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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):141-143
This paper provides a review of Israel's science and technology policy and traces the growth and development of technology intensive industry in that country. Such policy has generally been neutral with regard to industry, technological field or class of product; concentrates on industrial R &; D directly performed in industrial firms; and is an integral part of overall national industrial policy — being centred in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. Drawing upon case studies and other statistical evidence, the paper argues that such policy has been partly responsible for Israel's success in building up an indigenous, export-oriented, high technology sector. 相似文献
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《Endeavour》2010,34(2):41
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):138-140
The economic justification for government support for science and technology has been commonly based on the concept of market failure. The general theoretical argument is that governments should intervene in cases where the free market fails to achieve an efficient allocation of resources. In this paper, the inadequacies of the concepts of market failure as they apply to policy are outlined. Its use in the political process, given these restrictive shortcomings, is also considered. Examples are drawn from Australian experience in science and technology policy over the past few years to support the claim that the concept is neither a sufficient basis nor an adequate guide for government intervention. Rather it has been used to justify politically determined decisions. Special reference is made to the Australian Industrial Research and Development Incentives Scheme. 相似文献
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Sweta T. Kothari Ranjana A. Deshmukh 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2006,21(1):15-26
Cytokines, viral load and opportunistic infections play an important role in HIV-disease progression. Hundred children vertically
infected with HIV were enrolled to determine mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4 and IFN-γ. These levels were estimated by amplifying
cytokine mRNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Severity of HIV was staged by the reduction in CD4
+ T cells and the onset of opportunistic infections. IL-10 mRNA levels were observed to increase with the severity. Despite
the rising IL-10 mRNA levels, TNF-α mRNA levels increased with severity of HIV and decrease in CD4
+ T cell counts. IL-4 mRNA levels increased with the reduction in CD4
+ T cell numbers. Depleting mRNA levels of IFN-γ contributed to the worsening of HIV disease. Increase in TNF-α and IL-4 levels
appended to the disease severity by upregulation of the viral replication. Increased IL-10 levels and decreased IFN-γ levels
predisposed the children to HIV associated opportunistic infections, which in return contributed to cytokine disarray. 相似文献
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Pierrette Bergeron 《Information processing & management》1997,33(6):804-807
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):395-396
The introduction of new technologies is associated with a major change of employment in society, from the traditional agricultural and manufacturing sectors, to the service sector. The availability of more and better services will, according to some analysts, generate wealth that will absorb the surplus labour made available from the traditional sectors. We believe this will be at best a short-term phenomenon. In the longer term, many service sector jobs will be taken over by computer-based systems. In addition, for most people employment also provides security, a pattern for their day, social relationships, a place to belong, and the opportunity to be involved in learning. These will be difficult to achieve in the newer jobs, and much more difficult for the jobless or those in short-term employment. It is critical that the meaning of ‘work’ in society be re-examined. Under a regime in which ‘hard’, technological systems are programmed to treat society as a collection of individuals, we see the need to develop social, political and economic decision-making tools from the ‘soft’ systems viewpoint. These are not predictable from the sum of individual properties; they are properties of the system, and of the system alone. We also discuss analogies between societies and nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems, which we believe can be helpful when looking at questions involving invention of futures. 相似文献