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1.
The aim of this study is to describe and analyse the structure of 3D geometry thinking by identifying different types of reasoning
and to examine their relation with spatial ability. To achieve this goal, two tests were administered to students in grades
5 to 9. The results of the study showed that 3D geometry thinking could be described by four distinct types of reasoning which
refer to the representation of 3D objects, spatial structuring, conceptualisation of mathematical properties and measurement.
The analysis of the study also showed that 3D geometry types of reasoning and spatial abilities should be modelled as different
constructs. Finally, it was concluded that students’ spatial abilities, which consist of spatial visualisation, spatial orientation
and spatial relations factors, are a strong predictive factor of the four types of reasoning in 3D geometry thinking. 相似文献
2.
《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2013,45(4):350-363
There is no more central issue to education than thinking and reasoning. Certainly, such an emphasis chimes with the rationalist and cognitive deep structure of the Western educational tradition. The contemporary tendency reinforced by cognitive science is to treat thinking ahistorically and aculturally as though physiology, brain structure and human evolution are all there is to say about thinking that is worthwhile or educationally significant. The movement of critical thinking also tends to treat thinking ahistorically, focusing on universal processes of logic and reasoning. Against this trend and against the scientific spirit of the age this paper presents a historical and philosophical picture of thinking. By contrast with dominant cognitive and logical models the paper emphasizes kinds of thinking and styles of reasoning. The paper grows out of interests primarily in the work of Nietzsche, Heidegger and Wittgenstein, and in the extension and development of their work in Critical Theory and French poststructuralist philosophy. The paper draws directly on some of this work to argue for the recognition of different kinds of thinking, which are explored by reference to Heidegger, and also the significance of styles of reasoning, which are explored by reference to Wittgenstein and to Ian Hacking. 相似文献
3.
Anita M. Martin Fouad Abd-El-Khalick Elisa Mustari Ray Price 《Research in Science Education》2018,48(6):1297-1319
This is one of the first studies to examine the educational entrepreneur in K-12 public schools and the first to present an instrument designed to measure entrepreneurial thinking among teachers using a type of reasoning, effectual reasoning, which has been proposed in the business literature on entrepreneurs. This study situates entrepreneurial thinking within the K-12 education arena and examines the relationship between high school and middle school teachers’ use of effectual reasoning and their corresponding implementation of high, medium, or low levels of innovation in STEM areas within their classrooms, districts, or across districts. Our findings correlated higher use of effectual reasoning, a component of entrepreneurial thinking, with higher levels of implementation of innovations among teachers within an NSF grant, Entrepreneurial Leadership in STEM Teaching and learning, which centered on deeper content, reform-oriented pedagogies, and entrepreneurial thinking. We found that high innovators viewed uncertainty’ differently than low innovators by associating it with more positive cognitive structures and that innovators at different levels hold distinct notions of what constitutes high and low risk innovations. Contrary to the common notion that entrepreneurs are high-risk takers, results reveal that the types of innovations perceived by high innovators as low risk are viewed as high risk by low innovators. Furthermore, the results are consistent with the idea that entrepreneurs do certain types of things to lower/manage the risk of innovations before and, if necessary, during the implementation of an innovation. NSF: Award 0831820 相似文献
4.
《Journal of moral education》2012,41(4):469-489
The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between care and justice reasoning, dispositional empathy variables and meta‐ethical thinking among 128 students from a university of applied sciences. The measures were Skoe’s Ethic of Care Interview, the Defining Issues Test, Davis’s Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Meta‐Ethical Questionnaire. The results showed that levels of care reasoning were positively related to the post‐conventional schema and negatively related to the personal interest schema in justice reasoning. Age, meta‐ethical thinking, the post‐conventional schema and perspective taking predicted care reasoning. Sympathy was positively related to both modes of moral reasoning among men and predicted their care reasoning. The results point out common elements for care and justice reasoning, underscore the importance of perspective taking for moral reasoning and indicate that the relationship between affective‐based empathy and moral reasoning is gender‐specific and far more complex than previous theories suggest. 相似文献
5.
Kathleen E. Metz 《学习科学杂志》2013,22(1):50-110
This study examines first graders' epistemic reasoning, in tacit “practical epistemologies” reflected in thinking about an investigation of their own design. I analyzed children's epistemic reasoning, following a design experiment scaffolding increasing regulation of scientific inquiry in a domain they studied in depth. Participants consisted of children in two first grade classes (n = 35). The study capitalizes on the final phase of the design experiment, wherein pairs assumed substantial responsibility for design and implementation of an investigation pursuing their own question. I conducted structured interviews with each pair, eliciting their thinking about their investigation. Forty-three percent of the children attributed uncertainty to their findings. Forty-nine percent transcended phenomenon-based reasoning in thinking about how to improve their study, reasoning instead in terms of relation between variables. Forty percent posited additional potentially influential variables, reflecting a tacit understanding of the lack of any straightforward one-to-one correspondence between cause and effect. These findings suggest that epistemic reasoning is plastic, sensitive to instructional opportunities. I argue that the children's relatively deep familiarity with the domain, experience in assuming increasing responsibility for structuring scientific inquiry, and investment they had in their own investigations contributed to the surprisingly robust epistemic reasoning they revealed in this context. 相似文献
6.
Students who are deaf or hard of hearing must learn to think critically. Character education (CE) refers to the effort to teach basic values and moral reasoning (Doyle & Ponder, 1977). Values clarification (VC) is the process of examining one's basic values and moral reasoning (Rokeach, 1973). Character education and values clarification as subject matter foster the development of critical thinking (CT), a tool used both to develop and to modify values and moral reasoning. These three areas mutually support one another. The development of a set of values and their underlying moral reasoning is the foundation for thinking critically about values. The authors examine the components of critical thinking, character education, and values clarification, summarize the literature, and provide a template for appropriate lesson plans. They also describe strategies that promote the development of critical thinking, character education, and values clarification. 相似文献
7.
钱妮妮 《四川教育学院学报》2014,(11):59-64
针对中国东部的一所大学开设的“本科毕业论文设计”课程进行定性研究,旨在探究一批英语专业学习者在论坛写作环境中的思维过程,从而揭示和了解他们在思辨和创新能力、信息处理能力以及推理能力这三方面思维能力的发展过程,并且挖掘出影响他们思维发展的积极和消极因素.希望能给思维能力发展的相关研究与教学实践提供一定的启示作用. 相似文献
8.
运用类比思维 培养创新精神 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
王培甫 《河北师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2000,(1)
类比推理所体现的思维方式（即本文中所指的类比思维）具有开放性、开拓性及探索性,在数学教学中适当渗透类比思维的教学,有助于学生创新精神与创造能力的培养,能促使学生思维素质的全面提高。 相似文献
9.
创造性想象和推理的脑电特征及其在教育中的应用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
创造性思维的心理发展特点,包括情感化的表象体验,认知性的概象推理和综合性的意象思维三大内容。其中,表象体验属于枕顶颞叶感性建构阶段,概象推理属于联络皮层知性建构阶段,意象思维属于前额叶新皮层理性建构阶段。这三个阶段同人的少年时期、青年时期和成年时期相对应。对90个当代青少年样本的想象与推理的大脑诱发电位观测表明。实验组的感觉皮层—联络皮层—前额叶新皮层的认知电位波幅均显著高于对照组,认知电位的潜伏期也短于后者;且大脑右半球的电位特征比左半球更明显。这说明,应当在青少年早期大力强化其表象体验和感性塑造活动,在中期锐化其概象耦合(想象式推理)与知性建构活动,在后期强化其意象统摄性全息思维与理性修养活动,以发展青少年的情、知、意与创造性思维素质。 相似文献
10.
Polycarp Ikuenobe 《Teaching in Higher Education》2013,18(1):19-32
I provide a theoretical framework to show that courses in informal logic can be taught developmentally to focus on a critical thinking practical component. However, efforts must be made to state clear outcomes, such that the content and processes of the course are tailored to achieve the outcomes, and clear criteria are provided for students' learning and assessment of their performance. This framework is an attempt to respond indirectly to the distinction between informal logic and critical thinking, and the concern that informal logic courses only teach abstract principles of reasoning and do not focus on requisite critical thinking abilities, which are contextualised to subject matter. I suggest a plausible connection between critical thinking and informal logic: that learning logical principles of reasoning is necessary, but not sufficient to think critically; there is an extra element which involves learning to apply the principles to various contexts. 相似文献
11.
Lamon (Teaching fractions and ratios for understanding. Essential content knowledge and instructional strategies for teachers,
2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 2005) claimed that the development of proportional reasoning relies on various kinds of understanding and thinking processes. The
critical components suggested were individuals’ understanding of the rational number subconstructs, unitizing, quantities
and covariance, relative thinking, measurement and “reasoning up and down”. In this study, we empirically tested a theoretical
model based on the one suggested by Lamon (Teaching fractions and ratios for understanding. Essential content knowledge and
instructional strategies for teachers, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 2005), as well as an extended model which included an additional component of solving missing value proportional problems. Data
were collected from 238 prospective kindergarten teachers. To a great extent, the data provided support for the extended model.
These findings allow us to make some first speculations regarding the knowledge that prospective kindergarten teachers possess
in regard to proportional reasoning and the types of processes that might be emphasized during their education. 相似文献
12.
Carolyn W. Keys 《科学教学研究杂志》1994,31(9):1003-1022
In this investigation, three classes of ninth-grade general science students participated in a collaborative report-writing intervention. The purpose of this portion of the study was to evaluate students' collaboratively written laboratory reports for evidence of the use of scientific reasoning skills and to document qualitative changes in reasoning skill use over time. The participants in the study were 6 ninth-grade students, representing three collaborative writing pairs. During the intervention, students wrote 10 laboratory reports over a 4.5-month period. The author and classroom teacher designed report guideline prompts to scaffold students in the use of relevant scientific reasoning skills. The results indicated that students used reasoning skills to assess their current models of scientific understanding, make observations, interpret the meaning of results, and generate new models based on their data and relevant information. Participants showed the most improvement in writing that reflected the reasoning skills of (a) selecting and processing textbook passages, (b) drawing conclusions and formulating models, and (c) comparing/contrasting. Over time, participants improved their ability to compose explanations that represented a synthesis of prior knowledge, activity observations, and other sources of information. Collaborative writing encouraged students to construct their own understandings of science concepts by creating an environment in which thinking, reasoning, and discussion were valued. 相似文献
13.
Ronald J. Burke 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(4):11-13
Four factor analyses of subtests of three critical thinking tests, a logical reasoning test, and an English test were conducted. Nine group and specific factors were identified. It was concluded that critical thinking is a composite of group and specific factors including: recognition of assumptions; judgments if conclusions follow from evidence given; relevance of evidence; fine discriminations about truth or falsity with which inferences follow. The logical reasoning subtest appeared to represent specific separate variance. The English subtests’ variance overlapped substantially with the critical thinking subtests’ variance. 相似文献
14.
The lack of the auditory sense in the hearing-impaired raises the question as to the extent to which this deficiency affects their cognitive and intellectual skills. Studies have pointed out, that with regard to reasoning, particularly when the process of induction is required, hearing-impaired children usually have difficulties. They experience similar difficulties with their ability to think in a flexible way. Generally, a large body of literature suggests that hearing-impaired children tend to be more concrete and rigid in their thought processes. This study aimed at using Virtual Reality as a tool for improving structural inductive processes and the flexible thinking with hearing-impaired children. Three groups were involved in this study: an experimental group, which included 21 deaf and hard-of-hearing children, who played a VR 3D game; a control group, which included 23 deaf and hard-of-hearing children, who played a similar 2D (not VR game); and a second control group of 16 hearing children for whom no intervention was introduced. The results clearly indicate that practising with VR 3D spatial rotations significantly improved inductive thinking and flexible thinking of the hearing-impaired. 相似文献
15.
The present study aimed to examine the role of logical reasoning in the relation between lexical quality and reading comprehension in 146 fourth grade Dutch children. We assessed their standardized reading comprehension measure, along with their decoding efficiency and vocabulary as measures of lexical quality, syllogistic reasoning as measure of (verbal) logical reasoning, and nonverbal reasoning as a control measure. Syllogistic reasoning was divided into a measure tapping basic, coherence inferencing skill using logical syllogisms, and a measure tapping elaborative inferencing skill using indeterminate syllogisms. Results showed that both types of syllogisms partly mediated the relation between lexical quality and reading comprehension, but also had a unique additional effect on reading comprehension. The indirect effect of lexical quality on reading comprehension via syllogisms was driven by vocabulary knowledge. It is concluded that measures of syllogistic reasoning account for higher-order thinking processes that are needed to make inferences in reading comprehension. The role of lexical quality appears to be pivotal in explaining the variation in reading comprehension both directly and indirectly via syllogistic reasoning. 相似文献
16.
ALBERT W. MUSSCHENGA 《Journal of Philosophy of Education》2009,43(4):597-613
In this article I examine the consequences of the dominance of intuitive thinking in moral judging and deciding for the role of moral reasoning in moral education. I argue that evidence for the reliability of moral intuitions is lacking. We cannot determine when we can trust our intuitive moral judgements. Deliberate and critical reasoning is needed, but it cannot replace intuitive thinking. Following Robin Hogarth, I argue that intuitive judgements can be improved. The expertise model for moral development, proposed by Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus, not only teaches us how we acquire intuitive moral judgements, it also shows the interconnectedness of intuitive thinking and deliberate reasoning. Analysing the expertise model in more detail, I show that it cannot do justice to the importance of reasoning skills. Reasoning skills are needed because we expect people to be able to argue for their standpoints. I conclude that moral education should not only aim at improving intuitive moral judgements, but also at acquiring reasoning skills. 相似文献
17.
王勇 《青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2012,(2):20-23
本文从三个方面解读保罗的批判性思维理论:重塑人的思维以抵御自我中心倾向,通过智力特质的培养发展人的道德推理能力;信息识别能力是衡量教育的标准,人们需要具备分析和评价信息的能力以确定相信或拒绝信息.学科内思维是获得学科知识的要件,关键在于掌握基本概念和提出深入的问题. 相似文献
18.
Creative and critical thinking have been traditionally considered as involving independent skills and dispositions. However the definition of critical thinking has been gradually reconsidered to include skills and dispositions through which one opens new links instead of scrutinizing existing links in a closed analysis. Experimental studies have rarely focused on bonds between creative and critical thinking. The present study concerns the antilogos ability, the ability to critically evaluate whether specific information may support different claims. This ability pertains to critical thinking. One hundred and eight male adolescents from Grades 8, 10 and 12 participated in antilogos evaluation and answered tests measuring creative thinking and dispositions to critical reasoning. The study shows rich bonds between creative thinking and antilogos evaluation and between their developments. Analytical skills involved in antilogos evaluation were shown to develop, so that older adolescents could uncover unexpected aspects for interpreting given information, or could challenge the credibility of the given information. In contrast, heuristic biases may hamper older adolescents to free themselves from holding one meaning to given information, the meaning to which their heuristics is directed. We found that in order to free themselves from holding one meaning, adolescents need a high level of a particular aspect of creative thinking which does not develop during adolescence. The study shows then that effective antilogos evaluation involves both critical and creative thinking. We conclude that antilogos evaluation is archetypical in the sense that tasks involving both critical and creative thinking must be of argumentative nature. 相似文献
19.
祝清凯 《成都航空职业技术学院学报》2009,25(2):86-89
语言和思维有着密切的联系,它们既协作又分离。语言使人们能够表达各自的思想,达到相互沟通、协同活动之目的。思维的概念、判断、推理是人们对事物反映的活动和成果,语言是这种活动和成果得以交流的形式。思维可以先于语言产生,人类具有非语言的思维活动。 相似文献
20.
Concern is increasingly being expressed about the teaching of higher order thinking skills in schools and the levels of understanding
of scientific concepts by students. Metaphors for the improvement of science education have included science as exploration
and science as process skills for experimentation. As a result of a series of studies on how children relate evidence to their
theories or beliefs, Kuhn (1993a) has suggested that changing the metaphor to science as argument may be a fruitful way to
increase the development of higher order thinking skills and understanding in science instruction. This report is of a case
study into the coordination of evidence and theories by a grade 7 primary school student. This student was not able to coordinate
these elements in a way that would enable her to rationally consider evidence in relation to her theories. It appeared that
the thinking skills associated with science as argument were similar for her in different domains of knowledge and context.
Specializations: science learning, scientific reasoning, learning environments, science teacher education.
Specializations: cognition, reasoning in science and mathermatics. 相似文献