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1.
Patent statistics represent a critical tool for scholars, statisticians and policy makers interested in innovation and intellectual property rights. Many analyses are based on heterogeneous methods delineating the inventors’ or firms’ patent portfolios without questioning the quality of the method employed. We assess different heuristics in order to provide a robust solution to automatically retrieve inventors in large patent datasets (PATSTAT). The solution we propose reduces the usual errors by 50% and casts doubts on the reliability of statistical indicators and micro-econometric results based on common matching procedures. Guidelines for researchers, TTOs, firms, venture capitalists and policy makers likely to implement a names game or to comment on results based on a names game are also provided. 相似文献
2.
Roger Svensson 《Research Policy》2007,36(7):1052-1069
Using a unique database on Swedish patents owned by small firms and individuals, survival models estimate how different factors influence the decision to commercialize the patents. Such an analysis has seemingly never previously been undertaken. Since the owners know more about the patents than potential external financiers, problems related to asymmetrical information are present. To overcome these problems when inventors and small technology-based firms need financing, Sweden has for a long time relied on government support rather than private venture capital firms. The empirical results show that the larger is the share of patent-owners’ costs covered by government financial support during the R&D phase, the lower is the probability of patents being commercialized. This lower degree of commercialization is likely to depend on (1) the soft terms of the government loans, where the patent owner can avoid paying back the loan if the patent is never commercialized and/or (2) that the government is not able to select promising projects. The first explanation is related to moral hazard and the second one to adverse selection. The policy suggestion is for government to change the design of the loans, to base them on firms rather than projects. 相似文献
3.
专利鲨鱼用于形容某些特定的个人或企业以极具攻击性的方式,向被其视为侵权的个人或企业、公司等发起诉讼攻击,以谋取高额利益的现象.专利鲨鱼具有针对性强、隐蔽性高、凶猛性等特点.近年有案件数量迅速上升、技术涵盖领域集中、地域范围扩大等趋势.专利鲨鱼的挟持策略主要有临时禁令、损害赔偿、转换成本等三种.为遏制专利鲨鱼的专利挟持,预防专利鲨鱼现象的泛滥,应从专利法的制度层面、专利行政部门审查程序层面和企业专利管理层面做出相应调整.徽观层面的应对策略包含短期策略和长期策略两类. 相似文献
4.
Measuring patent assessment quality—Analyzing the degree and kind of (in)consistency in patent offices’ decision making 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We argue that consistent decision making in judging a patent's validity and basing this on its underlying technological quality are important elements of patent office service (“assessment”) quality. To understand which level of assessment quality patent offices (can) provide, particularly in new technological areas, we study the concordance of the European Patent Office's (EPO) granting and opposition decisions for individual patents. Using the biotechnology industry in the 1980s (an emerging patenting area then) as an example, we find no empirical evidence that the EPO provided maximal or optimal assessment quality as far as can be told from bibliographic indicators. We discuss research limitations and consequences of this first empirical analysis, and suggest ideas for refinements in future work. 相似文献
5.
We investigate if and to what extent the receipt of a “selective” subsidy – a public subsidy awarded through a competitive procedure – helps new technology-based firms (NTBFs) to access R&D alliances. In particular, we theoretically enquire and empirically analyze which founding team-level characteristics allow NTBFs to: i) get a selective subsidy; and ii) access an R&D alliance with another firm or a public research organization/university, once the subsidy is awarded. We use a sample of 902 NTBFs that operate in Italy, where industrial policy has never had an explicit and exclusive mandate neither for targeting NTBFs nor for easing their access to R&D networks. By means of several identification strategies and estimation methods, our results point to the relevance of selective subsidies in facilitating NTBFs to enter R&D alliances, independently from the objective of the policy measure. Second, founders’ technical education figures as a key determinant to get the first selective subsidy. Finally, founders’ previous industry-specific work experience allows NTBFs to better exploit the selective subsidy, by positively moderating the impact of the subsidy on the likelihood to establish a corporate R&D alliance. 相似文献
6.
The value of U.S. patents by owner and patent characteristics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James Bessen 《Research Policy》2008,37(5):932-945
This paper uses renewal data to estimate the value of U.S. patents, controlling for patent and owner characteristics. Estimates of U.S. patent value are substantially larger than estimates for European patents, however, the ratio of U.S. patent value to R&D for firms is only about 3%. Contrary to a common assertion, patents issued to small patentees are much less valuable than those issued to large corporations. Litigated patents are more valuable, as are highly cited patents. However, patent citations explain little variance in value, suggesting limits to their use as a measure of patent quality. 相似文献
7.
Sebastian Hoenen Christos Kolympiris Wilfred Schoenmakers Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes 《Research Policy》2014
A long stream of research has documented the positive effects that patents bring about to emerging firms in high technology industries. The general consensus is that patents contribute to firm growth because they confer monopolistic market rights, offer protection from competitors, increase the negotiating position of patent holders and other benefits. What has received relatively less attention in the literature is whether patents act as a signal that attracts investors such as venture capital firms. The handful of studies that have addressed that question has not analyzed whether the signaling function of patents decreases after the initial attraction of venture capital, as information asymmetries between investors and target firms reduce. In this study we hypothesize that patent activity has a signaling value that diminishes once information asymmetries between investors and funded firms lessen. To study our proposition we draw upon a longitudinal dataset of more than 580 U.S.-based biotechnology firms to empirically demonstrate that biotechnology firms that have submitted patent applications substantially increase the level of funding they receive for their first round of financing. In line with a reduction of information asymmetries once the initial investment has materialized, patent applications and granted patents have no effect on the growth of venture capital funds raised during the second round of financing. We conclude the study with a discussion of avenues for new research, implications for policy makers that consider the usefulness of the current patent system and with insights that can be employed by managers of firms in knowledge intensive areas such as biotechnology. 相似文献
8.
Timo Fischer 《Research Policy》2012,41(9):1519-1533
Patent trolls, or NPEs, appropriate profits from innovation solely by enforcing patents against infringers. They are often characterized as relying on low-quality patents, an assessment that, if correct, would imply that eradicating such patents would effectively terminate the NPE business. In this paper, we shed light on this issue by empirically analyzing NPEs’ patent acquisitions. We draw on a unique dataset of 392 U.S. patents acquired by known NPEs between 1997 and 2006, which we compare to three control groups of 784 U.S. patents each acquired by practicing firms. We find that the probability that a traded patent is acquired by an NPE rather than a practicing entity increases in the scope of the patent, in the patent density of its technology field and, contrary to common belief, in the patent's technological quality. Our findings thus support recent theoretical propositions about the NPE business model, showing that NPEs procure patents that are more likely to be infringed, harder to substitute for, and robust to legal challenges. The fact that NPE-acquired patents are of significantly higher quality than those in the control group implies that elevating minimum patent quality will not put an end to the NPE business, and suggests that this business is sustainable in the long run. We furthermore discuss the fact that NPEs are peculiar players on markets for technology insofar as they are solely interested in the exclusion right, not in the underlying knowledge. We posit that transactions involving NPEs may only be the tip of the iceberg of “patent-only” transactions, a conjecture with strong implications for the efficiency and the study of markets for technologies. Managerial and policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
9.
In recent years, firms have increasingly contributed to and been confronted with a patent landscape characterized by numerous but marginal inventions, overlapping claims and patent fences. As a result, firms risk their patent applications to be pre-empted or to be infringed upon by rivals. While both aspects constitute major challenges for the appropriation of returns to inventive activity, extant literature suggests that participation in the market for technology might actually resolve or at least alleviate these problems. In this paper, we investigate the effect of pre-empted and infringed patents on firms’ engagement in in- and cross-licensing. Based on a sample of more than 1100 German manufacturing firms our results show that firms engage in in-licensing as a reaction to pre-empted patents and in cross-licensing if their protected IP was infringed upon. However, these effects vary depending on the fragmentation of technology fields and whether the firm operates in a discrete or complex product industry. 相似文献
10.
《Research Policy》2019,48(7):1601-1616
This article provides new evidence on the patent trading flows of small and large firms. We document aggregate patterns of patent sales and acquisitions of small and large firms. We also examine the extent to which the initial innovator's and the potential buyers’ prior knowledge stocks in the same technology area and in geographical proximity with a patented invention are associated with the likelihood that the patent is sold, and whether the patent sold is bought by a small or large firm. To do so, we develop a dataset that matches patent sales and information on whether transacted patents are owned by small or large firms following a patent sale. 相似文献
11.
专利条件寿命期的选择行为一般反映了企业的市场战略和竞争战略行为特征。在这两重专利战略考虑下,企业倾向于选择一个较长或较短的条件寿命期。中国发明专利的条件寿命期呈现典型的双峰型分布,从而验证了企业关于条件寿命期的特定战略选择。本文还对比了中外企业专利战略差异,发现中国企业更愿意选择较短的条件寿命期,这可能是由于中国企业为了使其发明专利能够获得更严格的保护而想尽快获取专利权,外国企业考虑得更多的是发明专利的市场收益问题,因此不急于获取专利权。外国中小型企业相较于大型企业更倾向于延长发明专利的条件寿命期,且外国企业更善于通过缩短条件寿命期来抢占潜力较大的技术市场,这是在市场战略与竞争战略双重考虑下所做出的较合理的条件寿命期选择。相比之下,中国企业对专利战略方面的考虑不足,但可能是就中国目前的专利制度和政策形势下做出的合理选择。 相似文献
12.
《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104650
Do large firms produce more valuable inventions, and if so, why? After confirming that large firms indeed produce more valuable inventions, we consider two possible sources: a superior ability to invent, or a superior ability to extract value from their inventions. We develop a simple model that discriminates between the two explanations. Using a sample of 2,786 public corporations, and measures of both patent quality and patent value, we find that, while average invention value rises with size, average invention quality declines, suggesting, per our model, that the large firm advantage is not due to superior inventive capability, but due to the superior ability to extract value. We provide evidence suggesting that this superior ability to extract value is due to the greater commercialization capabilities of larger firms. 相似文献
13.
Julien Penin 《Research Policy》2005,34(5):641-656
Economic studies that aim at comparing the patent system social efficiency versus an ex post reward system rest on an outdated view of patents. They assume that firms use the patent system only in order to be granted a short-term commercial monopoly rent. This assumption is convenient because it allows straightforward comparisons between patents and rewards but it is not confirmed by empirical studies, which stress that in many industries most firms use patents as strategic devices to trade technologies and to ease R&D collaborations. This change leads to rethinking the framework of the patent-reward debate. 相似文献
14.
Tourism firms operate in a competitive sector where innovating is often a condition for survival. This article presents a theoretical framework for understanding tourist firms’ innovative behaviour and innovation systems in tourism. The innovativeness of tourism firms and its determinants are investigated by analysing quantitative as well as qualitative data comparing Spain and Denmark. A taxonomy of tourism firms is suggested and the firms’ characteristics which influence their innovativeness are presented. Additionally, the role of innovation networks is discussed, as is the role of innovation systems. The article suggests that large size, professionalism, but also entrepreneurship among small tourism firms are important determinants of innovation. Varied innovation networks are another determinant as are supportive innovation systems. These determinants favour Spanish firms, which are more innovative than Danish ones. In the final section, policy recommendations are presented. 相似文献
15.
技术获取作为众多企业选择建立战略联盟的重要原因,促进了企业创新绩效的提升。然而,技术获取的联盟动机对企业创新产出的影响却是一个极为复杂的作用过程。本文以已有研究为基础,引入专利策略构建"技术获取-专利策略选择-创新绩效"的分析框架,考察技术获取的联盟动机如何借助专利策略选择作用于企业创新绩效。选取信息技术产业的联盟企业作为样本,通过实证研究发现:技术获取动机会引致企业专利策略组合的运用,实现了技术获取向创新绩效的转化;技术获取引致的企业创新绩效因联盟意图及策略组合而存在差异,以市场进入为目标的情形下,企业创新效率和专利产出趋于增加;以市场拓展为诉求的联盟企业市值得到强化。 相似文献
16.
知识产权司法保护赋予专利权人以“牙齿”,其是否能够促进中国企业进行自主创新，直接关系到中国企业的创新战略转型。本文以2017年中国专利调查数据为依据，考察了专利诉讼对于企业自主创新战略的影响。实证分析表明，专利诉讼经历能够有效激励涉诉企业进行自主创新，这一结论在采用倾向得分匹配法和加粗精确匹配法，以及采用工具变量法和条件混合过程方法后仍然稳健。这表明知识产权司法保护有利于促进企业自主创新。异质性分析表明，知识产权司法保护对于企业自主创新的促进作用在小微企业、专利依赖型产业的企业以及内资企业中更为显著。 相似文献
17.
Emilie-Pauline Gallié 《Research Policy》2012,41(4):780-794
In attempting to protect their innovations, firms can choose from a range of mechanisms, which may be either non-statutory (trade secrets, design complexity, and lead-time advantage over competitors) or statutory (patent, design registration, trademark, copyright). Yet, little is known about how firms do actually make their choices from among these different appropriability mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to determine how French firms’ use of intellectual property protection mechanisms relates to the type of innovation, the characteristics of the market sector in which they operate, the firms’ characteristics, and their human resources strategies. Our empirical model draws on four French databases covering the period 2001-2004. Our results show that the choice of a means of protection matters and emerges out of a complex strategy. Our results also reveal that the different statutory and non-statutory means of protection are complementary within their own categories but hardly so between categories. 相似文献
18.
“问题专利”是专利系统面临的最严重的问题之一。本文通过假设发明高度与研发投资存在正向关联关系，在专利质量和研发投资之间建立起联系，实现了专利质量的内生化。然后通过一个双寡头博弈模型，分析了不同局面下创新厂商的研发投资和专利许可行为以及非创新厂商的策略选择，进而对专利质量进行了分析和对比。结果表明，专利质量受确定性发明高度和研发效率的影响，市场结构与专利质量之间不存在单调一致的关联。法庭对专利侵权赔偿金额的设置很大程度上影响了潜在侵权者的行为，进而决定了市场结构。当显著性创新非常困难时，“问题专利”才能使社会福利达到最优。 相似文献
19.
Juan V. García-ManjónM. Elena Romero-Merino 《Research Policy》2012,41(6):1084-1092
Following recent literature, we present a model of endogenous firm growth with R&D investment as one of the main mechanisms of growth. Our study evidences a positive effect of R&D intensity on the sales growth by using OLS, quantile regressions, and GMM system estimators for a sample of 754 European firms for the 2003-2007 period. We also find this association is more intense in high-growth firms and is especially significant when referring to high-technology sectors. This paper gives empirical support to those recommendations from policy makers and business leaders for maintaining the R&D expenditures especially in high-technology sectors even when facing a recession. 相似文献
20.
This study examines the role and differential impact of industrial clustering in the internationalization of small technology-based firms. Serial innovator firms are a set of small, long-lived technology-based firms with a stellar record of inventive success. In contrast, non-serial innovators are small technology-based firms with much weaker inventive capabilities. Using theoretical insights from the resource-based view and density dependence theory, we demonstrate that both serial and non-serial innovator firms benefit from rising levels of industrial clustering in their efforts to internationalize; however, non-serial innovators experience decreasing returns with increasing levels of clustering. In addition, our analysis indicates that overall serial innovator firms benefit more from industrial clustering in terms of internationalization than non-serial innovator firms. The underlying premise and contribution of this study is that all small technology-based firms are not the same and that serial innovators are more effective at leveraging cluster-based resources than non-serial innovators, even when they operate in the same industry. Policy implications for research and economic development are discussed. 相似文献