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本文简要介绍了美国联邦政府R&D经费的构成,以及美国科学基金会有关R&D经费调查的主要内容,比较分析了联邦政府R&D经费四种统计数据在执行机构、统计方式和统计结果间的区别与联系,希望用于指导中国的R&D经费的管理与实践. 相似文献
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在R&D经费-专利产出关系和R&D经费来源-执行结构研究基础上,构建R&D经费组织结构与专利产出关系分析的理论框架,以美国为例对R&D经费组织单边结构和交叉结构进行定量分析,测算R&D经费组织结构与专利产出之间的关系。结果表明:美国R&D经费来源和执行组织结构多元化程度处于适中水平,R&D经费组织单边结构演变呈现"倒U型"曲线、交叉结构演变呈现增减互现态势;R&D经费来源结构通过研发强度对专利产出产生影响,R&D经费来源-执行结构多元化与专利产出之间呈现"倒U型"或者"U型"关系。 相似文献
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从中美比较看中国R&D经费地区合理分布 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
一个国家R&D经费的地区分布是否合理是其科技资源配置和科技政策研究的重要内容.本文通过对中国和美国R&D经费的地区分布的描述和比较,力图找出影响国家R&D经费地区分布的主要因素,探讨中国地区R&D经费分布的问题,进而提出政策建议. 相似文献
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建立“来源结构-执行主体”的分析框架,以美国为样本,运用并联结构决策单元的DEA效率评价方法测算、比较不同R&D经费执行主体的产出效率,并检验了其与经费来源结构的相关性。结果表明：执行主体的产出效率差异显著：高等学校较高,企业次之,研究机构较低;企业和研究机构的R&D效率与其经费来源结构高度相关,而R&D经费总量和高等学校的R&D效率不受经费来源的影响。 相似文献
5.
我国基础研究强度与执行结构分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从我国基础研究强度与R&D强度的发展变化、R&D研究类型结构、基础研究执行结构三方面对我国基础研究强度加以分析。结果表明,单纯依靠增加R&D和基础研究经费的绝对额总支出并不能直接增加或快速增加R&D和基础研究的强度;我国R&D经费总额的快速增长和R&D强度的持续增加都建立在试验发展经费总额和比例增长的基础上;可以通过提高高等学校执行的R&D经费和基础研究经费比例,来提高基础研究的强度。 相似文献
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学术R&D经费是支撑博士规模及衡量培养质量的关键指标.测算发现,中美博士人均学术R&D经费存量差距显著,增量差距进一步扩大.协整分析和格兰杰检验的结果表明,美国学术R&D经费与博士规模存在长期稳定的动态关系,短期学术R&D经费投入是刺激博士规模增长的单向格兰杰原因,长期互为格兰杰因果关系.而在中国两者尚未形成良好的联动机制,据此提出我国要继续加大R&D经费投入,构建政府多部门的协同决策机制,平衡科研机构与高校系统的关系以及改革博士培养模式等建议. 相似文献
7.
我国R&D投入的计量分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以国家统计局公布的全国科技经费投入统计公报为依据,从定量分析的角度深入考察近年来我国R&D投入的增长变化情况.我国R&D经费投入连年高速增长,企业作为我国R&D投入主体的地位日益加强,我国R&D经费在投入类型上更加倾向于试验发展.但是目前我国R&D的投入强度依然很低,基础研究、应用研究和试验发展三类活动经费投入的比例失衡,政府投入不足,严重制约了基础研究和应用研究的发展.继续加大我国R&D经费投入,提高R&D投入强度,特别是加大政府R&D经费投入,协调基础研究、应用研究和试验发展经费投入的比例,是我国科学技术全面健康发展的重要保证. 相似文献
8.
为研究科技创新的地区差距和影响因素,给政府决策提供参考。本文选取R&D经费、R&D人员全时当量、信息资源作为投入变量,论文、专利、技术市场成交额等7个科技产出指标经TOPSIS评价后作为产出变量,基于面板数据采用岭回归分析科技投入产出之间的关系,然后分析科技投入产出的地区差距及其变化。研究结果表明,R&D研发人员对科技产出的贡献最大,其次是R&D研发经费,信息资源的贡献最小。近年来,中国科技创新的地区差距虽然有所波动,但总体维持不变。R&D经费的地区差距基本不变,但由于R&D人员全时当量变化的地区差距拉大,从而稀释了信息资源地区差距缩小对减少地区科技产出差距的效果。 相似文献
9.
美国R＆D经费投入强度分析及对我国的启示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过对美国R&D体系发展的历史概况的分析以及对美国研发经费投入强度进行国际比较,深度分析美国保持高强度研发投入背后的原因,并由此提出了对我国研发经费投入问题的几点启示. 相似文献
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Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
12.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
14.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
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Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
16.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
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Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
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Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
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Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3)
<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence 相似文献