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1.
The global community, from UNESCO to NGOs, is committed to promoting the status of women in science, engineering and technology,
despite long-held prejudices and the lack of role models. Previously, when equality was not firmly established as a key issue
on international or national agendas, women’s colleges played a great role in mentoring female scientists. However, now that
a concerted effort has been made by governments, the academic community and the private sector to give women equal opportunities,
the raison d’être of women’s universities seems to have become lost. This paper argues otherwise, by demonstrating that women’s universities
in Japan became beneficiaries of government initiatives since the early 2000s to reverse the low ratio of women in scientific
research. The paper underscores the importance of the reputation of women’s universities embedded in their institutional foundations,
by explaining how female scientific communities take shape in different national contexts. England, as a primary example of
a neoliberal welfare regime, with its strong emphasis on equality and diversity, promoted its gender equality policy under
the auspices of the Department of Trade and Industry. By contrast, with a strong emphasis on family values and the male-breadwinner
model, the Japanese government carefully treated the goal of supporting female scientists from the perspective of the equal
participation of both men and women rather than that of equality. Following this trend, rather contradictorily, women’s universities,
with their tradition of fostering a ‘good wife, wise mother’ image, began to be highlighted as potential gender-free institutions
that provided role models and mentoring female scientists. By drawing on the cases of England and Japan, this paper demonstrates
how the idea of equality can be framed differently, according to wider institutional contexts, and how this idea impacts on
gender policies. 相似文献
2.
National research policies are today driven by the concept of the ‘knowledge society’, in which development is deemed to follow
the application of new ideas. Australia, like other countries, has encouraged partnerships between the universities and industry.
This essay examines how Australian scholars in the humanities have responded to the Australian Research Council’s Linkage Projects. Their experience underlines the importance of viewing collaboration as social practice, and the need to find a satisfactory
synthesis between academic and industry perspectives. 相似文献
3.
The Governance of University Knowledge Transfer: A Critical Review of the Literature 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Universities have long been involved in knowledge transfer activities. Yet the last 30 years have seen major changes in the
governance of university–industry interactions. Knowledge transfer has become a strategic issue: as a source of funding for
university research and (rightly or wrongly) as a policy tool for economic development. Universities vary enormously in the
extent to which they promote and succeed in commercializing academic research. The identification of clear-cut models of governance
for university–industry interactions and knowledge transfer processes is not straightforward. The purpose of this article
is to critically discuss university knowledge transfer models and review the recent developments in the literature on research
collaborations, intellectual property rights and spin-offs, those forms of knowledge transfer that are more formalized and
have been institutionalized in recent years. The article also addresses the role played by university knowledge transfer organizations in promoting commercialization
of research results.
相似文献
| Alessandro MuscioEmail: Email: |
4.
In recent years questions concerning the impact of public research funding have become the preeminent site at which struggles
over the meanings and value of science are played out. In this paper we explore the ‘politics of impact’ in contemporary UK
science and research policy and, in particular, detail the ways in which UK research councils have responded to and reframed
recent calls for the quantitative measurement of research impacts. Operating as ‘boundary organisations’ research councils
are embroiled in what might be characterised as the ‘politics of demarcation’ in which competing understandings of the cultural
values of science are traded, exchanged and contested. In this paper we focus on the way the UK’s ‘Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council’ (EPSRC) has responded to contemporary policy discourses concerning the impacts of public research
expenditure. We argue that, in response to the shifting terms of contemporary science policy, the EPSRC has adopted three
distinct strategies. Firstly, in collaboration with other research councils the EPSRC have emphasised the intellectual and
metrological challenge presented by attempts to quantify the economic impact of public research expenditure, emphasising instead
the cumulative impacts of a broad portfolio of ‘basic science’. Secondly, the EPSRC has sought to widen the discursive meaning
of research impacts – specifically to include societal and policy impacts in addition to economic ones. Thirdly, the EPSRC
has introduced a new framing into the ‘impact agenda’, preferring to talk about ‘pathways to impact’ rather than research
impacts per se. In responding to government priority setting, we argue that the EPSRC has sought to exploit both the technical fragility
of auditing techniques and the discursive ambiguity of notions of impact. 相似文献
5.
Helmut Krauch 《Minerva》2006,44(2):131-142
Translator’s note*: I am pleased to offer this translation of a lecture by Helmut Krauch, both because he is an old friend, whom I have known
for more than forty years, and because it fills a gap in the history of science policy research. As this lecture makes clear,
the Studiengruppe, led by Krauch, was the first in Europe to measure the share of nuclear and military research in total R&D expenditure and
to make systematic technology assessments to guide government policy. Moreover, its Project ORAKEL opened the way to wider
public debate on major policy issues in science and technology. Krauch’s book on Computer Democracy remains an outstanding contribution to the reform of Western democracy. I commend this essay warmly to all concerned with
the history of science and technology policy.
This is an edited translation of a lecture delivered at the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis at the
Research Centre for Technical Change and the Environment in Karlsruhe, 10 April 2000. We are grateful to the Institute for
permission to publish the essay, to Professor Christopher Freeman, for generously preparing a translation, and to Dr. Reinhard
Coenen for helping to prepare the final version. 相似文献
6.
When the journal Minerva was founded in 1962, science and higher educational issues were high on the agenda, lending impetus to the interdisciplinary field of “Science Studies” qua “Science Policy Studies.” As government expenditures for promoting various branches of science increased dramatically on both sides of the East-West Cold War divide, some common issues regarding research management also emerged and with it an interest in closer academic interaction in the areas of history and policy of science. Through a close reading of many early issues of Minerva but also of its later competitor journal Science Studies (now called Social Studies of Science) the paper traces the initial optimism of an academically based Science Studies dialogue across the Cold War divide and the creation in 1971 of the International Commission for Science Policy Studies as a bridging forum, one that Minerva strangely chose to ignore. In this light, attention is drawn to aspects of the often forgotten history of Science Studies in the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European block. Reviewed also are several early discussions that are still relevant today: e.g., regarding differing concepts of Big Science, science and democracy, autonomy in higher education and what conditions are necessary to sustain academic freedom and scientific integrity (some of Edward Shils’ primary concerns). Finally, it is noted how the question of quantitative methods to measure scientific productivity lay at the heart of a “Science of Science” movement of the 1960s has re-emerged in a new form integral to the notion of a “Science of Science Policy.” 相似文献
7.
Fabiana Bekerman 《Minerva》2013,51(2):253-269
This study looks at some of the traits that characterized Argentina’s scientific and university policies under the military regime that spanned from 1976 through 1983. To this end, it delves into a rarely explored empirical observation: financial resource transfers from national universities to the National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET, for its Spanish acronym) during that period. The intention is to show how, by reallocating funds geared to Science and Technology, CONICET was made to expand and decentralize to the detriment of universities. This was the primary tool used by the military regime to thwart higher education’s research development, bolstering research efforts at other realms. Thus, CONICET grew in budget, number of researchers, and staff size, creating new research institutes, while national universities struggled with reduced funding and were forced to shut down their institutes and programs. As a result, CONICET virtually concentrated all scientific research, foregoing the knowledge accumulated at universities, which drove a wedge between both institutions. This military approach to science and technology policy-making is discussed, bearing in mind the notion of dependence—both in terms of the state’s intervention in the inner workings of the scientific-university field as well as regarding the role played by international financial support in scientific research development. 相似文献
8.
Are universities able to operate as strategic actors? An organisational sociology based approach supported by a comparative field research project identifies three types of social, cultural and cognitive processes that play a decisive role in building and implementing local capabilities required to mobilise a strategic capacity. The paper identifies how much these processes are present in the four ideal-types of universities defined by crossing their reputation and their metrics-based performance. Such a meso deterministic perspective suggests that universities may position themselves as proactive actors or principals, and not just as agents of national reforms and political demands. Nevertheless, their ability to do it varies according to their type. The paper also explores the implications of such findings for institutional leadership and steering policymakers. 相似文献
9.
Here we present the framework of a new approach to assessing the capacity of research programs to achieve social goals. Research
evaluation has made great strides in addressing questions of scientific and economic impacts. It has largely avoided, however,
a more important challenge: assessing (prospectively or retrospectively) the impacts of a given research endeavor on the non-scientific,
non-economic goals—what we here term “public values”—that often are the core public rationale for the endeavor. Research programs
are typically justified in terms of their capacity to achieve public values, and that articulation of public values is pervasive
in science policy-making. We outline the elements of a case-based approach to “public value mapping” of science policy, with
a particular focus on developing useful criteria and methods for assessing “public value failure,” with an intent to provide
an alternative to “market failure” thinking that has been so powerful in science policy-making. So long as research evaluation
avoids the problem of public values, science policy decision makers will have little help from social science in making choices
among competing paths to desired social outcomes. 相似文献
10.
A network of think tanks—the ASEAN-Institutes of Strategic and International Studies and their researchers—have played a proactive
and sometimes influential role in regional debates on Asian economic integration and security cooperation through informal
diplomacy. This paper contributes to the literature on knowledge utilisation, specifically debates on the role of policy research
institutes in policy-making. Paying attention to the debates and research on economic and security cooperation which preceded
attempts at institutionalisation drives analytical attention to scholars, think tanks and others in the ‘interpretive community’
who were engaged in a long term learning activity to shape domestic and regional agendas and institutionalise discourses of
regional cooperation. 相似文献
11.
Andrea Brinckmann 《Minerva》2006,44(2):149-166
In recent years, students of science policy in the Federal Republic of Germany have looked with increasing interest to the
innovations of the 1960s. Key concepts such as democratization, participation, and planning mark the political and socio-cultural
discourse of the time. For over two decades, the Studiengruppe für Systemforschung (Study Group for Systems Research – SfS) in Heidelberg gave a fresh impetus to policy advice. This essay continues our reflections
on its history, traces its origins and development, and reflects on its achievements. 相似文献
12.
Louise Ackers 《Minerva》2008,46(4):411-435
This paper discusses the relationship between internationalisation, mobility, quality and equality in the context of recent
developments in research policy in the European Research Area (ERA). Although these developments are specifically concerned
with the growth of research capacity at European level, the issues raised have much broader relevance to those concerned with
research policy and highly skilled mobility. The paper draws on a wealth of recent research examining the relationship between
mobility and career progression with particular reference to a recently completed empirical study of doctoral mobility in
the social sciences (Ackers et al. Doctoral Mobility in the Social Sciences. Report to the NORFACE ERA-Network, 2007). The
paper is structured as follows. The first section introduces recent policy developments including the European Charter for
Researchers and Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers and the European Commission’s Green Paper on the ERA. The
discussion focuses on concerns around the definition of ‘mobility’ and the tendency (in both policy circles and academic research)
to conflate different forms of mobility and to equate these with notions of excellence or quality. Scientific mobility is
shaped as much by ‘push’ factors (limited opportunity) as it is by the ‘draw’ of excellence. Scientists are exercising a degree
of ‘choice’ within a specific and individualised framework of constraints. The following sections consider some of the ‘professional’
and ‘personal’ factors shaping scientific mobility and the influence that these have on the relationship between mobility,
internationalisation and excellence. The paper concludes that mobility is not an outcome in its own right and must not be
treated as such (as an implicit indicator of internationalisation). To do so contributes to differential opportunity in scientific
labour markets reducing both efficiency and equality.
相似文献
| Louise AckersEmail: |
13.
随着全球化和区域一体化不断深化,全球主要城市群战略地位不断提升,港口群与城市群互动更加频繁,并逐步融合成一个有机整体。新形势下,长三角港口群协同发展,如何把准时代脉搏,积极承担国家战略使命,取得重大突破,仍需要直面诸多问题与挑战。通过对标国外港口群合作先进经验,提出政策建议。 相似文献
14.
As public research organisations are increasingly driven by their national and regional governments to engage in knowledge
transfer, they have started to support the creation of companies. These research based spin-off companies (RBSOs) often keep
contacts with the research institutes they originate from. In this paper we present the results of a study of four research
institutes within two universities and two non-university public research organisations (PROs) in the Netherlands. We show
that research organisations have distinct motivations to support the creation of spin-off companies. In terms of resources
RBSOs contribute, mostly in a modest way, to research activities by providing information, equipment and monetary resources.
In particular, RBSOs are helpful for researchers competing for research grants that demand participation of industry. Furthermore,
RBSOs may be seen as a proactive response by Dutch public research organisations to demands of economic relevance from their
institutional environment. RBSOs enhance the prestige of their parent organisations and create legitimacy for public funds
invested in PROs. At the same time, most RBSOs do not have a significant impact on the direction of the research conducted
at the PROs. 相似文献
15.
As universities are increasingly called by their national governments for a more entrepreneurial management of public research results, they started to develop internal structures and policies to take a proactive role in the commercialisation of university research. For the first time, this paper presents a detailed chronicle of how country-level reforms on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) were translated into organisation-level mechanisms to regulate university-patenting activity. The analysis is based on the complete list of patent policies issued between 1993 and 2009 by the population of Italian universities. Our evidence suggests that universities first dealt with legislative changes on IPRs by enacting isomorphic behaviours, then by creating a community of practices, and finally by leveraging on such community to influence government reforms on IP-related matters. We discuss our results in the light of institutional theory and public policy. 相似文献
16.
Public Deliberation and Governance: Engaging with Science and Technology in Contemporary Europe 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Whilst public engagement in decisions concerning science and technology is widely extolled, research shows that the application
of deliberative democratic theory remains – at least in Europe – highly constrained. Science and technology policy requires
closer attention to the wider context of governance and the compatibility of public deliberation with established modes of policy-making. 相似文献
17.
Dusdal Jennifer Powell Justin J. W. Baker David P. Fu Yuan Chih Shamekhi Yahya Stock Manfred 《Minerva》2020,58(3):319-342
The world’s third largest producer of scientific research, Germany, is the origin of the research university and the independent, extra-university research institute. Its dual-pillar research policy differentiates these organizational forms functionally: universities specialize in advanced research-based teaching; institutes specialize intensely on research. Over the past decades this policy affected each sector differently: while universities suffered a lingering “legitimation crisis,” institutes enjoyed deepening “favored sponsorship”—financial and reputational advantages. Universities led the nation’s reestablishment of scientific prominence among the highly competitive European and global science systems after WWII. But sectoral analysis of contributions to science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medical and health journal publications (1950–2010) finds that Germany’s small to medium-sized independent research institutes have made significant, growing contributions, particularly in publishing in higher impact journals proportionally more than their size. Simultaneously—despite dual-pillar policy implications—the university sector continues to be absolutely and relatively successful; not eclipsed by the institutes. Universities have consistently produced two-thirds of the nation’s publications in the highest quality journals since at least 1980 and have increased publications at a logarithmic rate; higher than the international mean. Indeed, they led Germany into the global mega-science style of production. Contrary to assumed benefits of functional differentiation, our results indicate that relative to their size, each sector has produced approximately similar publication records. While institutes have succeeded, the larger university sector, despite much less funding growth, has remained fundamental to German science production. Considering these findings, we discuss the future utility of the dual-pillar policy.
相似文献18.
Roger PielkeJr. 《Minerva》2012,50(3):339-361
The use of the phrase “basic research” as a term used in science policy discussion dates only to about 1920. At the time the phrase referred to what we today commonly refer to as applied research in support of specific missions or goals, especially agriculture. Upon the publication of Vannevar Bush’s well-known report, Science – The Endless Frontier, the phrase “basic research” became a key political symbol, representing various identifications, expectations and demands related to science policy among scientists and politicians. This paper tracks and evaluates the evolution of “basic research” as a political symbol from early in the 20th century to the present. With considerable attention having been paid to the on-going evolution of post-Cold War science policy, much less attention has focused on the factors which have shaped the dominant narrative of contemporary science policies. 相似文献
19.
Brendan Cantwell 《Minerva》2011,49(4):425-445
This article draws upon concepts developed in recent empirical and theoretical work on high skilled and academic mobility
and migration including accidental mobility, forced mobility and negotiated mobility. These concepts inform a situated, qualitative
study of mobility among international postdoctoral researchers in life sciences and engineering fields who were employed at
US and UK universities in 2008 and 2009. Informed by epistemological methods in the Foucauldian tradition of discourse and
governmentality, the study explores how policy discourse and technologies empower and limit scientists and engineers in negotiating
employment arrangements across national boundaries. 相似文献
20.
Niels C. Taubert 《Minerva》2012,50(3):261-275
This article analyzes the transformation of Minerva from an intellectual towards a scholarly journal by making use of bibliometric methods. The aim is to provide some empirical insights that help to understand what properties of the journal changed in the course of this transformation process. Minerva was one of the first journals that reflected on science and its role in society and science policy in particular. Analyzing the development of the journal sheds light on the emergence of science (policy) studies and on Minerva’s role as a forerunner in this field. In a first step, the methods will be described. The second section provides some empirical results of the publication output of Minerva and its relations to other journals in the field. The empirical findings are put into a broader perspective in the concluding third section. 相似文献