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1.
Clare Beaumont 《Journal of Research in Reading》1982,5(1):29-42
This study investigated children's ability to read and understand sentences containing relative clauses (RCs). A small group of seven-year-old children were tested on their comprehension of four different types of sentences containing them. It was anticipated that sentences without relative pronouns would be more difficult to understand than those where they were present: for example, The horse the man is chasing is fat would be more difficult than The horse that the man is chasing is fat. This was indeed the case in sentences where the pronoun functioned as object in the RC. Where the pronoun functioned as subject, presence or absence of the pronoun (plus auxiliary verb) was not an important factor. It seemed that the children did not make consistent use of pronouns to aid their parsing of the sentence. It is suggested that a still incomplete understanding of function words may contribute to beginning readers' difficulties. Moreover, these results did not entirely bear out predictions made from spoken language data, which suggests that syntactic complexity in written language may need special consideration. 相似文献
2.
Hearing loss during the critical period for language acquisition restricts spoken language input. This input limitation, in turn, may hamper syntactic development. This study examined the comprehension, production, and repetition of Wh-questions in deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. The participants were 11 orally trained Hebrew-speaking children aged 9.1-12.4 with moderate-to-profound hearing loss from birth, who consistently used hearing aids or cochlear implants and who had difficulties understanding relative clauses. Experiment 1 tested the comprehension of Wh-questions using a picture selection task, comparing subject with object questions and who- with which-questions; Experiment 2 tested the production of subject and object who-questions using an elicitation task; and Experiment 3 tested the repetition of Wh-questions and other structures derived by Wh-movement. All the DHH participants showed difficulty in the comprehension, production, and repetition of object questions, and their performance was significantly below that of hearing children. In contrast, they repeated embedded sentences without movement well, indicating that their deficit is in syntactic movement rather than embedding or the CP node in the syntactic tree. The results provide additional evidence that DHH children have difficulties with Wh-movement and emphasize that Wh-questions, which are crucial for communication, can be severely impaired in these children. 相似文献
3.
The present study was designed to investigate the influence of syntactic complexity on sentence comprehension in Hebrew. Participants were 40 native Hebrew-speaking 5th grade dyslexic and normally reading children aged 10–11 years. Childrens syntactic abilities were tested by three experimental measures: syntactic judgment, a sentence-picture matching task, and a sentence correction task. Each task consisted of sentences composed of five syntactic constructions varying in the level of syntactic complexity (active, passive, conjoined, object-subject relative, and subject-object relative). The length of sentences and the number of propositions in the sentences were controlled. In addition, a wide range of the childrens reading and general abilities (e.g., reading comprehension, phonological awareness, and working memory) was examined. The results indicated that dyslexic readers were less accurate and slower than good readers in all reading tasks and in the tasks on sentence comprehension. The findings suggest that the factor of syntactic complexity seems to be a relatively independent aspect of sentence comprehension. This aspect of sentence comprehension is probably not affected in dyslexic readers. Rather, processing deficit related to phonological and memory impairments of dyslexic children and their ability to process syntactic information is responsible for the difficulties in sentence comprehension. 相似文献
4.
Rebecca Wiseheart Lori J. P. Altmann Heeyoung Park Linda J. Lombardino 《Annals of dyslexia》2009,59(2):151-167
This study investigated the effects of syntactic complexity on written sentence comprehension in compensated adults with dyslexia.
Because working memory (WM) plays a key role in processing complex sentences, and individuals with dyslexia often demonstrate
persistent deficits in WM, we hypothesized that individuals with dyslexia would perform more poorly on tasks designed to assess
the comprehension of syntactic structures that are especially taxing on WM (e.g., passives, sentences with relative clauses).
Compared to their nondyslexic peers, individuals with dyslexia were significantly less accurate and marginally slower on passive
sentences. For sentences containing relative clauses, the dyslexic group was also less accurate but did not differ in response
times. Covarying WM and word reading in both analyses eliminated group differences showing that syntactic deficits in adults
with dyslexia are constrained by both WM and word-reading ability. These findings support previous research showing that syntactic
processing deficits are characteristic of dyslexia, even among high-achieving students. 相似文献
5.
Children aged 8 through 11 (N = 250) were given a word-by-word sentence task in both the visual and auditory modes. The sentences included an object relative clause, a subject relative clause, or a conjoined verb phrase. Each sentence was followed by a true-false question, testing the subject of either the first or second verb. Participants were also given two memory span measures: digit span and reading span. High digit span children slowed down more at the transition from the main to the relative clause than did the low digit span children. The findings suggest the presence of a U-shaped learning pattern for on-line processing of restrictive relative clauses. Off-line accuracy scores showed different patterns for good comprehenders and poor comprehenders. Poor comprehenders answered the second verb questions at levels that were consistently below chance. Their answers were based on an incorrect local attachment strategy that treated the second noun as the subject of the second verb. For example, they often answered yes to the question "The girl chases the policeman" after the object relative sentence "The boy that the girl sees chases the policeman." Interestingly, low memory span poor comprehenders used the local attachment strategy less consistently than high memory span poor comprehenders, and all poor comprehenders used this strategy less consistently for harder than for easier sentences. 相似文献
6.
崔立斌 《天津师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2005,16(6):75-78
先秦汉语动词作主语、宾语跟名词作主语、宾语是不同的，先秦汉语动词作主语、宾语有四种不同情形：动词作主语、宾语；动词作主语、宾语后活用为名词；动词作主语、宾语时兼有名词性质；动词跟作主语、宾语的词是不同的单位。因此，先秦汉语动词的活用和兼类就少一些。 相似文献
7.
8.
许阳 《阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版)》2013,(1):42-45
复指代词是指在句内回指有指称内容的名词短语的代词,它主要出现在汉语话题句和关系小句中。复指代词在两种句式中的分布基本一致,大致可分为三种:必须出现、自由出现和不能出现。复指代词的出现受两方面因素制约:一,成分提取要遵循的等级,即名词短语可及性等级。可及性较高的成分提取后,原位一般不会出现复指代词;可及性较低的成分提取后,原位必须留下复指代词。二,复指代词本身的句法属性。当空位违背句法限制时,复指代词就会出现来挽救句子的合法性。 相似文献
9.
Two-year-olds use the sentence structures verbs appear in--subcategorization frames--to guide verb learning. This is syntactic bootstrapping. This study probed the developmental origins of this ability. The structure-mapping account proposes that children begin with a bias toward one-to-one mapping between nouns in sentences and participant roles in events. This account predicts that subcategorization frames should guide very early verb learning, if the number of nouns in the sentences is informative. In 3 experiments, one hundred and thirty-six 21- and 19-month-olds assigned appropriately different interpretations to novel verbs in transitive ("He's gorping him!") versus intransitive sentences ("He's gorping!") differing in their number of nouns. Thus, subcategorization frames guide verb interpretation in very young children. These findings constrain theoretical proposals about mechanisms for syntactic bootstrapping. 相似文献
10.
White AH 《American annals of the deaf》2002,147(1):65-78
There are three major classes of verbs: intransitive, transitive, and linking. These three types of verbs can be divided into 13 semantic-syntactic subsets. Verbs within each subset give rise to sentences that have similar syntactic form, albeit a form distinct from that of sentences associated with other subsets. Preliminary research found that more than 90% of sentences written by children or for children contain verbs from 1 of the 13 verb subsets. The sentence form associated with each verb subset might be viewed as a "sentence template" that operationally defines a fixed set of 13 underlying semantic-syntactic relationships essential to communication. A strategy for assessing a child's knowledge of verbs from each subset is described. 相似文献
11.
Pakey Pui-man Chik Connie Suk-han Ho Pui-sze Yeung David Wai-ock Chan Kevin Kien-hoa Chung Hui Luan Lap-yan Lo Wendy Suet-yee Lau 《Reading and writing》2012,25(3):679-699
The present study examined the role of syntactic skills for reading comprehension in Chinese. Two hundred and seventy-two
Chinese children were tested on their phonological processing, orthographic, morphological, syntactic, and literacy skills
at Grades 1 and 2. Hierarchical multiple regression results showed that syntactic skills, in terms of word order, connective
usage, and knowledge of morphosyntactic structure (measured by an oral cloze task) in Grade 1, significantly predicted sentence
reading comprehension in Grade 2 after controlling for the children’s age, IQ, and word level reading-related cognitive skills
in Grade 1, and word reading in Grade 2. As in alphabetic languages, syntactic skills are essential for reading comprehension
in Chinese. The unique roles of individual syntactic skills for understanding sentences in Chinese are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Language Impairment in Less Skilled Comprehenders: The On-Line Processing of Anaphoric Pronouns in a Listening Situation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The purpose of this experiment, conducted with second-grade children (mean age: 7;8), was to examine the hypothesis that less
skilled comprehenders in a reading situation suffer an impairment in spoken language comprehension and, more specifically,
in the on-line processing of anaphoric pronouns. Skilled and less skilled comprehenders performed a cross-modal naming task
investigating the effects of pronoun gender and pragmatic inference from the verb on the integration of two successive sentences.
Results revealed different patterns of effects in the two groups. The skilled comprehenders integrated on-line sentences by
relying on pronoun gender and verb meaning. Pronoun gender appeared to exert a dominant influence relative to verb bias. In
the less skilled comprehenders, on-line integration was not systematic, being dependent on the meaning of the verb and the
proximity of the referent. Complementary analyses revealed similar patterns of effects among less skilled comprehenders, whether
they were good decoders or poor decoders. These results show that less skilled comprehenders are developmentally delayed compared
with their skilled peers, and extend the language impairment hypothesis to cover discourse-level processes. 相似文献
13.
Subjects of verbs in English sentences may be indicated by any one of a number of cues. In some cases, the subject of the verb is determined by semantic constraints, as when the verb requires an animate noun phrase as subject; in other cases the subject is determined by syntactic factors, as in the case of third person singular verb markers; and, as is commonly the case in informal language, the most immediately preceding noun phrase is the subject of the verb. These three types of cues, semantic (here described as extensional), syntactic (here labeled intensional), and adjacency are investigated in a series of tests of sentence comprehension using university undergraduates as subjects.The results of these experiments show that when the adjacency strategy does not apply, even these highly literate native speakers have great difficulty in correctly comprehending subject-verb correspondences.These results are discussed in the context of the relationship between intensional linguistic processing and literacy. 相似文献
14.
文章主要从语法分布角度,分别对此类句式中的NP结构（一般是人称代词或其他名词结构）、动词进行分析。重点是可进入此句式的动词类型考察,在论述句式中的NP结构与动词类型的同时,探讨了此类句式所表示的特殊的语法意义。 相似文献
15.
Ruth Haun 《Communication quarterly》2013,61(2):31-32
This essay examines aspects of Tom Paine's “vulgar” style by comparing the sentence structure and diction of Common Sense with that of four other pamphlets of the American Revolution. It concludes that Paine adapted his prose style to the popular audience, in part, by avoidance of noun modifiers and overly long subordinate clauses, and a preference for uninterrupted subject‐verb‐object sentences, active verbs, and forms of “to be.” 相似文献
16.
孙心坚 《新疆教育学院学报》2010,26(4):102-104
为了英语学习者在英语阅读中能够更好地理解原文,文章从英语的句法功能：名词性从句、形容词性从句以及状语从句三个方面阐述了如何通过分析句子结构来理解英语的长难句。 相似文献
17.
研究者常用花园小径句来研究句子理解。因句子理解受语言水平的影响,英语语法技能强化能改善花园小径句理解。经定量研究发现,通过显性培养元语言意识并强化句法结构知识和技能,花园小径句理解能得到提高。同时,研究还发现,“足够好”理论是传统理论下的一个特定且强势阶段。 相似文献
18.
"把"字句是汉语中的重要句式之一。称其为"把"字句,是与它的词性、主语、谓语动词和宾语等方面密切相关,其中,谓语动词和宾语对"把"字句的成句限制尤大。 相似文献
19.
Miller PF 《American annals of the deaf》2000,145(5):436-451
The experimenter investigated the effect of semantic clues on the reading comprehension of deaf and hearing Israeli children. Two groups of students with prelingual deafness, and a hearing control group, were asked to read syntactically simple and syntactically relative sentences of varying semantic plausibility. Sixteen of the participants who were deaf (mean grade 6.9) had been trained orally, using spoken language as their principal means of communication at home and at school. Another 16 students with deafness (mean grade 6.9), all of them children of deaf parents, had acquired sign language as their primary language. The mean grade of the hearing control group was 6.5. The results suggest that, in contrast to the case with hearing individuals, reading comprehension in individuals with prelingually acquired deafness, regardless of communication background, is predominantly determined by the semantic processing of content words, with only minor attention given to the processing of the syntactic structure of the text. 相似文献
20.
D W Mood 《Child development》1979,50(1):247-250
A hypothesis proposing that preoperational egocentrism serves an adaptive function was used to predict the comprehension behavior of preschool children presented with sentences varying on a "personal" dimension. Personal sentences containing the subject's name were contrasted at 2 levels of syntactic complexity with impersonal sentences containing other familiar nouns. Significant effects were found for age, semantics, and syntax (all p's less than .001), with no sex effects or interactions. Personal sentences were better comprehended than impersonals at both levels of syntactic complexity. A second experiment was conducted to rule out "focusing of attention" as an alternative explanation. Variations in the likelihood of occurrence of the depicted event were added to the personal-impersonal contrast. High-probability personal sentences were significantly better understood than low-probability sentences, whether personal or impersonal (p less than .001). Results supported the adaptive egocentrism hypothesis in that sentence content describing the child and his personal experience facilitates the child's comprehension. 相似文献