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1.
Increasing numbers of consumers who engage in the development of new products are selling their innovations on online marketplaces. We contribute to the scarce research on the commercialization activities of consumer innovators by comparing the consumers’ price decisions with the pricing of firms. Our predictions build on the baseline assumption that the price decisions of consumers are influenced by the same motivations that originally prompt them to innovate. We use a sequential mixed-method approach with a quantitative main study and follow-up qualitative research. The quantitative results draw on a matched-pair analysis of 4,242 computer games released on the online game platform Steam. We find that consumer innovators charge lower prices than firms for comparable games and that consumers and firms show different inclinations in aligning prices with the games’ development costs and perceived quality. The subsequent interview study with 29 hobbyist game developers provides clear support for the motivational explanations of consumers’ pricing decisions. The findings contribute to research on consumer innovation marketing and nascent entrepreneurship. They also improve the understanding of welfare effects resulting from increasing commercial activities of consumers. 相似文献
2.
《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104728
Recent research has demonstrated that employees can develop novel solutions to work-process-related problems that they experience directly, but in order for organizations to benefit from this form of user innovation (“employee-user innovation”), employee-developed innovations need to diffuse within the innovator's organization. This paper challenges the prevalent assumption in studies of employee-user innovation that employee-users readily reveal and diffuse their innovations. Based on a grounded analysis of 117 innovations developed by rank-and-file workers that we identified during 32 months of ethnographic fieldwork in two police units and two military units in Denmark, we show that employee-users frequently invest considerable effort in actively hiding their innovations. We (i) identify four distinct hiding practices that employee-user innovators enact, (ii) demonstrate how decisions about whether and how to hide are based on interpretations of a range of material and organizational conditions, and (iii) show how these decisions negatively impact the employee-user innovation process by impeding not just use and diffusion, but also the development of innovations. Our findings carry implications for user innovation research, as well as for how we understand both covert innovation processes in organization and the relationship between bureaucratic organization and innovation. 相似文献
3.
Simon Gächter 《Research Policy》2010,39(7):893-906
Incentives to innovate are a central element of innovation theory. In the private-investment model, innovators privately fund innovation and then use intellectual property protection mechanisms to appropriate returns from these investments. In the collective-action model, public subsidy funds public goods innovations, characterized by non-rivalry and non-exclusivity in using these innovations. Recently, these models have been compounded in the private-collective innovation model where innovators privately fund public goods innovations. Private-collective innovation is illustrated in the case of open source software development. This paper contributes to the work on this model by investigating incentives that motivate innovators to share their knowledge in an initial situation, before there is a community to support the innovation process. We use game theory to predict knowledge sharing behavior in private-collective innovation, and test these predictions in a laboratory setting. The results show that knowledge sharing is a coordination game with multiple equilibria, reflecting the fragility of knowledge sharing between innovators with conflicting interests. The experimental results demonstrate important asymmetries in the fragility of knowledge sharing and, in some situations, more knowledge sharing than theoretically predicted. A behavioral analysis suggests that knowledge sharing in private-collective innovation is not only affected by material incentives, but also by social preferences such as fairness. The results offer general insights into the relationship between incentives and knowledge sharing and contribute to a better understanding of the initiation of private-collective innovation. 相似文献
4.
创新导入的接力赛———健康码案例中的初创企业平台企业和地方政府 《科学学研究》2021,39(1):161-169
2019年底中国新冠肺炎的应对中,传统“智慧城市”项目普遍表现不佳,“健康码”这一自下而上的创新却获得巨大成功。研究基于一手访谈和公开材料,选取了三个代表性的健康码案例,通过过程回溯还原了创新价值链的真实顺序,检验了以智慧城市为代表的传统创新导入假说;并通过案例对照考察了创新生态中的不同角色,提出了一个因果机制以解释健康码的成功：初创企业的试错、平台企业的赋能、以及地方政府的协调,三者缺一不可且顺序不能颠倒。最后总结了这个创新导入的“接力赛”模式、其政策含义以及对理解一般化创新规律的启发。 相似文献
5.
《Research Policy》2023,52(8):104840
User innovations are often valuable to other people, but fail to diffuse because users lack incentives to do a dissemination effort. Past research recognized that users sometimes spur diffusion themselves, and that producers may search for and commercialize user innovations. In this study we identify a third type of actor who fills the void between initial solution and broad dissemination - without being a potential user or commercial diffuser himself. We document a case study at an academic hospital where workers created and institutionalized a system to support and disseminate user innovations developed by nurses. They proactively created a network with makerspace facilities, without being asked or instructed to do so. These workers fulfilled a disseminator role: they continued to develop user innovations to make adoption easy, explored commercial pathways, mobilized peer demand, and created favorable project conditions. Interestingly, the diffusion system was institutionalized by job crafting, securing budgets, embedding diffusion activities in the organization chart, and developing strategic relationships. Disseminators were motivated by self-actualization, enjoyment, reputation advancement, and altruism towards the nursing community; they strived to become ‘heroes of diffusion’. We conclude that a disseminator role in-between user innovators, and peer adopters and commercial producers, represents an alternative mechanism for user innovations to spread widely, and opens opportunities for new research. 相似文献
6.
Consumers innovate usually for non-commercial motives. They generally lack incentives to diffuse, and this is expected to hamper first adoption – even if consumer innovations are valuable to many other people. We confirm this market failure with survey data of 164 German consumer innovators. First adoption by others is unrelated with general use value, unless the innovator is highly willing to commercialize. Next, as classical diffusion theory does not explain when consumer innovations become available to others, we propose an individual-object-process (I-O-P) framework to study factors alleviating the market failure. The viability of the framework is explored by studying the moderating role of entrepreneurial experience (I), product newness (O) and community engagement during the innovation process (P). First adoption of generally valuable consumer innovations is enhanced when a community was involved. We also find tentative evidence for a moderating role of entrepreneurial experience and product newness. 相似文献
7.
《Research Policy》2023,52(7):104809
The localization effect of cumulative innovation was strengthening in the past few decades, a puzzling trend given the decreasing cost of knowledge transmission. To unravel this puzzle, we attend to patent regime and propose a legal perspective. We illustrate with a stylized model that a pro-patent regime re-distributes profits from later innovators to initial patent owners, which discourages distant followers with higher learning and licensing costs and therefore leads to stronger localization of cumulative innovation. We test the model predictions by exploiting an unexpected pro-patent regime change—the creation of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. We find that follow-on innovations became more localized after patents were strengthened in litigation, especially in regions that experienced a greater increase in patent enforceability. A series of robustness tests and cross-sectional analyses strongly support this finding. Interestingly, we find that scientific knowledge diffusion, which was unaffected by patent regime, became less localized during the same period. Our paper shows that patent regime can shape the geography of cumulative innovation, which has profound implications for firm strategies and policymaking. 相似文献
8.
Lars Bo Jeppesen 《Research Policy》2021,50(8):104288
In this article, I explore innovation and diffusion from social movements as part of the phenomenon of free innovation in households. The article contributes to the literature on household innovation by illustrating how social movement motivations may differ from motivations examined in prior studies focused on self-rewards, as well as examining the implications for free innovations and diffusion patterns in this setting. Social movement innovators are typically motivated by a common cause (such as a quest for a new life order and societal change) and create innovations that address a cause and “system change” rather than individual goals. I identify and define three types of social movement innovation: behavioral, product, and symbolic innovation. The common-cause motivation also creates a new form of diffusion problem that can only be solved through the spread and consumption of new products, behaviors, or techniques by a sufficiently large crowd. Common-cause motivations should thus encourage innovation diffusion, thereby reducing the risk of the diffusion-failure problem usually observed in household innovation research. 相似文献
9.
This paper examines interdependencies between firms’ activities in the realms of open science and commercial product development. We present a theoretical framework that outlines when a firm’s involvement in academic communities enhances its innovative performance in terms of new products in development. We argue that the disclosure of more, valuable R&D work in quality scholarly publications and collaborations with academic partners positively affect firm innovation. We further hypothesize a differential effect of adopting open science strategies on the innovation type, being more pronounced for radical innovations than for incremental innovations. We empirically analyze a unique panel dataset containing information on the product innovation performance and R&D activities of 160 UK therapeutic biotechnology firms over the period 1998- 2009. Our results from count data models on the number of new products in development provide empirical support for our hypotheses. 相似文献
10.
Beyond formal R&D: Taking advantage of other sources of innovation in low- and medium-technology industries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study deepens our knowledge of critical success factors in the innovation process of low- and medium-technology (LMT) industries. To accomplish this, it explores how the innovation process in LMT firms may depend on non-formal R&D activities and the use of external sources. The empirical analysis is based on a representative panel of Spanish manufacturing firms. The results strongly support the view that non-R&D activities such as design, the use of advanced machinery and training are crucial to understanding the innovation process of any firm. The study finds, however, that the impact of these activities is especially important in LMT industries, particularly for the achievement of product innovations. The empirical evidence also reveals the importance of external sources such as the use of consultants, the hiring of personnel, collaboration agreements and external R&D, with the greatest differences between LMT and high-technology (HT) firms being observed in process innovations. 相似文献
11.
In the past few decades, much research has documented the importance of users as sources of innovations. Over the last 10 years, Research Policy alone has published 56 research articles investigating this phenomenon. We ask to what degree the findings of users as innovators have been absorbed by decision-makers responsible for new product development (managers) and by those who shape the contextual conditions for innovation (policy makers and public administration). A realistic perception of the sources of innovation is important as it constitutes the basis for a rational allocation of resources and thus indirectly impacts the innovation performance of companies and societies at large.In a large-scale survey of n?=?1500 decision-makers, we found support for a substantial underestimation of users as a source of innovation: While the true proportion of user innovation among the most valuable 1678 innovations in nine industries is 54.4% (as established in existing research articles), decision-makers estimate it to be 21.7%. A content analysis of transfer media (450 academic textbooks, popular innovation books, and business articles) underscores this theory-practice gap: Of 3469 text paragraphs dealing with the sources of innovation, only 2.7% mention users as innovators. We develop six propositions on the reasons for and consequences of this underestimation that may serve as a starting point for future research and practical consequences. 相似文献
12.
我国进入经济转型机遇期以来,一种新兴的互联网金融模式—众筹,给初创企业及个人创业者提供了全新的营销方式和筹资渠道。众筹融资绩效不仅是创新项目发起人关注的核心问题,也是众筹平台兴衰的决定因素。本文基于创新扩散理论,对众筹项目特征进行理论抽象,构建创新项目融资绩效的影响机制模型,实证分析相对优势、兼容性和可观察性创新特征对众筹项目融资绩效的影响,并探讨项目状态和发起人信息披露在此影响机制中的调节效应。研究结果表明：众筹项目的相对优势和兼容性特征均正向影响众筹项目融资绩效;项目状态和发起人信息披露均正向调节相对优势与项目融资绩效的关系,而负向调节可观察性与项目融资绩效的关系;仅发起人信息披露负向调节兼容性与项目融资绩效的关系。 相似文献
13.
集群知识创新平台的职能影响着集群企业创新,集群知识创新平台的集群意识、道德责任、知识共享对集群企业创新有正向影响,集群知识创新平台通过提高集群知识共享、集群意识、道德责任和宣传活动,来促进集群企业更好认知集群知识创新平台的价值并且参与知识创新活动,同时集群企业也可以通过关注和引导集群知识创新平台的发展增强集群的竞争力。 相似文献
14.
专利合作和专利引用作为重要的知识流动途径,可以帮助创新主体获取外部知识,降低自身创新的投入和风险,对创新活动具有重要意义。本文以16个创新型国家在1981-2007年专利活动为实证对象,通过负二项式模型,在国家层面研究基于国际专利合作和国外专利引用的知识流动对创新绩效的影响,以及吸收能力对各国将外部知识转换为自身产出的影响,实证结果显示,专利合作对创新数量和质量均具有显著促进作用,专利引用对创新数量无显著影响,但对创新质量具有促进作用,吸收能力对创新数量和质量均具有促进作用。 相似文献
15.
In this work we exploit a long-in-time panel of Spanish manufacturing firms observed during the period 1990–2012 to examine the long-run contribution of innovation persistence to sales growth and market share dynamics. We examine two main research questions. First, do persistent innovators grow more than other firms? Second, do persistent innovators show more persistent growth patterns over time compared to other firms? We find negative answers to both questions: firms that persistently innovate over the first decade, do not grow more and do not display more persistent growth dynamics in the succeeding years, regardless of whether innovation persistence is defined in terms of R&D, patenting activity, or product or process innovation. These findings lend support to luck and random theories of firm growth, in turn challenging innovation persistence theories commonly suggesting that persistent innovators enjoy large and sustained comparative advantages. 相似文献
16.
Considering users as innovators has gained considerable support over the past 30 years. Eric von Hippel’s work in this area forms a significant part of the theoretical underpinning and evidence behind this concept. Many further studies have been undertaken to support it. It has contributed to our understanding of innovation management in general and new product development in particular. Even so, Lüthje and Herstatt emphasise that empirical findings are scarce and that the most radical innovations of the last 35 years were not developed by users. Thus, in this paper we critically review the lead-user theory and focus on three specific areas of weakness of the lead-user concept (conceptual, methodological, empirical), and argue that improvement in these areas would considerably strengthen its standing. We conclude that although lead users can contribute to the innovation process, this contribution should not be overstated, and that insufficient attention has been paid to the limitations of this theory. 相似文献
17.
How communities support innovative activities: an exploration of assistance and sharing among end-users 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This study contributes to our understanding of the innovation process by bringing attention to and investigating the process by which innovators outside of firms obtain innovation-related resources and assistance. This study is the first to explicitly examine how user-innovators gather the information and assistance they need to develop their ideas and how they share and diffuse the resulting innovations. Specifically, this exploratory study analyzes the context within which individuals who belong to voluntary special-interest communities develop sports-related consumer product innovations. We find that these individuals often prototype novel sports-related products and that they receive assistance in developing their innovations from fellow community members. We find that innovation-related information and assistance, as well as the innovations themselves, are freely shared within these communities. The nature of these voluntary communities, and the “institutional” structure supporting innovation and free sharing of innovations is likely to be of interest to innovation researchers and managers both within and beyond this product arena. 相似文献
18.
众创空间是一种新型的创新创业孵化模式。高校众创空间对提升学生创新创业能力,提高就业竞争力和创业成功率,推动地方经济产业转型升级具有重要的意义。探讨将高校众创空间的功能定位为非盈利性的服务平台、人才培养的试验园区、开放式的资源集聚地、知识产权和技术转移中心,并从管理团队、管理制度、进退机制、运营支持等方面设计运行机制,从建设理念、虚实平台、师资队伍、文化活动等采取相应的策略,推动向GIS（群体创新空间）、“前孵化器”、PNP创业孵化器发展。 相似文献
19.
In this paper we report upon a first empirical exploration of the relative efficiency of innovation development by product users vs. product producers. In a study of over 50 years of product innovation in the whitewater kayaking field, we find users in aggregate were approximately 3× more efficient at developing important kayaking product innovations than were producers in aggregate. We speculate that this result is driven by what we term “efficiencies of scope” in problem-solving. These can favor an aggregation of many user innovators, each spending a little, over fewer producer innovators benefitting from higher economies of scale in product development. We also note that the present study explores only one initial point on what is likely to be a complex efficiency landscape. 相似文献
20.
《Research Policy》2023,52(6):104781
Platform sponsors strive to govern their platform ecosystem to be generative in supplying complementary products abreast of adoption targets. A more comprehensive pool of adopters requires high value creation capacity. Leveraging the opening of borders to complementors for competing in adoption could be a winning strategy when fostering generativity. Seldom has this view been studied empirically; therefore, the present study examines the effects of supply-side openness on platform adoption and investigates generativity's role between them as a mediator. Moreover, the study explores the heterogeneity between early and late adopters in generativity's influence. We also analyze generativity in mediating the effect of openness by the moderating influence of technological complexity. Consequently, a moderated mediation analysis is employed on panel data of 8960 video games in six platforms and three regions. Results show that platforms' openness propels their adoption, and generativity mediates this effect. Specifically, this study clarifies the idea that supply-side openness, the proliferation of more open innovation strategies, enhances platforms' value generation capacity, and both enhance platform adoption. Findings also indicate that platforms' technological complexity positively moderates the mediation role of generativity, revealing that in more complex platforms, openness increases generativity more intensely. 相似文献