatively regarding the percentage of body fat for half backs (?0.267) and body weight for centre backs (?0.389). Consequently, position specialization is most probably contributing to success in female team handball.  相似文献   

5.
Although the topic of sexual violence in sport has gained considerable attention in recent years, prevalence rates of sexual violence experience in German athletes are not yet available. Therefore, the current study aimed to address this by assessing prevalence rates in a comprehensive sample of German elite athletes. Overall, 1529 German elite athletes over 16 years of age from 128 different sports took part in an online survey. Mean age was 21.6 years; 56% were female. Participants were presented with seventeen different sexual violence situations (from sexist jokes to forced penetration) and asked to indicate how often they had experienced each particular situation in the sport setting. Results revealed that 37.6% of the athletes had experienced at least one sexual violence situation in organized sport; 11.2% reported a severe form of sexual violence. Female athletes were affected significantly more often than male athletes, and persons with a sexual orientation other than heterosexual more often than heterosexuals. No significant differences could be found with regard to age, level of performance, type of sports, dis-/ability or migration background of the athletes. These results indicate that sexual violence is a problem that needs to be addressed across elite sports in Germany. Prevention concepts need to be developed and applied across sports contexts.  相似文献   

6.
Sports Analytics     
This paper introduces the field of Sport Analytics and discusses its relevance for sports sciences. The term originates from the US and has become a synonym for the collection, analysis and application of sports data in many countries. There are different goals and interests, which vary according to the different stakeholders. Professional sport clubs use the data for match analysis, regulation of training load, prevention of injuries and supporting transfer decisions. Media companies differentiate themselves from other market players by enhancing their sports program using innovative statistics. The world’s largest information technology (IT) companies use sports data as a showcase for their data analytics products. In addition, the academic world can benefit from the huge volumes of information. The data enable sport science to analyse the structure of sports performance, test the effectiveness of interventions and find new paradigms for modelling. Computer science can use the data to improve their algorithms for big data analytics, data mining and machine learning. Many scientific conferences, textbooks, special issues in scientific journals and a subject-specific journal are indicators of the ongoing academic institutionalization of Sports Analytics. In order to establish compatibility to international structures and to improve job prospects for its graduates, sport science should adapt to this international evolution of the field.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

Athlete adherence to nutritional guidance is critical for optimal health and performance, yet little is known about the barriers and enablers to athletes’ dietary behaviours within high-performance sport. To advance understanding, we applied a theoretical lens derived from the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation – Behaviour (COM-B) model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to explore the qualitative accounts of sports nutritionists. Five focus groups comprising sports nutritionists working in Olympic and Paralympic sport (n = 14), professional sport (n = 6), or both (n = 6) were undertaken. Thematic analysis was conducted and the interpretations of the findings were guided by COM-B and the TDF. To achieve nutritional adherence, the behavioural analysis identified the need to intervene across all three COM-B components and at least five associated TDF domains (e.g., decision-making processes, reinforcement, social influences, behavioural regulation and environmental context and resource). For the first time, the findings illustrate the complex interplay of the training setting with the capabilities, opportunities, and motivation of the practitioners, athletes and coaches. By applying established behavioural science theories to sports nutrition, the foundations for the development of targeted and multifaceted behavioural interventions addressing athlete dietary adherence in high-performance sport have been laid.  相似文献   

8.
Injuries—a major concern in a high-intensity contact sport like football—are associated with possible short- and long-term harmful consequences for the individual, the team and club as well as for the whole society. Consequently, there is need for effective injury prevention in football at all levels of play, in all age groups and in both genders. The present review summarizes the current scientific evidence focusing on exercise-based injury prevention and presenting promising prevention strategies in different football populations and settings. There is convincing evidence that multimodal exercise-based injury prevention programs (IPP) can reduce injury incidence by more than 30% in athletes of different age groups and in both genders. Although relevant effects have already been shown for short sessions, increased frequency and regular integration into normal practice may increase efficacy up to an injury reduction of 50%. Most programs last about 15?min and can easily replace traditional warm-up programs. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that IPP beneficially affect neuromuscular performance parameters and biomechanical movement characteristics, which are associated with injury risk. There remains, however, a major gap between research on the short-term efficacy and long-term intervention strategies. IPP should be implemented continuously and with high fidelity as training effects are transient. It is crucial that future studies report implementation components in detail in order to facilitate the replication of successful interventions.  相似文献   

9.
Sports club research has a long tradition in Germany and has produced a considerable variety of methodological approaches and theoretical as well as empirical knowledge. This article provides an epistemologically oriented determination and reflection of the potential of knowledge of current sports club research against the background of the tender objectives of the sports development report on waves 7 to 9 (SEB 3.0). It becomes clear that in conflict between normatively charged goals of the SEB—defined by the public client (principal)—non-judgmental, theory-guided and theory-based empirical sports club research is hardly possible. This means that it is rather difficult to carry out sports club research that is based on current research and is also able to generate new and reliable scientific knowledge. Therefore, a clearer differentiation is recommended between knowledge-guided research and normatively broken objectives aimed at policy advice. In dealing with these issues, methodological and methodological strategies are proposed to achieve the goals of SEB 3.0. At the same time, the chance of generating additional theoretical and empirical knowledge on the subject of “sports club” is increased.  相似文献   

10.
Creative ideas are the driving force behind knowledge production, the producers of which are generally domesticated at universities for the purposes of ensuring the methodological credibility of the knowledge produced, in order to minimise the impact of chance in the creation of new knowledge. The status of producers is determined by indicators designed to simulate the demand for knowledge, precipitate a quantitative and qualitative comparison of elements which are not comparable, and establish legitimacy for the means of control used. Furthermore, incentives for competitive sport research and the symbolic recognition of scientists via sport practice play a particular role for knowledge production in sports science. In order to compensate for the practical world’s unwillingness to pay for sports science expertise relevant to competitive sport, the German Federal Institute of Sports Science (BISp) functions as a simulator of demand for knowledge generated by universities, while the Institute for Applied Training Science with its services exclusively available to umbrella organisations limits the range of incentives to produce (competitive) sporting knowledge. Sports scientists are thus faced with a market situation which favours routine research and standard methods, creates legitimacy at a central level, does not necessarily tackle actual issues faced by (competitive) athletes, stimulates demand for monitoring services, and all in all leaves monoculture-driven gaps which could most likely only be avoided by advocating and applying individual scope for action throughout the research ethos.  相似文献   

11.
The goalkeeper’s difficulty in the soccer penalty kick originates from the extreme spatiotemporal constraints of the situation. The present review claims that the current understanding is biased toward attributing a goalkeeper’s success in saving a penalty kick to perceptual–cognitive skill. To investigate the goalkeeper’s skill, researchers have often adopted video tasks. In doing so, they studied perceptual skill in isolation from action. We use affordance-based control theory to propose an alternative understanding and research methodology. We argue that goalkeepers in the penalty kick situation should regulate their actions in ways that sustain the perception of stoppability. To capture this, we outline the building blocks for a required lateral velocity model, in which the goalkeepers’ required actions are scaled to their maximum capabilities. In doing so, we provide new directions for research.  相似文献   

12.
This article aims at balancing chances and risks of a stronger public health focus of sport science. It addresses current opportunities and challenges for sport science research and consultation. In order to highlight both the specific potential of sport science for public health and the particular opportunities of public health for sport science, three central aspects are analyzed: (1) the concept of movement, (2) the health promotion approach, and (3) the constitution of sport science as science of practice. In the concluding section, potential consequences of a more systematic public health orientation in sport science are discussed. Both external evaluation criteria (e.?g. consultation services, third party funding) as well as aspects primarily internal to science (e.?g. theory development, scientific publications) are considered.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different exercise interventions in the morning on football-specific components of performance in the afternoon under conditions simulating a competition day. In the morning on 3 experimental days, 12 football players (age 24.1?±?5.5 years) completed three different preload interventions that were applied in a counter-balanced order: (1) no intervention (NI); (2) moderate-intensive exercise (MI); and (3) high-intensive exercise (HI). The subjects performed the preload exercises, consisting of a small-sided game and repeated maximal sprints, from 10:00–11:00 a.m. At 3:00 p.m., the Bangsbo test (BT) was applied to examine the effects of the different morning interventions on football-specific endurance capacity. The results showed that the HI led to significantly higher blood-lactate concentrations (moderate to very large effect) and heart rates (very large to extremely large effect) compared to the MI. In addition, there was a significant measurement?×?intervention effect on concentrations of adrenalin and noradrenalin in the urine, which reached higher values immediately after the HI (very large effect) and MI (moderate effect) compared to NI. All effects disappeared by the time of the BT in the afternoon. During all trials, after the preload intervention, reaction time and critical flicker fusion frequency increased significantly compared to the baseline morning values (reaction time: small; critical flicker fusion: trivial to small effect), but no measurement?×?intervention interaction was found. During the BT, the mean total distance covered (trivial to small effect) and the pacing pattern did not differ significantly among the trials despite numerous small individual effects. We conclude that exercise interventions of various intensities in the morning have no general effect on football-specific components of performance in the afternoon despite significant metabolic, endocrinological and cognitive short-term effects. Coaches should consider individual preferences when prescribing competition-day procedures.  相似文献   

14.
Experimental studies on the head fake in basketball showed that participant’s responses in a pass direction identification task were delayed for incongruent compared to congruent directions of the players gaze and pass (so-called head fake effect). In these studies on the head fake effect, static pictures were presented and responses on the pass direction were given with a simple key press. The present study examines whether an increase in the response complexity affects the head fake effect and whether it can also be transferred to the presentation of dynamic stimuli. In experiment 1, participants were presented with static pictures of a basketball player who passes a ball to the left or to the right. The player’s gaze direction was either oriented in the direction of the intended pass or in the opposite direction (i.?e., a head fake). The participants were asked to respond as quickly as possible to the pass direction and to ignore the gaze direction. Participants gave responses by pressing a key (simple response) or by executing a quasirealistic defense movement (complex response). Response complexity was blocked. In experiment 2, videos replaced the static stimuli. The responses were only given with the complex, full body movement. Results show that the head fake effect is independent of response complexity and that it can also be found when presenting dynamic stimuli.  相似文献   

15.
Perfectionistic athletes may train harder and for longer than non-perfectionistic athletes, leaving them susceptible to elevated levels of training distress. So far, however, no study has investigated the relationships between perfectionism and training distress, a key indicator of overtraining syndrome. Furthermore, no study has determined psychological predictors of overtraining syndrome. Using a two-wave design, the present study examined perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns and training distress in 141 junior athletes (mean age = 17.3 years, range = 16–19 years) over 3 months of active training. Multiple regression analyses were employed to test cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between perfectionism and training distress. In all analyses, perfectionism emerged as a significant predictor, but strivings and concerns showed differential relationships. When the cross-sectional relationships were regarded, perfectionistic concerns positively predicted training distress (P < .001), whereas perfectionistic strivings negatively predicted training distress (P < .01). When the longitudinal relationships were regarded, only perfectionistic concerns predicted increases in training distress (P < .05), whereas perfectionistic strivings did not (P > .05). The findings suggest that sports scientists who wish to identify athletes at risk of overtraining syndrome may monitor athletes’ perfectionistic concerns as a possible risk factor.  相似文献   

16.
This meta-analysis investigated the maturation-related pattern of adaptations to resistance training in boy athletes. We included studies examining the effects of 4–16-week resistance training programmes in healthy boy athletes aged 10–18 years. Pooled estimates of effect size for change in strength across all studies (n = 19) were calculated using the inverse–variance random effects model for meta-analyses. Estimates were also calculated for groups based on likely biological maturity status (“before”, “during” and “after” peak height velocity). Using the standardised mean difference, resistance training increased strength across all groups (effect size = 0.98, [CI: 0.70–1.27]). Strength gains were larger during (1.11 [0.67–1.54]) and after (1.01 [0.56–1.46]) peak height velocity than before (0.5 [?0.06–1.07]). Adaptations to resistance training are greater in adolescent boys during or after peak height velocity. These findings should help coaches to optimise the timing of training programmes that are designed to improve strength in boy athletes.  相似文献   

17.
The discussion about competitive sports in childhood and adolescence has always been impregnated with different ideologies, occupied by provocative specialist objects and dominated by seemingly irreconcilable opposing positions. These conflicts can be described by the terms rivalry, competition and performance as well as by the terms training and education. The terms training and education are relevant for this discussion because they highlight the fundamental differences between the basic positions of training and educational sciences in relation to the challenges of the implementation of youth competitive sports in a modern civil society. Considerations about the proportionality and necessity of delimitation and flexibility of youth competitive sports are affected by a human ontogenetic-based position (according to Wessel). The intensified educational discourse in recent years with all its contradictions, paradoxes and undesirable developments, is a suitable basis for a reorientation of youth competitive sports under the premise of education in day to day life (according to Rauschenbach).  相似文献   

18.
We identified the perceptual–cognitive skills and player history variables that differentiate players selected or not selected into an elite youth football (i.e. soccer) programme in Australia. A sample of elite youth male football players (n?=?127) completed an adapted participation history questionnaire and video-based assessments of perceptual–cognitive skills. Following data collection, 22 of these players were offered a full-time scholarship for enrolment at an elite player residential programme. Participants selected for the scholarship programme recorded superior performance on the combined perceptual–cognitive skills tests compared to the non-selected group. There were no significant between group differences on the player history variables. Stepwise discriminant function analysis identified four predictor variables that resulted in the best categorization of selected and non-selected players (i.e. recent match-play performance, region, number of other sports participated, combined perceptual–cognitive performance). The effectiveness of the discriminant function is reflected by 93.7% of players being correctly classified, with the four variables accounting for 57.6% of the variance. Our discriminating model for selection may provide a greater understanding of the factors that influence elite youth talent selection and identification.  相似文献   

19.
最近大量的研究证据表明：运动员在认知功能上比一般人更加优胜。首先,在模拟真实的运动场景设置的认知任务中,专业运动员比新手要更快更准确,这得益于他们经济有效的注意（凝视）分配方式;再者,在诸如flankers任务之类的与运动无关的实验室认知任务中,专业运动员也比新手更快,且更能抵抗无关刺激的干扰;其三,来自流行病学研究、临床干预研究和动物研究的证据都说明：健身训练有助于改善脑认知功能。此外,也有研究表明针对认知技术本身的适应性训练可以改善认知功能。这些信息对我们了解运动员的心理特征有着重要的启示。  相似文献   

20.
According to the stress–injury model (Williams & Andersen, 1998), personality factors predisposing athletes to elevated levels of stress may increase the risk of injury. As perfectionism has been associated with chronic stress, it may be one such personality factor. So far, however, no study has investigated the relationships between perfectionism and injury utilising a prospective design. Therefore, the present study examined perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns and injury in 80 junior athletes from team and individual sports (mean age 17.1 years; range 16–19 years) over 10 months of active training. The results of logistic regression analyses showed that perfectionism positively predicted injury, but only perfectionistic concerns emerged as a significant positive predictor. The likelihood of sustaining an injury was increased by over two times for each 1 SD increase in perfectionistic concerns. The findings suggest that perfectionistic concerns may be a possible factor predisposing athletes to an increased risk of injury.  相似文献   

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