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1.
Jason Owen-Smith 《Research Policy》2003,32(9):1695-1711
We extend debates about the sources of university capabilities at research commercialization. Drawing upon quantitative data for a panel of 89 research-intensive US universities and interview data from two academic licensing offices, we model the relationship between technology transfer experience, embeddedness in biotechnology industry networks, basic science quality and capacity, and citation impact measures of university life science patents. Technology licensing officers draw upon the expertise of corporate partners to evaluate the potential impact of invention disclosures. The information gleaned through network ties to industry enables well-connected institutions to develop higher impact patent portfolios. Reaping the benefits of such connections, however, requires experience in balancing academic and corporate priorities to avoid the danger of ‘capture’ by industrial interests as overly tight connections limit patent impact. This pattern of diminishing returns to connectivity is robust across multiple citation measures of patent quality. 相似文献
2.
高校科研人员专利行为对学术影响力的实证研究 《科学学研究》2021,39(9):1621-1631
当前我国高校科研人员的专利行为快速增长,如何有效平衡学术研究的公共属性和专利行为的私权属性是高校面临的重要问题。以2008-2017年112所“211”高校及省部级共建高校多专业科研人员的专利行为和学术影响力相关数据构建研究数据库,综合运用负二项回归和二元Logistics回归,实证分析高校科研人员专利行为在“申请-授权”和“授权-交易”两阶段特征对其学术影响力的影响效应。研究表明：高校科研人员的专利申请数量与学术影响力之间存在显著的倒U型关系,随着专利申请数的增加,学术影响力受到的正向影响会增加,当专利申请数达到年均35项左右时,出现负向影响;当高校科研人员采用独占许可进行专利交易时,学术影响力会受到显著的抑制效应。为我国高校专利的全过程管理和相关政策制定提供了参考依据。 相似文献
3.
《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104598
The licensing of university technologies to private firms has become an important part of the technology transfer mission of many universities. An inherent challenge for the technology licensing of universities is that potential licensees find it difficult to judge the early stage technologies and their ultimate commercial value. We reason that patent litigation against universities can have unintended signaling effects about the commercial value of its technologies and results in increased licensing income for the university. We ground this hypothesis in theory integrating signaling mechanisms from patent enforcement research into theoretical models explaining university technology licensing. Within our logic, the public and costly nature of patent litigation against universities creates strong, credible signals to potential licensees about the technologies of a university even if the signal was not created for that specific purpose. We isolate the signaling mechanism that is central to our theorizing by exploring two moderation factors that reveal additional information to potential licensees, i.e. the licensing track-record of the university and whether the lawsuit involves private firms as co-defendants. We test our theory with a unique dataset of 157 US universities and the 1408 patent infringement cases in which they were involved as defendants over the period 2005–2016. Results show that defending against claims of patent infringement enhances technology licensing revenues, particularly when universities are already adept at licensing technology and when they are co-defendants with private firms. 相似文献
4.
高校专利运营是一个包括发明创造、价值增值和价值实现三个主要环节的复杂动态过程。以美国高校为样本,基于动态系统视角分析发明人专利收益分配比例对高校专利运营不同环节的影响,并针对发明人专利收入与科研经费支出对高校专利运营的影响差异进行比较分析。研究发现：近70%的样本高校中发明人专利收入与发明披露量之间不存在显著的相关性;而在发明人专利收入与发明披露量显著相关的高校中,发明人专利收益比例对高校专利运营的发明创造环节作用明显,对价值增值环节作用因样本而异,但对价值实现环节的影响微乎其微;同时,当专利收益分配基数与科研经费支出之间相差悬殊时,与通过提高发明人收益比例增加发明人专利收入相比,同比增加科研经费支出对专利运营各环节的影响更大。一刀切式地提高发明人收益比例对高校专利运营的促进作用十分有限。据此提出,高校应细化发明人收益分配方案,并综合运用多种激励方式,发挥政策协同作用。 相似文献
5.
Scientific breakthroughs coming from universities can contribute to the emergence of new industries, such as in the case of biotechnology. Obviously, not all research conducted in universities leads to a radical change from existing technological trajectories. Patents and patent dynamics have long been recognized as critical in understanding the emergence of new technologies and industries. Specifically, patent citations provide insight into the originality of a discovery that has received patent protection. Yet while a large body of literature addresses the impact of patent originality on various firm performance measures, we address the question of what conditions drive patent originality in the process of knowledge creation within the university. Using data on patented cancer research, we examine how research context – as reflected by the funding source for each scientist – is associated with patent originality. We find that when university scientists are partly funded by their own university, they have a higher propensity to generate more original patents. By contrast, university scientists funded either by industry or other non-university organizations have a lower propensity to generate more original patents. The significance of our findings in the cancer research setting call for further research on this question in other research fields. 相似文献
6.
Matthew Rafferty 《Research Policy》2008,37(1):29-40
This paper examines the relationship between university research and development (R&D) activities and the Bayh-Dole Act. This act made it much easier for universities to obtain patents from research funded by the federal government and may have provided universities with an incentive to alter their R&D activities. The Act may provide an incentive to reduce basic research (which does not generate licensing fees) and increase applied research (which does generate patents and licensing fees). In addition, industry might be more willing to fund university R&D projects since the results would now be easier to patent. This paper differs from the existing literature which uses patent data (a measure of research output) by using research and development data (a measure of inventive input) to examine the effect of the Act. 相似文献
7.
The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical test of the commercialization route chosen by university scientists funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the NIH and how their chosen commercialization path is influenced by whether or not the university technology transfer office is involved. In particular, the paper identifies two routes for scientific commercialization. Scientists who select the TTO route by commercializing their research through assigning all patents to their university TTO account for 70% of NCI patenting scientists. Scientists who choose the backdoor route to commercialize their research, in that they do not assign patents to their university TTO, comprise 30% of patenting NCI scientists. The findings show a clear link between the commercialization mode and the commercialization route. Scientists choosing the backdoor route for commercialization, by not assigning patents to their university to commercialize research, tend to rely on the commercialization mode of starting a new firm. By contrast, scientists who select the TTO route by assigning their patents to the university tend to rely on the commercialization mode of licensing. 相似文献
8.
As university involvement in technology transfer and entrepreneurship has increased, concerns over the patenting and licensing of scientific discoveries have grown. This paper examines the effect that the licensing of academic patents has on journal citations to academic publications covering the same scientific research. We analyze data on invention disclosures, patents, and licenses from the University of California, a leading U.S. academic patenter and licensor, between 1997 and 2007. We also develop a novel “inventor-based” maximum-likelihood matching technique to automate and generalize Murray's (2002) “patent-paper pairs” methodology. We use this methodology to identify the scientific publications associated with University of California patents and licenses.Based on a “difference-in-differences” analysis, we find that within our sample of patented academic discoveries, citations to licensed patent-linked publications are higher in the three years after the license, although this difference is not statistically significant. We then disaggregate our sample into (a) patented discoveries that are likely to be used as “research tools” by other researchers (based on the presence of material transfer agreements (MTAs) that cover them) and (b) patented discoveries not covered by MTAs. Citations to publications linked to licensed patents in the latter subset (not covered by MTAs) are higher for publications linked to licensed patents, and this difference is statistically significant. In contrast, licensing of patented discoveries that are also research tools is associated with a reduction in citations to papers linked to these research advances, raising the possibility that licensing may restrict the flow of inputs to “follow-on” scientific research. 相似文献
9.
在知识经济的时代,专利权无疑成为企业重要的竞争资源,许多企业积极申请专利保护,期待专利权带来的效益,唯专利权亦需支付昂贵的成本,其是否对企业绩效具有正向影响是值得探讨之问题,过去未曾有系统性的研究,为厘清此一问题,本研究以台湾1000大制造业为研究对象,搜集2004年至2007年公告之专利权数及专利权种类,分析企业所投入之专利权与企业绩效之关系,研究结果显示专利权数与企业绩效之营业收入、税后纯益有显着的正相关且具有递延效果,其中发明专利与企业绩效之影响大于新型、新式样专利,此现象值得台湾制造业省思。 相似文献
10.
This paper examined the relationship between organizational ambidexterity and research commercialization in universities. The paper develops two types of organizational ambidexterity: structural ambidexterity and contextual ambidexterity that influence research commercialization. Through a dataset of 474 academic patent inventors in Taiwan, the results revealed structural and contextual ambidexterity factors are patenting-, licensing- and start-up-specific. Despite both types of ambidexterity are complementary in patenting and licensing, contextual ambidexterity outperform structural ambidexterity in fostering university start-up equity participation. To promote academic research commercialization, it is necessary to build up a university as a dual structural organization that allows pursuing research excellence and research commercialization at the same time. 相似文献
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12.
本文使用2008—2017年中国制造业上市企业专利许可数据,采用倾向值得分匹配倍差法考察了企业专利技术对外许可行为与自身创新能力发展的关系。研究发现：总体而言,中国制造业上市企业专利技术对外许可行为存在显著的自选择效应,创新能力越强的企业选择对外许可其专利使用权的可能性越大;控制自选择效应后,企业专利对外许可行为对自身创新能力的发展有长期促进作用。对不同技术类型企业研究发现,高、低技术产业企业的专利许可行为对其自身创新能力提升分别有长、短期促进作用,中技术产业企业的许可行为对企业创新能力发展则无显著影响。 相似文献
13.
[目的/意义]研发商业化机会(R&BD)是指通过整合市场和创新来开发技术以创造有价值技术的过程,基于商标和专利的不同映射情景识别不同的R&BD机会并制定不同的策略,不仅使商标这一重要的知识产权战略得以充分应用,而且可以为不同情景下的R&BD机会制定具有针对性的策略。[方法/过程]为了降低技术商业化的失败率,提出一个以商标和专利数据为依据,利用文本挖掘技术识别商标和专利空白,使用文本相似度算法和逆映射寻找商标和专利的对应关系,结合情景分析法分情景识别潜在R&BD机会的研究框架。以远程医疗领域商标和专利作为分析对象,预测该领域的潜在R&BD机会。[结果/结论]实证结果表明:所选技术领域共发现29个潜在的商标空白点,通过商标和专利的逆映射确定了11个商标空白点与现有专利对应,同时确定了24个具有商业化潜力的现有专利技术,通过LDA主题模型以及人工分析进行主题概括,可以发现该情景下远程医疗领域潜在的R&BD机会主要集中在4个方面;确定了7个商标空白点与3个专利空白点对应,该情景下归纳出3个潜在R&BD机会;确定了11个商标空白点与现有专利和专利空白点均无对应,该情景在现阶段无数据支撑,无法做具体研究。 相似文献
14.
《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104600
Innovative industries need efficient markets for technology (MFTs). One determinant of MFT efficiency neglected until now is licensing level—that is, the level in the value chain where patents are licensed. Patents may be licensed upstream, to firms that put the patented knowledge into practice. I refer to this as integrated licensing. Alternatively, patents may be licensed further downstream in the value chain, in particular to makers of final devices. I call this bifurcated licensing since it separates intellectual property rights from the technical knowledge they cover. I study the licensing level of essential patents on communication standards such as LTE and Wi-Fi in relation to the Internet of Things (IoT). The choice of licensing level in this context is currently a hotly debated topic. To show how bifurcated licensing affects MFT efficiency, I present empirical evidence from a qualitative study comprising interviews with 30 individuals from 22 diverse firms, focusing on startups. IoT device makers clearly find the uncertainty regarding infringement, patent validity, and the licensing process hinders efficient licensing, which is compounded by the large number of IoT device makers and, for SMEs and startups, by resource constraints. As a theory contribution, I show that a patent's licensing level need not correspond with the implementation level of the patented knowledge—in other words, licensing may be bifurcated rather than integrated. I develop a model of how licensing level affects MFT efficiency. Implications for practice are that device-level licensing of standard-essential patents (SEPs), if broadly implemented, would have a negative effect on innovation and entrepreneurship in the IoT. Policymakers should ensure that SEP licensing is simplified. 相似文献
15.
基于我国高校已转移的发明专利,筛选出与本研究直接相关的17500条数据,这些发明专利作为高校技术转移活动中专利技术的载体,是分析高校专利技术转移产出的直接数据来源。以知识转移理论为基础,从转移方、接收方、技术知识特性及技术转移路径四个层面对绩效指标体系进行构建,弥补了现有指标中收益指标过多,评价指标不易获取且分散,实证操作困难等不足。同时应用该指标体系,对我国238所高校专利技术转移绩效进行了综合评价,上海交通大学,清华大学,东南大学位于第一梯队,哈尔滨工业大学、江南大学等高校位于第二梯队,重庆大学、武汉大学等高校位于第三梯队,属于同一梯队的高校,虽综合得分相近,但其绩效表现形式并不相同。 相似文献
16.
Reconsidering the Bayh-Dole Act and the Current University Invention Ownership Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 provided U.S. universities with the right to commercialize employees’ inventions made while engaged in government-funded research. This paper argues that the current university invention ownership model, in which universities maintain de jure ownership of inventions, is not optimal either in terms of economic efficiency or for advancing the social interest of rapidly commercializing technology and encouraging entrepreneurship. We argue that this model is plagued by ineffective incentives, information asymmetries, and contradictory motivations for the university, the inventors, potential licensees, and university technology licensing offices (TLOs). These structural uncertainties can lead to delays in licensing, misaligned incentives among parties, and obstacles to the flow of scientific information and the materials necessary for scientific progress. The institutional arrangements within which TLOs are embedded have encouraged some of them to become revenue maximizers, rather than facilitators of technology dissemination for the good of the entire society.We suggest two alternative invention commercialization models as superior alternatives. The first alternative is to vest ownership with the inventor, who could choose the commercialization path for the invention. For this privilege the inventor would provide the university an ownership stake in any returns to the invention. The inventor would be free to contract with the university TLO or any other entity that might assist in commercialization. The second alternative is to make all inventions immediately publicly available through a public domain strategy or, through a requirement that all inventions be licensed non-exclusively. Both alternatives would address the current dysfunctional arrangements in university technology commercialization. 相似文献
17.
We examine patent licensing business models of non-practicing entities that generate revenue by selling, licensing, or litigating patents. They may also pursue R&D activities, invent new technologies, or provide services to inventors or product companies. We describe their business models and patent market behavior and then compare their litigation strategies against product companies using a matched sample of highly comparable patents. The main differences among patent licensing firms stem from their technological capabilities, patent portfolio sizes, and external relationships. We find that licensing firms with technological capabilities often pursue litigation until decision and engage in forum shopping. In contrast, litigation incidence, parties involved, and outcomes are primarily determined by patent characteristics, not entity types. Licensing business models drive the acquisition of certain types of patents that influence the outcomes of the patent system. We argue that patent policy should strengthen mechanisms to discover invention quality rather than focus on the amount of litigation or types of entities. 相似文献
18.
美国拜杜法案激活了大学科研及其成果商业化的发展,美国大学技术转移率以及收益都位居世界前列。其中,美国大学科技经理人协会发挥了重要作用。通过研究分析该协会的运行模式,以期为反思和改善大学技术转移工作提供启示。 相似文献
19.
从专利交易情景的角度出发,分析专利价值的影响因素,对提升专利交易市场的效率和活性具有积极的现实意义。文章以2009-2016年江苏省技术交易合同整理获得的463份专利交易合同为基础,运用统计软件对手工搜集到的491条专利样本数据对专利价值的影响因素进行实证分析,结果表明,高校专利的价值显著低于企业专利的价值,且依据专利权人类型的不同,专利属性对专利价值的影响存在差异性。专利国际分类数和专利维持时间对高校专利价值具有显著正向影响,而企业专利价值受专利权利要求数的影响较为显著。此外,交易合同中的附条件支付条款可以显著增加高校专利的价值,但对企业专利价值的影响并不显著。 相似文献
20.
The value of patented innovations has attracted substantial research attention, especially in the context of patent renewal. However, research often assumes that a firm's patented innovations are independent from each other. We draw upon evolutionary economics and suggest that some of a firm's patents share important genealogical relationships, which we refer to as internal sequential innovations. We propose internal sequential innovations are more valuable and therefore more likely to be renewed than stand-alone innovations. We examine our hypotheses from a dataset of US pharmaceutical and biotechnology patents. The results confirm our hypotheses at both the patent and the firm levels. 相似文献