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Martin Heidenreich 《Research Policy》2009,38(3):483-494
Does a specific innovation pattern of low- and medium-low-technology (LMT) industries exist, and if so, can this pattern be the basis for autonomous, economically successful development? This study based on Fourth Community Innovation Survey (CIS4) data finds, as predicted by Pavitt [Pavitt, K., 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy 13, 343-373], that LMT industries are characterised by process, organisational and marketing innovations, by weak internal innovation capabilities and by strong dependencies on the external provision of machines, equipment and software. Suppliers are the most important source for their information and knowledge. On the one hand, firms in LMT industries are an essential pillar of advanced industrial regions. On the other hand, an alternative growth path-based predominantly on LMT industries does not appear to exist. LMT industries are shrinking in Western Europe and companies in these industries are relocating to Eastern Europe. In general, regions with a high proportion of LMT industries have a lower gross domestic product, though so do regions with high proportions of high- and medium-high-technology industries. The economic potential of regions specialised in knowledge-intensive services and characterised by high employment rates and qualified employees is higher than that of industrial regions. 相似文献
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Beyond formal R&D: Taking advantage of other sources of innovation in low- and medium-technology industries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study deepens our knowledge of critical success factors in the innovation process of low- and medium-technology (LMT) industries. To accomplish this, it explores how the innovation process in LMT firms may depend on non-formal R&D activities and the use of external sources. The empirical analysis is based on a representative panel of Spanish manufacturing firms. The results strongly support the view that non-R&D activities such as design, the use of advanced machinery and training are crucial to understanding the innovation process of any firm. The study finds, however, that the impact of these activities is especially important in LMT industries, particularly for the achievement of product innovations. The empirical evidence also reveals the importance of external sources such as the use of consultants, the hiring of personnel, collaboration agreements and external R&D, with the greatest differences between LMT and high-technology (HT) firms being observed in process innovations. 相似文献
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组织氛围对员工非正式知识分享的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
通过对国内IT、化工、金融、管理咨询等行业中从事知识密集性工作的员工的问卷调查,利用SPSS11.5软件,探索性地研究组织氛围中的创新、公平、支持、人际关系和员工身份认同5个子氛围对员工非正式知识分享行为的两种影响效应。结果显示:在员工非正式知识分享中,公平氛围和身份认同氛围具有激励效应,创新氛围和人际关系氛围则具有显著的约束效应,支持氛围既具激励效应,也具有约束效应。 相似文献
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组织氛围对企业员工间非正式知识分享行为的激励研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
良好的组织氛围对企业员工的知识分享行为具有积极的影响．通过对国内IT、化工、金融等行业中知识密集性部门员工的调查,获取320份有效问卷,运用SPSS 11．5检验了组织氛围中的创新氛围、公平氛围、支持氛围、人际氛围和身份认同氛围五个维度对员工非正式知识分享行为的激励功能．结论显示,公平氛围和身份认同氛围对员工非正式知识分享行为有显著的激励效应．研究结论对我国企业的知识分享管理具有积极意义． 相似文献
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针对高技术联盟中日益突出的创新独占问题,通过对我国高技术行业的联盟企业276份有效问卷调查,探索双元导向创新独占机制对联盟绩效的作用机理。结果表明,正式化或非正式化导向创新独占机制都与联盟绩效间存在显著的倒U型关系,且双元导向创新独占机制对联盟绩效的影响优于单一导向创新独占机制的影响,同时,知识流动在双元导向创新独占机制及其交互项与联盟绩效的关系中均起了部分中介作用。说明适度的创新独占机制可以为联盟有效的知识流动创造一个信任、公平和政策透明的创新环境,进而提升联盟绩效,而且不同导向创新独占机制的作用存在差异。研究结果揭示了联盟中创新独占机制作用路径,为高技术联盟企业协调不同导向创新独占机制实践提供了指导。 相似文献
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本文利用2009年中国企业创新调查数据,首先对中低技术企业进行界定,并在此基础上分析了中低技术企业与中高、高技术企业在创新模式和创新绩效方面的差异。结果发现：（1）行业内部企业R&D研发强度存在高度的异质性,中低技术行业内存在相当比例的高R&D研发强度企业,中高、高技术行业内同样也存在相当比例的中低R&D研发强度企业。企业创新模式除了存在行业差异,基于企业R&D投入强度的企业类型差异也非常明显。（2）从创新绩效看,相对于同行业内的中高和高技术企业,中低技术企业在产品创新方面表现较差;但在服务创新方面并没有显著差别;在过程创新在某些方面甚至优于中高和高技术企业。 相似文献
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《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2020,4(4):116-133
The system of innovation (SI) in the agriculture sector, termed as Agricultural Innovation System (AIS), is one of the most recent trends in innovation research, especially in the developing economies. This approach considers several factors such as actors, complex networks and learning, socio-cultural and political factors that affect the innovation process within a dynamic system. Using the AIS approach, the present paper explores the knowledge and learning interactions in the horticultural sector of Kashmir Valley of India, which offers a mix of both formal and informal activities. The research methodology is qualitative in nature based on both primary and secondary data. For primary data collection, apple growers, private and government sector actors were interviewed and secondary data is based on various reports and published materials related to the apple production in Kashmir. The analysis explores the interactions of knowledge production by formal and informal means in the horticultural sector specifically focusing on the informal ways. In the study, taking the case of canker disease treatment in apple trees by informal ways depicts the productive use of informal knowledge in the horticultural system. It was observed that many factors (social networks, life-long experiences, learning, coordination and group interactions) affect the informal knowledge generation process and the connectivity between formal and informal actors is lagging in the horticulture sector. 相似文献
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Contemporary information technologies such as social media have invigorated the way knowledge is shared within organizations to the extent that we have to rethink and reassess our understanding of the role and influence of technology in organizational processes and knowledge sharing. This paper uses the strategy as practice lens guided by the interpretivist philosophy to understand the influence of informal social media practices on knowledge sharing and work processes within an organization. The paper uses empirical evidence from the case study of a telecom organization in Tanzania to gain theoretical insight into informal social media practices and knowledge sharing. This research contributes to the Information Systems (IS) literature by asserting that organizational processes are achieved by mundane knowledge sharing mediated by informal social media use within the organization. Also, the study contributes to IS literature by highlighting how emerging informal practices are essential to daily processes within organizations. 相似文献
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This study measures the relationship between tacit knowledge sharing and innovation in the Polish (n = 350) and US (n = 379) IT industries. Conceptually, the study identifies the potential sources of tacit knowledge development by individuals. That is, the study examines how “learning by doing” and “learning by interaction” lead to a willingness to share knowledge and, as a consequence, to support process and product/service innovation. This study empirically demonstrates that tacit knowledge internalization and externalization (awareness and sharing) significantly mediate between tacit knowledge experimentation and socialization (acquisition) and its final combination (knowledge in action). While such theoretical assumptions already exist, they have not yet been empirically explained and revealed in a single structural model. Further, this empirical approach enabled a demonstration that internalization and externalization of tacit knowledge may occur consciously or unconsciously with equal success. Even so, the study also showed conscious tacit knowledge’s greater impact on innovation. Therefore, an organizational effort to manage autonomous, informal, and strongly contextual tacit knowledge is worthwhile and creates the capacity for superior competitive advantage. Finally, this study also demonstrates that national context influences tacit knowledge acquisition. In the US, “learning by doing” is dominant, whereas in Poland, “learning by interaction” and critical thinking are more common. This might be related to factors such as risk acceptance that could be studied in more detail and provide opportunities for future research. 相似文献
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非正式隐性知识转移（ITKT）是组织内隐性知识转移的主要方式,直接关系到组织核心竞争能力和技术创新能力的形成和发展。本文依据知识特性和转移具体方式两个维度,将知识转移划分为正式显性知识转移、非正式显性知识转移、正式隐性知识转移和非正式隐性知识转移4种类型,比较了它们的特征。分别从个体间、个体与团队间、个体与组织间、团队间、团队与组织间5个视角,分真隐性知识和伪隐性知识两种情况,考察了组织内非正式隐性知识转移的过程机理,建立了过程模型,提出了组织内非正式隐性知识转移的实现条件。 相似文献
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为探索我国大学知识共享行为处于何种水平、受何种机制影响,本研究提出了大学科研团队知识共享的概念模型,探究大学科研团队内知识共享的知识治理机制,并结合中国情境分析了知识治理如何通过主人翁精神的中介作用及学科归属感和科研网络的调节作用来影响知识共享行为。基于409份对中国大学科研团队成员知识共享问卷调查的实证研究表明:正式和非正式知识治理对知识共享均有显著影响;中国特色的主人翁精神对正式知识治理与知识共享的关系起部分中介作用,对非正式知识治理与知识共享的关系起完全中介作用;学科归属感能调节非正式知识治理和知识共享的关系,而科研网络则能调节正式知识治理与知识共享的关系。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(2):104416
Do informal social ties connecting inventors across distant places promote knowledge flows between them? To measure informal ties, we use a new and direct index of social connectedness of regions based on aggregate Facebook friendships. We use a well-established identification strategy that relies on matching inventor citations with citations from examiners. Moreover, we isolate the specific effect of informal connections, above and beyond formal professional ties (co-inventor networks) and geographic proximity. We identify a significant and robust effect of informal ties on patent citations. Further, we find that the effect of geographic proximity on knowledge flows is entirely explained by informal social ties and professional networks. We also show that the effect of informal social ties on knowledge flows is greater for new entrepreneurs or ‘garage inventors’, for older or ‘forgotten’ patents, and for flows across distant technology fields. It has also become increasingly important over the last two decades. 相似文献
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文章阐述了非正式组织中隐性知识共享的特征,分析了影响隐性知识共享的主观因素和客观因素,继而构建了非正式组织中隐性知识的共享机制,该机制由4部分组成,其中,协同机制是该共享实现机制的控制中心,交流机制、激励机制和信任机制是实现隐性知识共享的3个具体实施方案。通过构建非正式组织中隐性知识共享机制,以期提高企业内非正式组织中隐性知识的共享效率。 相似文献
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非正式团体：知识传播的有效途径 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19
知识经济朝代企业不再主要依靠资本、自然资源、劳动力等传统资源创造财富，而是更多地领带于知识，企业唯一的竞争优势就是比竞争对手学习得更快的能力。组织学习发生在正式和非正式团体中，非正式团体比正式团体具有更好的沟通作用，本讨论了组织中非正团体的特点和知识传播过程，认为“实践社团”和非正式网络等非正式团体都具有传播知识的功能，而且最终增进了组织知识。非正式团体的管理对管理来说是一个两难的选择，本建议管理通过识别潜在的非正式团体、为非正式团体提供基本条件和采用非传统的绩效评估方法来培育非正式团体，最后，作建议我国企业界和学术界加强对非正式团体的实践探索和理论探讨，使非正式团体成为企业创造和传播知识的重要途径。 相似文献
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Learning behaviors of employees can be either formalized (in the form of programmed events and visits) or informal (in the form of spontaneous interaction and knowledge sharing). We investigate the effect that both types of learning behaviors have on interorganizational learning of substantive knowledge in the context of an alliance. We also look at the effects that the two forms of learning behavior have on each other. We find that while informal learning behaviors have a consistently positive effect on the learning outcome and on formal learning behaviors, this is not so for formal learning behaviors. The effect of formal behaviors on both learning outcome and informal behaviors, while positive, diminishes at higher levels. This leads us to conclude that although both informal and formal learning behaviors foster interorganizational learning, too much formalization obstructs learning. Similarly, while formally programmed behaviors do encourage informal learning behaviors of the boundary spanners, an excess of formalization stifles them. 相似文献
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基于知识守门者知识行为视角,构建以知识守门者知识行为为中介变量的非正式知识治理对知识流影响的理论模型,探索非正式知识治理与知识流关系及知识守门者知识行为在二者关系中的中介作用。在此基础上,根据从我国东中部地区规模以上企业所收集的样本数据,对上述理论模型进行实证研究。研究结果表明:非正式知识治理对知识守门者知识行为具有显著的正向性影响,知识守门者知识行为对知识流具有显著的正向性影响,而非正式知识治理对知识流的直接影响不显著,主要通过知识守门者知识行为的中介作用对二者关系进行传递,即知识守门者知识行为在非正式知识治理与知识流关系中扮演完全中介作用。 相似文献