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1.
研究宗族组织的治理过程,可以增进对传统社会地方治理性质的理解。从明后期到清代,宗族在地方上发挥显著的治理作用,特别是在赋役治理过程中。大量文献阅释了这一历史过程,然而,既有的研究在有关宗族的性质以及宗族在治理过程中的意义方面存在分歧,特别是宗族是自发演化的血缘团体还是人为构建的宗法制,还有争议。为弥补相关研究的不足,有必要从明清赋役变革这一背景探讨宗族角色的转变及其发挥治理作用背后的激励约束机制,进一步探讨宗族性质以及宗族在地方社会治理过程中的意义。利用《徽州千年契约文书》所载资料考察相关主体对财产占有关系的认识以及赋役负担方式的看法,并从制度施行的视角探讨宗族宗法社会中财产占有的边界、赋役承担的原则、契约实施的效力,结果显示不仅仅是血缘,宗法观念认同在宗族治理过程中也发挥了重要的作用。由此,房长、绅士等群体作为皇权的代言人主导地方治理,宗法财产权制度强化,公共事务合作受限于宗法关系约束。  相似文献   

2.
会计契约的监督与控制交易的安全包括交易前的信号显示与信息交流机制,交易过程中的行为监督与控制,以及交易结果的司法强制补救三个环节,通过对企业基本交易活动的规制,保障企业契约机制的正常运行,从而促进社会经济的持续增长。  相似文献   

3.
通过清至民国时期徽州宗族在祀产管理中产生的契约文书发现:由于血缘关系的影响,宗族的祀产管理往往无法达到既定的经济目标;反之,由于经济利益的渗透,宗族的祭祀活动不可避免的掺杂着功利色彩。  相似文献   

4.
通过清至民国时期徽州宗族在祀产管理中产生的契约文书发现:由于血缘关系的影响,宗族的祀产管理往往无法达到既定的经济目标;反之,由于经济利益的渗透,宗族的祭祀活动不可避免的掺杂着功利色彩。  相似文献   

5.
邯郸学院收藏的太行山文书中,涉县连泉村抗日战争时期的契约文书约有14件,虽然数量偏少,但种类多样.其中8件物产典当与买卖契约文书显示出典卖的物产以土地为主,其次是房产,但交易的数量普遍较少,典卖价格可能由土地贫瘠和收成情况决定,且主要以粮食为交换物;6件家产分单,分三次订立,多次析产说明原来的共有财产并未彻底分清,这样可以避免分家后的家道中落.契约订立的参与者基本都是同村村民,且物产交易双方以异姓为主,体现出土地买卖较为自由,并未受到宗法关系等的束缚和限制.而中人的承担者中会有立契者的亲族,特别是反映在过继文书中.此外,这批契约文书也显示出刘氏和赵氏两个家族的不同发展轨迹.  相似文献   

6.
在规模扩张之后,大学当前最重要的使命是提升高等教育教学质量。质量的提升无论对于哪类参与主体都意味着"利益",人们也正是为了各自的利益而走进大学,这样大学本质上就是利益相关者组成的"契约网"。大学与政府之间的关系、大学与教师之间的关系、大学与学生之间的关系是这一契约网中最为核心的三对关系。教育教学作为一种契约行为和交易活动主要表现为交易是以知识为核心的,交易过程具有自主性与间接性的特点,交易方式具有联合性与非排他性的特点,交易责任主体具有多元化的特点。从契约的视角看,优化教育教学质量的办法主要有防范大学法人的双界性,提高学生的维权意识,加强问责机制,提高教师待遇和实施平衡激励等。  相似文献   

7.
当乡村作为革命的嚆矢时,宗族被视为革命的羁绊而成为打击对象。在其后苏区的社会整合中,中共力图通过基层政权建设使宗族走向国家。然而考察苏区整个历史变迁过程,农民的宗族意识并没有完全消除,宗族势力还时隐时现,且在苏区沦陷后很快又得以恢复。通过对宗族改造的考察,我们发现,在社会变迁过程中,产生于自然经济基础之上的文化传统、意识形态等非正式制度具有巨大的弹性,要消弭其对社会发展的消极影响,需要一个长期的、连续的冲击。  相似文献   

8.
清代中叶闽东畲族地区经济交易活跃,而“中人”在乡村经济中扮演着重要角色,在契约订立、交易担保、买卖纠纷等环节中发挥了关键作用。通过对闽东地区“中人”报酬的考察,可知“中人”酬谢类型呈现单一性的特点,绝大多数以银两酬谢为主。结合相关契约文书进一步分析,“中人”报酬支付方并非一成不变,而是受多因素影响的。此外,闽东地区“中人”酬谢比重以3%为主,占比在1%~10%之间浮动。通过对罗源、屏南、古田三地进行具体分析,发现宗族伦理道义及地区商业经济是影响报酬比重的关键因素。  相似文献   

9.
徽州税文化是徽文化的重要组成部分。徽州赋役文书体现了古代徽州乡民对自己税收责任的认知和纳税意识的自觉。徽州乡民注重通过契约明确纳税人的税负转移,界定纳税责任;注重利用宗族亲谊在税赋征管过程中发挥作用,化解纳税矛盾。在税粮征纳过程中,地方精英往往起表率作用,采取积极的护税、协税行动。  相似文献   

10.
徽州契约文书是记录宋以来徽州地区百姓各种交易的文书档案,具有十分珍贵的学术价值。而徽州契约文书的基础研究仍然十分薄弱,尤其徽州契约文书文本的主要特征,学界较少关注。徽州契约文书文本的主要特征主要体现为:含有纷繁的俗写讹字、含有大量徽州方言口语词、行文中文字多省略、含有诸多特殊的书写格式等。了解徽州契约文书文本的主要特征,有助于提高徽州及其他地方契约文书整理和相关研究的质量。  相似文献   

11.
The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.  相似文献   

12.
风的曲线     
Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.  相似文献   

13.
Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.  相似文献   

14.
《海外英语》2007,(5):44-45
It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,  相似文献   

15.
Different nations have different social cultures, and the social culture of every nation is developing with the development of the nation, language is greatly influenced by social culture, which enables language to possess national and historical characteristics. Word is the smallest, independent, meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can well reflect the national and historical characteristics. From synchronic aspect, the social and cultural influence on word meaning is mainly embodied in conceptual and associative meanings of word. The incorrespondence of word meaning is a phenomenon that exists in both conceptual and associative meanings of word among different languages. From diachronic aspect, the development of social culture causes some changes of word meaning to some extent. Therefore, social culture plays a key role in vocabulary learning and mastery of a language.  相似文献   

16.
汉字倒说     
汉字的六书,《说文》对“转注”一类,语焉不详。后世学者提及转注,也仅限于许慎所举出的例字。《汉字例说》一文,作者从转注的角度综合考虑,对部分现代常用字作了分析,跟传统的解释有所不同。希望能抛砖引玉,互相切磋,以推进学术研究。  相似文献   

17.
《海外英语》2007,(4):36
There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.  相似文献   

18.
19.
王菲 《华章》2007,(12):273-273
Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.  相似文献   

20.
This paper looks at the way drama works to bring a model of an arts curriculum into reality. He also shows how drama is valuable when discussed as a separate, autonomous subject in the school curriculum as opposed to one subsumed within English. He argues for a view of the arts and gives an example of a sequence of work in an English GCSE class based around Arthur Miller's play View from the Bridge. From this he draws out several strands about the relationship of the drama curriculum to the individual students and teachers, the school, and to culture. He also emphasises the primacy of performance in drama education.  相似文献   

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