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1.
Giorgio Sirilli 《Research Policy》1986,15(6)
This article deals with the “teething, problems” of the profession of researchers in Italy.This group of professionals in fact has grown very rapidly over the last two decades, but they still seem to be striving to find their proper place in the organization they work in and recognition from society in general. At the same time they have acquired a sufficiently self-awareness as an emerging group and started claiming their own “rights”.The article examines some problems researchers encounter in their specific working setting (industry, university, public research agencies), such as mobility, status, and career prospects.Mobility within the Italian science and technology (S&T) system is very low and is essentially one way, from industry. the professions, and public research agencies, to university, This peculiarity is very closely linked to the high prestige enjoyed by university professors in this country. Moreover. recent laws concerning university teaching staff havede facto saturated the permanent staff, severely restricting both mobility to university and the intake of new blood.An indication of the self-awareness of the profession may he found in the mobilisation of researchers in public research agencies and their claim to their “ecological niche”.It is concluded that researchers, who may he considered a substantially homogeneous group, feel mature and numerous enough to demand the slalus and prestige adequate to their contribution to a modern society; it is also asserted that the delay in granting recognition is due to the organizations and institutions. 相似文献
2.
Pyungho Kim 《The Information Society》2006,22(1):41-44
The spectacular growth of the Internet in Korea has propelled her to the very top of the international rankings based on technology peneration statistics. The resulting international attention and national pride have fostered the notion of “Korea—a strong Internet nation.” The ready embrace of this idea by officials and the public at large has made a critical evaluation almost an anathema. This article reviews the published critiques, which have been rare and scattered, and opens up the “what next” question for an unbounded discussion. 相似文献
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The amount of vaccine R&D performed, especially that geared towards health issues affecting the developing world, is relatively modest. Despite immunisation representing the most effective tool for achieving disease eradication, and the general consensus being optimistic about the development of a vaccine capable of fighting AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis, neither private nor public entities are investing sufficiently in the field. Reasons can be associated both with a lack of market incentives as well as with the low priority that these diseases are given on Western political agendas. However, seen through a “Global Public Good” lens, it appears to be in the interest of high-income countries, and their governments in particular, to invest public resources – financial and infra-structural – in vaccine R&D for global pandemics. The paper suggests managing international cooperation through the creation of a global fund. It discusses a number of proposals put forward in the existing literature and offers a range of policy options. 相似文献
4.
Connection and stratification in research collaboration: An analysis of the COLLNET network 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Co-authorship among scientists represents a prototype of a social network. By mapping the graph containing all relevant publications of members in an international collaboration network: COLLNET, we infer the structural mechanisms that govern the topology of this social system. The structure of the network affects the information available to individuals, and their opportunities to collaborate. The structure of the network also affects the overall flow of information, and the nature of the scientific community. We present a number of measures of both the macro- (whole-network) and micro- (actor-centered) structure of collaboration, and apply these to COLLNET. We find that this scientific community displays many aspects of a “small-world,” and is somewhat vulnerable to disruption should major figures become inactive. We also find inequality in the roles played by individuals in the network. The inequalities, however, do not create a closed and isolated “core” or elite. 相似文献
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The article treats the problem of “rationality” in learning processes in research policies. The underlying hypothesis is that there are contemporary efforts in research policy-making, which, against views in organisational sociology like “bounded rationality” or “garbage-can”, endeavour to “rationalise” the process of decision-making in research policies. This hypothesis is worked out by taking one example, the setting-up of the “National Centres of Competence in Research” (NCCR) in Switzerland and analyse the processes that have contributed to the acceptance of this funding measure. Our finding is that Switzerland has introduced some “rationalising devices” but that these devices are still insufficiently institutionalised and can be further elaborated. In addition, it is made clear that goal-oriented problem-solving and interests are closely intertwined and cannot be dissociated from another. This may have distorting effects on the rationality of the learning process. It is, nevertheless, a necessary condition in order to learn at all. 相似文献
7.
创新型城市推动国际科技合作的模式研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究新形势下如何更好地利用国际科技资源推动创新型国家和创新型城市的建设,以北京为案例,开展了国际科技合作模式的研究。在文献调研的基础上,针对北京市的内资企业、外资企业、高校、科研院所、政府有关部门和中介,进行了深度访谈和问卷调查。在分析国际科技合作相关主体的国际科技合作现状的基础上,基于推动方式的视角,提出了北京作为创新型城市开展国际科技合作的四种模式建议。 相似文献
8.
In this paper, we present several insights regarding the influence of institutional design on the process of Research Joint Venture (RJV) formation. Our results are obtained with a firm-level dataset on RJVs formed under the umbrella of the Eureka initiative and of the European Union’s Framework Programmes (EU-FPs) for science and technology. We focus on firms that are known to have a high probability of forming RJVs, with the latter identified as firms with a past experience in collaborative research. The results indicate that EU-FP RJVs are consistent with a “top-down” and “mission oriented” research policy. By contrast, Eureka RJVs appear as more market driven and “bottom-up”. 相似文献
9.
20世纪80年代中国改革开放以来,＂马克思主义经济学＂存在被＂西方经济学＂边缘化的现象和趋势。在开放经济系统中,在国际金融危机背景下,21世纪中国高等院校经管类专业的核心课程西方经济学的教学理念需要深入探讨,也许＂本土化、规范化、人文化＂是中国的西方经济学课程教学理念深化的趋势。 相似文献
10.
为了研究新形势下如何更好地利用国际科技资源推动创新型国家和创新型城市的建设,以北京为案例,开展了国际科技合作模式的研究。在文献调研的基础上,针对北京市的内资企业、外资企业、高校、科研院所、政府有关部门和中介,进行了深度访谈和问卷调查。在分析国际科技合作相关主体的国际科技合作现状的基础上,提出了基于政府视角的两种国际科技合作的模式:政府主导式和自由发展式。政府主导模式具体体现在政府间国际科技合作计划、社会发展方面的国际科技合作和部分政府采购项目特别是政府投资大项目为平台的国际科技合作。此外的经济领域的国际科技合作,应主要采取自由发展型模式。 相似文献
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Access to knowledge is increasingly the driver underpinning the globalization of research. In emerging industries, such access is often managed through alliance structures between small entrepreneurial organizations. The literature on international alliances, however, is dominated by studies of “Triad” nation partners (United States, Europe and Japan) which are often larger firms, collaborating for market access motives and usually with established technologies. In addition, prior research has concentrated on particular aspects, such as motives for, and initial circumstances of, alliance formation. Analyses of the dynamic aspects in the relationship between alliance partners are more scarce. This article describes a study of an international research alliance in which the technology is in the superconductivity industry (which itself is not conforming to traditional notions of an emergent technology), one partner is from a non-Triad nation and the primary motive for formation was access to knowledge. We argue that this study has revealed gaps in current alliance research and hypothesize how some more socially based and process-related considerations could enhance the debate on knowledge-seeking alliances. 相似文献
13.
A method for extending the methods of dimensional analysis is based upon assigning “orientational” symbols to physical quantities such as area, force and angle which are spatially oriented. These symbols are shown to form a noncyclic group with four members, and they can be used to derive additional information that resolve problems incompletely solved by conventional dimensional analysis. 相似文献
14.
This paper is a first step toward closing the analytical gap in the extensive literature on the results of interactions between public and private R&D expenditures, and their joint effects on the economy. A survey focusing on econometric studies in this area reveals a plethora of sometimes confusing and frequently contradictory estimates of the response of company-financed R&D to changes in the level and nature of this category of public expenditures. Yet, a theoretical framework seldom is provided within which the empirical results are to be interpreted. Some such structure is necessary, in view of the multiple channels through which public research can affect private R&D performance, especially as not all the effects flow in the same direction. A major cause of “inconsistencies” in the empirical literature is the failure to recognize key differences among the various policy “experiments” being considered — depending upon the economy in which they are embedded, and the type of public sector R&D spending that is contemplated. Using a simple, stylized structural model, we identify the main channels of impact of public R&D. We thus can characterize the various effects, distinguishing between short- and long-run impacts that would show up in simple regression analyses of nominal public and private R&D expenditure variables. Within the context of our simple model it is possible to offer interpretations that shed light on recent cross-section and panel data findings at both high (i.e., national) and low (specific technology area) levels of aggregation. 相似文献
15.
Business groups in emerging economies frequently use international joint ventures (IJV) as a channel for knowledge acquisition and technology advancement. While IJVs provide a business group with access to new technology, how successful a group is in exploiting that new knowledge for innovative purposes depends on the groups’ ability to recombine new knowledge with its existing pool of knowledge and resources. The more resources a group spends in forming IJVs with foreign partners, the less resources the group has in developing and sustaining organizational mechanisms that facilitate integration of existing ideas and resources. Following this theoretical duality, we view the IJV–innovation relationship not as an “either–or” question, but as a question of whether and how. Specifically, viewing business groups as networks of loosely coupled firms, we examine how intra-group network structure and evolving institutional environment moderates the IJV–patenting relationship in Taiwan between 1981 and 1998. 相似文献
16.
A. E. Cawkell 《Information processing & management》1975,11(8-12)
An imperfect document selection system is represented as the analogy of a system in which symbols are selected and transmitted through a noisy channel. Provided that transmission reception uncertainties and not meaning are considered, it is suggested that one of Shannon's equations is applicable, and a single figure measure of system efficiency, Ht, is proposed.Values obtained using this new yardstick are compared with Recall/Precision values obtained for a typical system. Further research is required to test whether system “improvements” resulting in higher values of Ht are perceived as such by users. 相似文献
17.
This article reveals different patterns of scholarly communication in the XML research field on the Web and in print journals in terms of author visibility, and challenges the common practice of exclusively using the ISI’s databases to obtain citation counts as scientific performance indicators. Results from this study demonstrate both the importance and the feasibility of the use of multiple citation data sources in citation analysis studies of scholarly communication, and provide evidence for a developing “two tier” scholarly communication system. 相似文献
18.
加强科研国际合作是“双一流”建设的主要内容之一。高校要从服务国家重大战略的需求出发，加大国际合作的力度，把握科研领域的国际前沿。将高校建成为一流的培养基地。努力培养出国际学术大师和治国英才，建设高校成为国家人才智库和科技高地。本文拟以T大学的C院系为例，回顾近年来该系开展科研国际交流取得的成效，寻找问题及不足。在此基础上，对中国高校科研国际合作的推进提出思考，不断加强与国际知名大学的密切合作与交流，提高人才培养质量和科学研究水平，推动中国科研成果向世界一流水平发展。 相似文献
19.
国际有关开放存取政策及其对我国的启示 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
探讨了国际上开放存取政策的制定与实施情况,重点对美国国立卫生研究院、英国研究理事会,瑞典、印度、中国和欧洲研究委员会等国家和国际组织机构相继制定的OA政策介绍和探讨,并据此得到对我国制定OA政策的一些启示,主要包括选择和确定制定OA政策的机构,应制定强制性的政策,选择适当的数据库作为国家的科技论文仓储等。 相似文献
20.
Even though there has been a proliferation of e-society measures in recent years, analyses of the metrics of the “information society” are still far from responsive to the needs of many stakeholders and continue to suffer from a number of serious limitations. Issues in eight critical areas are briefly presented. They include: definition of the universe to be measured; definition of the objects and phenomena to include in the universe; need to establish measurements based upon solid theories; units of measurements; data sources and collection; methods of analysis and construction of indicators; target audiences; and purpose and utilization of measurements. An organized collective effort, which could provide the impetus for the development of a coherent academic field of study, is called for to address this “grand challenge.” 相似文献