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1.
Elena Aronova 《Minerva》2012,50(3):307-337
The Congress for Cultural Freedom is remembered as a paramount example of the “cultural cold wars.” In this paper, I discuss the ways in which this powerful transnational organization sought to promote “science studies” as a distinct – and politically relevant – area of expertise, and part of the CCF broader agenda to offer a renewed framework for liberalism. By means of its Study Groups, international conferences and its periodicals, such as Minerva, the Congress developed into an influential forum for examining the ways Big Science impacted the relations between science, society, and politics, thus constituting a semi-institutional niche for Science Studies before its professionalization within academia during the 1970s. I argue that the Congress contributed to the construction of public space in which the relations between science, society and politics were debated, and science was reconceptualized as a social activity. The vision of “science studies” the CCF-associated intellectuals promulgated was different from the science studies we know today. Yet, this alternative vision, in which the issues of science politics appeared inseparable from those of science policy, science organization, and science governance, constituted the “pre-history” of science studies today. 相似文献
2.
Since its founding in 1863, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has occupied a special niche in the complex ecology of
advice-giving in the United States. Established as a small, private organization with special responsibilities and obligations
vis à vis the American people and government, the Academy has expanded considerably in the past century and a half and now
releases, through the National Research Council (NRC), its operating arm, more than 200 reports per year, on topics covering
nearly the entire range of science, engineering, health, and education. The development of the organization, its basic ethos,
and its evolving structures and processes can be seen as examples of what Herbert Simon called “procedural rationality”: the
pursuit of reasonably good solutions to complex problems based on appropriate deliberation. 相似文献
3.
Valdivia WD 《Minerva》2011,49(1):25-46
Evaluation studies of the Bayh-Dole Act are generally concerned with the pace of innovation or the transgressions to the independence
of research. While these concerns are important, I propose here to expand the range of public values considered in assessing
Bayh-Dole and formulating future reforms. To this end, I first examine the changes in the terms of the Bayh-Dole debate and
the drift in its design. Neoliberal ideas have had a definitive influence on U.S. innovation policy for the last thirty years,
including legislation to strengthen patent protection. Moreover, the neoliberal policy agenda is articulated and justified
in the interest of “competitiveness.” Rhetorically, this agenda equates competitiveness with economic growth and this with
the public interest. Against that backdrop, I use Public Value Failure criteria to show that values such as political equality,
transparency, and fairness in the distribution of the benefits of innovation, are worth considering to counter the “policy
drift” of Bayh-Dole. 相似文献
4.
The Public Values Failures of Climate Science in the US 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ryan Meyer 《Minerva》2011,49(1):47-70
This paper examines the broad social purpose of US climate science, which has benefitted from a public investment of more
than $30 billion over the last 20 years. A public values analysis identifies five core public values that underpin the interagency
program. Drawing from interviews, meeting observations, and document analysis, I examine the decision processes and institutional
structures that lead to the implementation of climate science policy, and identify a variety of public values failures accommodated
by this system. In contrast to other cases which find market values frameworks (the “profit as progress” assumption) at the
root of public values failures, this case shows how “science values” (“knowledge as progress”) may serve as an inadequate
or inappropriate basis for achieving broader public values. For both institutions and individual decision makers, the logic
linking science to societal benefit is generally incomplete, incoherent, and tends to conflate intrinsic and instrumental
values. I argue that to be successful with respect to its motivating public values, the US climate science enterprise must
avoid the assumption that any advance in knowledge is inherently good, and offer a clearer account of the kinds of research
and knowledge advance likely to generate desirable social outcomes. 相似文献
5.
Roy Macleod 《Minerva》2008,46(1):53-76
In 1925, A.J. Balfour, first Earl Balfour and author of the famous ‘Balfour Declaration’, attended the inauguration of the
Hebrew University in Jerusalem. His education and experience of foreign policy equipped him to take a prominent role. However,
the conditions of strife-torn Palestine weighed heavily upon him, and raised wider interests of imperial concern. This essay
recounts the circumstances leading to his visit, and suggests that, whatever the region’s political destiny, Balfour’s vision
of science-based economic development would play an essential role in crafting its future.
相似文献
| Roy MacleodEmail: |
6.
When the journal Minerva was founded in 1962, science and higher educational issues were high on the agenda, lending impetus to the interdisciplinary field of “Science Studies” qua “Science Policy Studies.” As government expenditures for promoting various branches of science increased dramatically on both sides of the East-West Cold War divide, some common issues regarding research management also emerged and with it an interest in closer academic interaction in the areas of history and policy of science. Through a close reading of many early issues of Minerva but also of its later competitor journal Science Studies (now called Social Studies of Science) the paper traces the initial optimism of an academically based Science Studies dialogue across the Cold War divide and the creation in 1971 of the International Commission for Science Policy Studies as a bridging forum, one that Minerva strangely chose to ignore. In this light, attention is drawn to aspects of the often forgotten history of Science Studies in the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European block. Reviewed also are several early discussions that are still relevant today: e.g., regarding differing concepts of Big Science, science and democracy, autonomy in higher education and what conditions are necessary to sustain academic freedom and scientific integrity (some of Edward Shils’ primary concerns). Finally, it is noted how the question of quantitative methods to measure scientific productivity lay at the heart of a “Science of Science” movement of the 1960s has re-emerged in a new form integral to the notion of a “Science of Science Policy.” 相似文献
7.
STS research has devoted relatively little attention to the promotion and reception of science and technology by non-scientific
actors and institutions. One consequence is that the relationship of science and technology to political power has tended
to remain undertheorized. This article aims to fill that gap by introducing the concept of “sociotechnical imaginaries.” Through
a comparative examination of the development and regulation of nuclear power in the US and South Korea, the article demonstrates
the analytic potential of the imaginaries concept. Although nuclear power and nationhood have long been imagined together
in both countries, the nature of those imaginations has remained strikingly different. In the US, the state’s central move
was to present itself as a responsible regulator of a potentially runaway technology that demands effective “containment.”
In South Korea, the dominant imaginary was of “atoms for development” which the state not only imported but incorporated into
its scientific, technological and political practices. In turn, these disparate imaginaries have underwritten very different
responses to a variety of nuclear shocks and challenges, such as Three Mile Island (TMI), Chernobyl, and the spread of the
anti-nuclear movement.
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
| Sang-Hyun KimEmail: |
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
8.
In recent years questions concerning the impact of public research funding have become the preeminent site at which struggles
over the meanings and value of science are played out. In this paper we explore the ‘politics of impact’ in contemporary UK
science and research policy and, in particular, detail the ways in which UK research councils have responded to and reframed
recent calls for the quantitative measurement of research impacts. Operating as ‘boundary organisations’ research councils
are embroiled in what might be characterised as the ‘politics of demarcation’ in which competing understandings of the cultural
values of science are traded, exchanged and contested. In this paper we focus on the way the UK’s ‘Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council’ (EPSRC) has responded to contemporary policy discourses concerning the impacts of public research
expenditure. We argue that, in response to the shifting terms of contemporary science policy, the EPSRC has adopted three
distinct strategies. Firstly, in collaboration with other research councils the EPSRC have emphasised the intellectual and
metrological challenge presented by attempts to quantify the economic impact of public research expenditure, emphasising instead
the cumulative impacts of a broad portfolio of ‘basic science’. Secondly, the EPSRC has sought to widen the discursive meaning
of research impacts – specifically to include societal and policy impacts in addition to economic ones. Thirdly, the EPSRC
has introduced a new framing into the ‘impact agenda’, preferring to talk about ‘pathways to impact’ rather than research
impacts per se. In responding to government priority setting, we argue that the EPSRC has sought to exploit both the technical fragility
of auditing techniques and the discursive ambiguity of notions of impact. 相似文献
9.
For academic administrators, the management of research remains a matter more of hope than expectation. It has proved particularly
difficult to measure quality. Managers typically view research as an ‹asset’. This essay argues that it is more useful to
view research and its management as ‹process’, and explores the implications of doing so for managers and researchers alike.
相似文献
| Paul H. J. HendriksEmail: |
10.
In recent times there has been a surge in interest on policy instruments to stimulate scientific and engineering research
that is of greater consequence, advancing our knowledge in leaps rather than steps and is therefore more “creative” or, in
the language of recent reports, “transformative.” Associated with the language of “transformative research” there appears
to be much enthusiasm and conviction that the future of research is tied to it. However, there is very little clarity as to
what exactly it is and what criteria might be used to design policy instruments to make more of it happen. In this paper,
we contribute to the construction of a framework within which some conceptual clarity might be gained. We develop four analogies,
or metaphors, that are found in the discourse about “transformative research” and show what they imply for the meaning of
the notion and, as a result, both the phenomena that might be associated with it and the levers that would be available to
design policy instruments. The analogies serving as theoretical metaphors that we propose, and also document to be present
either explicitly or implicitly in the discourse about “transformative research,” are the stock market highlighting risk;
the process of evolution and its selection mechanisms; the process of popular culture and the power of “hot” events; and exploration
of the frontier of the unknown. No single analogy covers all the relevant issues. Together they help identify a field of phenomena
and the potential and challenges “transformative research” presents to policy. 相似文献
11.
Andrea Brinckmann 《Minerva》2006,44(2):149-166
In recent years, students of science policy in the Federal Republic of Germany have looked with increasing interest to the
innovations of the 1960s. Key concepts such as democratization, participation, and planning mark the political and socio-cultural
discourse of the time. For over two decades, the Studiengruppe für Systemforschung (Study Group for Systems Research – SfS) in Heidelberg gave a fresh impetus to policy advice. This essay continues our reflections
on its history, traces its origins and development, and reflects on its achievements. 相似文献
12.
After 1945, the German medical community underwent a period of self-examination. The profession’s experience during the Nazi
period raised profound questions concerning its ethical integrity and political allegiances. This paper considers the advent
of medical nationalism, and shows how, in Berlin and in the Soviet zone of Germany, narratives were constructed to show a
new and positive picture of German medicine. 相似文献
13.
The global community, from UNESCO to NGOs, is committed to promoting the status of women in science, engineering and technology,
despite long-held prejudices and the lack of role models. Previously, when equality was not firmly established as a key issue
on international or national agendas, women’s colleges played a great role in mentoring female scientists. However, now that
a concerted effort has been made by governments, the academic community and the private sector to give women equal opportunities,
the raison d’être of women’s universities seems to have become lost. This paper argues otherwise, by demonstrating that women’s universities
in Japan became beneficiaries of government initiatives since the early 2000s to reverse the low ratio of women in scientific
research. The paper underscores the importance of the reputation of women’s universities embedded in their institutional foundations,
by explaining how female scientific communities take shape in different national contexts. England, as a primary example of
a neoliberal welfare regime, with its strong emphasis on equality and diversity, promoted its gender equality policy under
the auspices of the Department of Trade and Industry. By contrast, with a strong emphasis on family values and the male-breadwinner
model, the Japanese government carefully treated the goal of supporting female scientists from the perspective of the equal
participation of both men and women rather than that of equality. Following this trend, rather contradictorily, women’s universities,
with their tradition of fostering a ‘good wife, wise mother’ image, began to be highlighted as potential gender-free institutions
that provided role models and mentoring female scientists. By drawing on the cases of England and Japan, this paper demonstrates
how the idea of equality can be framed differently, according to wider institutional contexts, and how this idea impacts on
gender policies. 相似文献
14.
Our work pursues a twin aim. Firstly, we explore the influence of organizational size on innovations in museums as well as
its impact on museums’ economic, market and social performance. Secondly, we analyse how the (public–private) funding of such
organizations impacts innovation and performance. The empirical work is based on information from a survey of 491 museums
(British, French, Italian and Spanish). We find that museum size does prove relevant in the commitment to engage in innovation
but that public funding of museums does not encourage innovation. We also highlight the importance of the explanatory power
of the type of funding on the performance of these cultural organizations. This research also reveals how organizational and
technological innovations as well as innovation in value creation in museums enhance economic, market and social performance. 相似文献
15.
In this article we present an empirical analysis of the ‘patterns of cultural choice’ in the musical domain in Italy. The
main goal of the article is to verify whether musical tastes in Italy are diversified, with the presence of a group of ‘cultural
omnivores’. Our study is based on the theoretical model of the demand for cultural goods proposed by Lévy-Garboua and Montmarquette
(1996). In the empirical analysis we simultaneously evaluate the probability of choosing different musical genres. Through the
specification of the set of alternatives into three groupings of musical genres —“only classical music”, “only popular music”
and “all music”—we were able to detect the relative impact of several socio-economic characteristics on the probability of
having “univorous” or “omnivorous” musical likings. In addition, our approach allows us to verify the existence of different
patterns of music consumption by testing the significance of differences among the estimated coefficients of the probability
functions related to the three groupings of musical genres. We find that age, gender and education are important predictors
of an omnivorous taste.
相似文献
| Carlofilippo FrateschiEmail: |
16.
Live and prerecorded popular music consumption 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Changing consumption habits have rearranged the popular music market in the last decade, and a pattern in which live music
attendance gets an increasing share of the market has emerged. This work analyzes the demand for the popular music sector
considering its double dimension as supplier of live concerts and prerecorded music. We use the 2006/2007 wave of Spain’s
Survey on Habits and Cultural Practices, and estimate a bivariate probit model for attendance to live concerts and the purchase of prerecorded music. Results allow
us to describe the profile of the average and frequent consumer in both markets, which shows some similarities—gender effects
and the role of cultural capital—but also striking differences—time restrictions and relation to economic activity, and the
use of technology. Finally, we find evidence of demand complementarities, with a direct causal link from prerecorded music
to live attendance that helps explain recent institutional changes. 相似文献
17.
Between the 1880s and the 1920s, the German system of scientific research, traditionally dominated by the universities, underwent
rapid institutional change and functional differentiation. This paper analyses this development as a constitutive factor in
Germany’s transition from a predominantly industrial to a primarily ‘knowledge-based’ society. This perspective broadens and
deepens our understanding of the current debate concerning the social production of knowledge. 相似文献
18.
Dominique Pestre 《Minerva》2009,47(3):243-260
What I consider in this paper are various forms of government, various technologies and discursive regimes of government that
are in common use today. What interests me are the categories and tools, practical dispositifs and languages that developed over the last decades ‘to constitute, define, organize, and instrumentalize the strategies that
individuals, acting freely, may use to deal with one another’ (Foucault). The paper considers first the neo-liberal wish to
reassert the individual as alone in responsibility for his/her own life after the unfortunate digression into Welfare Statism and Keynesian economics,
source of all ills. It then focuses on some material and social technologies that encourage people to accept full and complete
‘self-sovereignty’. This section leads to a discussion on the new demands (and resistance) society imposed on this liberal
normative ideal. It notably considers the growing demands to ‘participate’ in decision processes and to be environmentally
friendly. In section “Les Mots et Les Choses: A New Discursive Regime”, it considers the discursive regime that progressively
took shape and which currently permeates international governance bodies of all stripes—from the World Bank to the Conference
of Parties for Climate Change. In the final section, it comes back to the initial question and considers what these changes
actually mean for the democratic order as constituted over the past 250 years. 相似文献
19.
Louise Ackers 《Minerva》2008,46(4):411-435
This paper discusses the relationship between internationalisation, mobility, quality and equality in the context of recent
developments in research policy in the European Research Area (ERA). Although these developments are specifically concerned
with the growth of research capacity at European level, the issues raised have much broader relevance to those concerned with
research policy and highly skilled mobility. The paper draws on a wealth of recent research examining the relationship between
mobility and career progression with particular reference to a recently completed empirical study of doctoral mobility in
the social sciences (Ackers et al. Doctoral Mobility in the Social Sciences. Report to the NORFACE ERA-Network, 2007). The
paper is structured as follows. The first section introduces recent policy developments including the European Charter for
Researchers and Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers and the European Commission’s Green Paper on the ERA. The
discussion focuses on concerns around the definition of ‘mobility’ and the tendency (in both policy circles and academic research)
to conflate different forms of mobility and to equate these with notions of excellence or quality. Scientific mobility is
shaped as much by ‘push’ factors (limited opportunity) as it is by the ‘draw’ of excellence. Scientists are exercising a degree
of ‘choice’ within a specific and individualised framework of constraints. The following sections consider some of the ‘professional’
and ‘personal’ factors shaping scientific mobility and the influence that these have on the relationship between mobility,
internationalisation and excellence. The paper concludes that mobility is not an outcome in its own right and must not be
treated as such (as an implicit indicator of internationalisation). To do so contributes to differential opportunity in scientific
labour markets reducing both efficiency and equality.
相似文献
| Louise AckersEmail: |
20.
Why has cultural economics ignored copyright? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ruth Towse 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2008,32(4):243-259
My stance is that copyright policy should be viewed as part of cultural policy; cultural economists have had a great deal
to say about subsidy and cultural policy but very little about copyright, though cultural economics is well placed to analyse
copyright as an incentive to creativity in the creative industries because of its understanding of cultural policy and of
artists’ labour markets. The article contrasts subsidy and copyright as policy tools and briefly discusses two current policy
problems in relation to copyright—regulating copyright collection societies and the so-called ‘copyright levy’—arguing that
these are the sort of issues cultural economists could (and should) be dealing with.
相似文献
| Ruth TowseEmail: |