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对科学活动中的利益冲突进行鉴别,就是要厘清哪些科学家有利益冲突、其利益冲突的状态及其严重性。制定相应的利益冲突政策、积极发挥同行评议的作用,是对利益冲突进行社会外部控制和科学共同体内部控制的有效途径。 相似文献
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科学活动中的利益冲突及其控制 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
科学活动中由于经济因素的渗入充满了利益冲突。利益冲突主要是研究者同时为两个机构工作并从中获得个人利益时，利益因素影响或危及研究者做出正确、客观和公正的专业判断的一种境况，包括管理冲突、实际和潜在冲突、委托事项冲突等。利益冲突产生的根源是个人获利，形成的工具是受利益影响的研究者偏见。这些利益冲突可以通过自我约束、同行评价、政府干预、立法规范、过程公开、内容公开和处罚进行控制。 相似文献
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国内生物医学期刊应公开稿件中的利益冲突 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
国内绝大部分生物医学杂志未要求作者声明"利益冲突"。利益冲突不仅事关作者,也涉及到审稿人、编辑、杂志出版机构等。本文从几个方面阐述了公开利益冲突的重要性。生物医学期刊编辑应该努力创造一种公开、信任的机制,有利于避免和处理各种利益冲突。 相似文献
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从利益冲突的角度分析对著名的巴尔的摩案,指出这一案件中同时存在着科学家之间以及科学家和政府之间的利益冲突,两方面冲突交织在一起使案件成为一起介入了各种力量的事件。在分析的基础上,提出今后避免类似案件发生的政策性建议。 相似文献
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文剑英 《科学技术与辩证法》2011,(5):108-112
时代的变迁和科学活动中利益冲突的出现,使默顿规范受到来自社会现实层面越来越多的严峻挑战。然而,为确保知识生产的可靠性、科学家职业判断的客观性和科学事业的可信性,迫切需要对科学家的利益冲突加以控制、需要以默顿规范为价值取向制定更具时代气息的职业精神和更具操作性的职业规范。 相似文献
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与医学期刊相关的利益冲突及其对策 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
文章系统阐述了与医学期刊相关的利益冲突的概念、类型,强调应重视与期刊编辑、审稿人及期刊经营相关的利益冲突,并采取自我约束、公开声明、监督和惩罚等机制来处理利益冲突,以保障医学期刊纯洁的发表环境。 相似文献
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利益冲突对生物医学期刊发表偏倚的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利益冲突引起生物医学期刊发表偏倚的现象时有发生。期刊发表偏倚涉及作者、审稿人、编辑等诸方面。西方生物医学期刊相继制定了相应的政策,包括公开利益冲突、实行临床试验注册、撤销有偏倚的文章、注重阴性研究结果的发表。 相似文献
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When researchers disclose their original data, they can enhance the visibility of their research works and gain more academic credits (credit effect). By contrast, doing so may accelerate the knowledge replacement process, which dissipates the academic credit that their research works may have received (competition effect). In this study, we examine whether and the extent to which scientists gain academic credit for their research works by publicly disclosing their data. Our review of various literature hypothesizes that data-disclosing research gains more academic credit than non-data-disclosing research in the short term. However, this difference gradually disappears and reverses as the competition effect emerges. This pattern is expected to systematically differ depending on the academic reputation of the journals where the data-disclosing research is published. We empirically test the derived hypotheses by analyzing the metadata of over 310,000 Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC)-indexed journal articles published in 2010. Our analysis supports both hypotheses. The present study contributes to the on-going policy discussion about the need for institutional measures to promote disclosure of research data by scientists. 相似文献
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选用2008-2014年沪深两市非金融行业的上市公司作为样本，本文研究了高管团队的职业背景对研发支出的自愿性披露的影响。研究发现：有研发职业背景的高管团队更可能在年报中披露公司的研发支出。在控制了公司创新强度、高管团队的其他特征（年龄、学历、性别），采用高技术行业样本，利用董监高研发职业背景比例，进行PSM配对等一系列稳健性检验后，上述结论依然成立。进一步区分高管类型发现，有研发职业背景的CEO、董事长和有学术研究背景的CEO对公司披露研发支出的可能性有显著正向影响，而CFO的职业背景对公司研发披露决策没有明显影响。本文将职业背景这一重要高管特征引入企业研发披露的研究领域，丰富了“高层梯队理论”与研发活动的会计信息披露的相关研究。 相似文献
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This paper reports the results of a study of MySpace use, by Sydney high school children. It examines the reasons why children disclose information on the website and their understanding of some of the privacy issues involved. The study provides a useful beginning for further work in this area. Regression is used to validate a proposed model of the factors influencing information disclosure and cluster analysis provides an indication of characteristics shared by children who disclose sensitive information, such as name, address and telephone number. It also suggests that children who are taught to value privacy are less likely to disclose sensitive information on-line. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104618
Many standard setting organizations (SSOs) require participants to disclose patents that might be infringed by implementing a proposed standard, and commit to license their “essential” patents on terms that are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND). Data from SSO intellectual property disclosures have been used in academic studies to provide a window into the standard setting process, and in legal proceedings to assess the relative contribution of different parties to a standard. We describe the disclosure process, discuss the link between SSO rules and patent-holder incentives, and analyze disclosure practices using a novel dataset constructed from the disclosure archives of thirteen major SSOs. Our empirical results suggest that subtle differences in SSO policies influence which patents are disclosed, the terms of licensing commitments, and ultimately long-run citation and litigation rates for the underlying patents. Thus, while policy debates sometimes characterize SSOs as a relatively homogeneous set of institutions, our results point in the opposite direction – towards the importance of recognizing heterogeneity in SSO policies and practices. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(2):104670
Encouraging disclosure is important for the patent system, yet the technical information in patent applications is often inadequate. We use algorithms from computational linguistics to quantify the effectiveness of disclosure in patent applications. Relying on the expectation that universities have more ability and incentive to disclose their inventions than corporations, we analyze 64 linguistic measures of patent applications, and show that university patents are more readable by 0.4 SD of a synthetic measure of readability. Results are robust to controlling for non-disclosure-related invention heterogeneity. The linguistic metrics are evaluated by a panel of “expert” student engineers and further examined by USPTO 112(a) – lack of disclosure – rejection. The ability to quantify disclosure opens new research paths and potentially facilitates improvement of disclosure. 相似文献
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The reporting of intellectual capital (IC) in higher education institutions is of vital importance, mainly owing to the fact that knowledge is the main output and input in these institutions. Furthermore, the increasing social concern about establishing procedures of accountability and ensuring information transparency in public universities prompted us to consider the need to disclose information on their IC. In this study, we developed a questionnaire that was sent to members of the Social Councils of Spanish public universities in order to identify the intangible elements about which university stakeholders demand most information. It was also used to see which groups of universities have stakeholders who are more proactive to the disclosure of IC. Our results represent a starting point for public universities to identify the most commonly requested information about IC. Universities can then develop an IC report that fits their own characteristics and environment. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104396
We draw on information risk theory and paradox theory to examine the additive and combined effects of disclosing exploration and exploitation information on cost of equity capital. We build on theory that presupposes that the information disclosed by a firm about its innovation activities will reduce information risk of investors. However, we contend that disclosure of exploration and exploitation innovation activities could convey potentially paradoxical expectations about a firm's future value. Based on longitudinal data of the UK FTSE 350 firms from 2011–2016, we show that firms tend to disclose more information related to exploration than exploitation. However, the bulk of market benefits are driven by exploitation rather than exploration disclosures—except for R&D-active firms that are rewarded for exploration disclosure. We also find that the combined disclosure is negatively associated with cost of equity capital, with the sub-population of R&D-active firms particularly accruing synergies from combined disclosure of both exploration and exploitation. These findings suggest that the market differentiates between exploration and exploitation information in addressing information risk, more so than previously assumed. We discuss implications for information-type-dependency in information-risk theory, the outward projection of internal paradoxes, capital market valuations of disclosure by R&D-active firms, opportunity-seeking by large publicly listed corporations, and policy implications. 相似文献
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Voluntary sharing and mandatory provision: Private information disclosure on social networking sites
《Information processing & management》2020,57(1):102128
Private information disclosure on social networking sites (SNS) is one of the most important and active issues in the information management arena. The growing phenomenon of platforms requiring users to disclose personal information exposes the limitations of previous studies that only focus on users’ voluntary disclosure. In this study, we define two modes of users’ private information disclosure behavior: voluntary sharing and mandatory provision. Using the Communication Privacy Management theory, we built a framework to explain the impact of individual characteristics, context, motivation, and benefit–risk ratio on the user's willingness to disclose voluntarily or mandatorily. Our research shows that voluntary sharing is more likely to be driven by positive factors, such as perceived benefits, social network size, and personalization, while mandatory provision is affected by individual characteristics such as age, privacy policy, and perceived risks. One of our interesting findings is that perceived risk has less impact on voluntary sharing than previous studies suggested. When encouraging users to share information voluntarily, platforms do not need to pay as much attention to reducing perceived risk as in the mandatory providing mode, but should focus on improving perceived benefits. Being the first to classify and compare the private information disclosure modes of SNS users, our research enriches the existing literature and opens up new avenues for researchers and social networking platforms. 相似文献
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股权结构、管理层行为对环境信息披露影响的实证研究——来自沪市重污染行业的经验证据 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
企业环境信息披露水平与管理层行为有着密切关联,而股权结构又影响着管理层的行为决策。在当前管理层存在选择性披露行为的背景下,股权结构是否有助于遏制管理层的这种行为,进而提高我国企业的环境信息披露水平呢?本文以2007-2010年沪市A股重污染行业平均资产排名前20%的上市公司为研究对象,在委托代理理论和利益相关者理论基础上,实证检验了股权结构、管理层行为对环境信息披露选择的影响。研究结果表明,控股股东、制衡股东和政府部门对管理层的监管能有效引导管理层积极披露环境信息;管理层持股也有利于企业环境信息披露水平的提高。 相似文献