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This special issue consists of six theoretical papers and an introduction. Each paper describes a current advance to the applications
and focus of cognitive load theory (CLT). Four of the papers use an interdisciplinary approach outside of educational psychology
by combining CLT with elements of evolutionary biology, mirror neuron research, cognitive brain science, and the philosophy
of science. The remaining two papers use an intradisciplinary approach within educational psychology by applying CLT to self-regulation
and heuristic learning. This paper introduces CLT, overviews each contribution, and summarizes the main themes. 相似文献
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Cognitive Load Theory and Complex Learning: Recent Developments and Future Directions 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
Traditionally, Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) has focused on instructional methods to decrease extraneous cognitive load so that available cognitive resources can be fully devoted to learning. This article strengthens the cognitive base of CLT by linking cognitive processes to the processes used by biological evolution. The article discusses recent developments in CLT related to the current view in instructional design that real-life tasks should be the driving force for complex learning. First, the complexity, or intrinsic cognitive load, of such tasks is often high so that new methods are needed to manage cognitive load. Second, complex learning is a lengthy process requiring learners motivational states and levels of expertise development to be taken into account. Third, this perspective requires more advanced methods to measure expertise and cognitive load so that instruction can be flexibly adapted to individual learners needs. Experimental studies are reviewed to illustrate these recent developments. Guidelines for future research are provided. 相似文献
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Jens F. Beckmann 《Learning and Instruction》2010,20(3):250-264
Research on cognitive load theory (CLT) has not yet provided facet-specific measures of cognitive load. The lack of valid methods to measure intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load makes it difficult to empirically test theoretical explanations of effects caused by manipulations of instructional designs. This situation also imposes challenges to testing CLT as a theory. This paper critically reflects the conceptualisation of CLT's core concept and the implications for its operationalisation. In order to address some of the challenges we propose a complexity framework that allows the derivation of a priori estimates of mental load that go beyond CLT's notion of element interactivity. In a study we test hypotheses with regard to effects of the variation of sources for intrinsic cognitive load (increase of complexity within tasks) and the variation of sources for extraneous cognitive load (reduction of extraneous cognitive load between tasks) in three ability groups. Complexity-based estimates prove superior to element interactivity-based estimates of mental load in the prediction of performance outcomes. Results also indicate that individual differences in information-processing capacity determine to what extent complexity is reflected as cognitive load. In this respect the proposed framework extends the focus of CLT beyond the discussion of the role of prior knowledge and acquired levels of expertise. 相似文献
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Tamara van Gog K. Anders Ericsson Remy M. J. P. Rikers Fred Paas 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2005,53(3):73-81
Cognitive load theory (CLT) has been successful in identifying instructional formats that are more effective and efficient
than conventional problem solving in the initial, novice phase of skill acquisition. However, recent findings regarding the
“expertise reversal effect” have begun to stimulate cognitive load theorists to broaden their horizon to the question of how
instructional design should be altered as a learner's knowledge increases. To answer this question, it is important to understand
how expertise is acquired and what fosters its development. Expert performance research, and, in particular, the theoretical
framework of deliberate practice have given us a better understanding of the principles and activities that are essential
in order to excel in a domain. This article explores how these activities and principles can be used to design instructional
formats based on CLT for higher levels of skills mastery. The value of these formats for e-learning environments in which
learning tasks can be adaptively selected on the basis of online assessments of the learner's level of expertise is discussed.
In their preparation of this article, the first and last authors were supported by an Internationalization grant from the
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, The Hague, project number 411-01-010). 相似文献
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Based on a critical re-analysis of cognitive load theory (CLT), Schnotz and Kürschner identified the need for research on more sensitive ways of assessing learner characteristics, both prior to and during instruction, in order to understand learning processes and outcomes. One emergent theme of the papers in this special issue is that the “same” learning environment is differentially demanding and produces different results depending on characteristics of the learners, most importantly their knowledge in the task domain. These findings indicate that to optimize learning outcomes, theories of instructional design and learning need to be more adaptive and reflect the nuances of interactions among learners, tasks, and instructional supports. 相似文献
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Cognitive Load Theory: New Conceptualizations,Specifications, and Integrated Research Perspectives 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Over the last few years, cognitive load theory has progressed and advanced rapidly. The articles in this special issue, which
document those advances, are based on contributions to the 3rd International Cognitive Load Theory Conference (2009), Heerlen,
The Netherlands. The articles of this special issue on cognitive load theory discuss new conceptualizations of the different
categories of cognitive load, an integrated research perspective of process-oriented and cognitive load approaches to collaborative
learning, an integrated research perspective of cognitive and social–cognitive approaches to example-based learning, and a
specification of the theory focusing on the acquisition of generalized knowledge structures as a means to facilitate flexible
problem-solving skills. This article provides a short introduction to the theory, discusses some of its recent advances, and
provides an overview of the contributions to this issue. 相似文献
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According to cognitive load theory (CLT), the limitations of working memory (WM) in the learning of new tasks together with its ability to cooperate with an unlimited long-term memory (LTM) for familiar tasks enable human beings to deal effectively with complex problems and acquire highly complex knowledge and skills. With regard to WM, CLT has focused to a large extent on learning task characteristics, and to a lesser extent on learner characteristics to manage WM load and optimize learning through instructional design. With regard to LTM, explanations of human learning and cognition have mainly focused on domain-general skills, instead of domain-specific knowledge held in LTM. The contributions to this special issue provide a broader cognitive load view on the role of memory in learning and education by presenting the historical roots and conceptual development of the concept of WM, as well as the theoretical and practical implications of current debates about WM mechanisms (Cowan 2014), by presenting an updated model of cognitive load in which the physical learning environment is considered a distinct causal factor for WM load (Choi et al. 2014), by an experimental demonstration of the effects of persistent pain on the available WM resources for learning (Smith and Ayres 2014), and by using aspects of evolutionary educational psychology to argue for the primacy of domain-specific knowledge in human cognition (Tricot and Sweller 2014). 相似文献
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In this paper, two methodological perspectives are used to elaborate on the value of cognitive load theory (CLT) as a scientific
theory. According to the more traditional critical rationalism of Karl Popper, CLT cannot be considered a scientific theory
because some of its fundamental assumptions cannot be tested empirically and are thus not falsifiable. According to the structuralist
view of theories introduced by Joseph D. Sneed, a theory may be considered scientific even if it comprises nontestable fundamental
assumptions. Rather, the scientific value of a theory results from the holistic empirical content of the overall theory net
built around fundamental assumptions and from the successful applications of this theory net to explain and predict empirical
findings. This latter view is helpful to explicate some implicit methodological assumptions of CLT research and to avoid the
potential circularity of CLT’s fundamental assumptions. Additionally, the structuralist view of theories can be directly used
to derive a research agenda for the future development of CLT. 相似文献
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Technology-rich learning environments (TREs) play an increasingly important role for 21st century education, and the emotions learners experience in these environments are pivotal for their cognitive and affective learning gains. The contributors to this special issue address the importance of understanding and measuring emotions in TREs as a mechanism for fostering learning. In particular, the special issue situates this research with a systemic review and meta-analysis of the literature on emotions in TREs. Following this review empirical research is presented on measuring emotions in the context of learning with TREs in multiple domains, including medicine, history, and mathematics. These researchers use concurrent measures to capture students’ cognitive, metacognitive and affective processes before, during, and after solving problems, documenting the complex role of such processes as individuals and groups learn with technology. The special issue concludes with two commentaries that point the way to next steps in this field of research. 相似文献
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Most educational research has focused on understanding learning and development within a particular area of expertise or practice. Yet, people increasingly move between different institutionalized practices such as school, work and family life, but also interact with people from different professions, disciplines and cultures. In this introduction, we discuss how learning can be shaped by movements across boundaries. We describe how boundaries can be crossed by people, objects and interactions and how this can lead to learning in different ways. We explain how the various contributions of the special issue are complementary by studying various forms of learning. As such, the special issue offers an integrative discussion and empirical ground for a learning theory that moves beyond single and singular domains. 相似文献
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朱枫 《成都教育学院学报》2010,24(10):87-90
关于交际教学在我国的适用性问题争论不断。基于对中国知网1994年以来发表在国内部分外语类核心期刊以及其他一些期刊上的主要相关文献的分析,提出认知交际法比较适合我国国情,交际能力的培养是建立在一定的语言文化知识和基本技能训练的基础上,并具体给出了＂知、练、用＂三层次的认知交际教学模式。 相似文献
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Although there is abundant experimental metamemory research on the relation between students’ monitoring, regulation of learning, and learning outcomes, relatively little of this work has influenced educational research and practice. Metamemory research, traditionally based on experimental paradigms from cognitive psychology, can potentially contribute to designing and improving educational interventions that foster self-monitoring and self-regulation in children, adolescents, and young adult learners. We describe the metamemory paradigm, and provide a short overview of the insights it has generated with regard to improving metacognitive skills in these groups of learners. Moreover, we summarize the contributions to this special issue on translating insights from cognitive psychology research on metamemory to educational research and practice, and describe possible themes and directions for future research that could further bridge the gap between fundamental and more applied research on metacognition, so as to design effective educational interventions. 相似文献
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Thomas M. Skovholt Michael Helge Rønnestad Len Jennings 《Educational Psychology Review》1997,9(4):361-369
The expertise literature within cognitive science has provided a rich series of ideas which can be used to improve applied practice. The authors of the articles in this special issue have taken many of these ideas and made useful elaborations and extensions. In reaction to the articles, we suggest five blocks to a full utilization of the expertise literature and other constructs in practitioner development. These blocks are: (a) the need to go beyond the cognitive realm to the working alliance for the fundamental construct in the domain; (b) the need to realize that the novice-to-expert path takes a long time—perhaps 15 years—to travel; (c) the inappropriate use of a short experience differential in comparative studies of novices and experts; (d) the importance of reflection for development; and (e) the need for professors, in order to be experts, to also be practitioners in the domain. 相似文献
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One classical instructional effect of cognitive load theory (CLT) is the worked-example effect. Although the vast majority of studies have focused on well-structured and algorithmic sub-domains of mathematics or physics, more recent studies have also analyzed learning with examples from complex domains in which only heuristic solution strategies can be taught (e.g., troubleshooting, mathematical proving). Is learning by such examples also effective, and do the same instructional design principles apply? We discuss the main findings of an own research program and of related studies that addressed such questions. We found that CLT’s basic design principles also hold true for heuristic domains: Reduce extraneous load by employing examples, maximize germane load by fostering self-explanations, prevent cognitive overload by pretraining in the case of difficult learning materials, and by focusing attention on the most relevant aspects. Other typical CLT assumptions (e.g., better provide information for novice learners) were not confirmed in its generality. The present findings extend the applicability of CLT but also identify some potentially too simplistic assumptions. 相似文献
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Sylvia Rosenfield 《Journal of educational and psychological consultation》2014,24(4):330-339
International educational consultation is challenging work that requires not only attention to best practices in consultation but also additional focus on cultural norms and regularities. In the three articles of this special issue, the consultation competencies of consultants play a critical role, as exemplified by entry issues, problem-solving practices, and relationship development. In addition, the overriding issue of culture and how it impacts consultation requires special attention for the international consultant as consultants attempt to use their expertise in new contexts. 相似文献
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Previous research and development with cognitive tools has been limited by an inadequate conceptualization of the complexity
underlying their nature and affordances for supporting learning and performance. This paper provides a new perspective on
cognitive tools through the lens of the theories of distributed cognition and expertise. The learner, tool, and activity form
a joint learning system, and the expertise in the world should be reflected not only in the tool but also in the learning
activity within which learners make use of the tool. This enhanced perspective is used to clarify the nature of cognitive
tools and distinguish them from other types of computer tools used in learning contexts. We have classified cognitive tools
considering how expertise is classified: domain-independent (general) cognitive tools, domain-generic cognitive tools, and
domain-specific cognitive tools. The implications are presented in reference to research, development, and practice of cognitive
tools. The capabilities of cognitive tools should be differentiated from those of the human, but regarded as part of the system
of expertise. Cognitive tools should be accompanied by appropriate learning activities, and relevant learner performance should
then be assessed in the context of tool use. 相似文献
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The aim of this Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Bridging Cognitive Load and Self-Regulated Learning Research’ is to explore how cognitive load theory, which is particularly relevant for how learners deal with complex information, and self-regulated learning theory, which is particularly relevant for how learners use information to monitor and control their learning, can be combined into one joint research paradigm that is relevant for contemporary and future developments in education. The first two sections introduce cognitive load theory and self-regulated learning theory. The third section discusses the main similarities and differences between the theories, and describes how the cue-utilization framework can be used as the basis for a joint research paradigm. The main idea postulated is that new instructional methods should help learners identify diagnostic cues in available information that provide an accurate indication of where learners stand in relation to criterion task performance. Use of these diagnostic cues when monitoring learning will lead to better regulation of learning activities and of mental resources allocated, and thus to more efficient learning and higher learning outcomes.In the fourth section, the six studies and two commentaries presented in this special issue are positioned within this paradigm. In the fifth and final section, a common research agenda based on the joint CLT-SRL paradigm is sketched and its relevance for future developments is explained. The studies presented in this special issue and the two commentaries, which complete the Special Issue, should be seen as a very first step in executing this research agenda. 相似文献
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《Learning and Instruction》2002,12(1):87-105
Cognitive load theory (CLT) is aimed at developing training material that efficiently makes use of the available cognitive processing capacity and stimulates the learner's ability to use acquired knowledge and skills in new situations. It is claimed that CLT-based training formats meet the cognitive abilities of elderly learners particularly well. That is, cognitive aging brings about several declines of working memory, which impede the acquisition of complex cognitive skills. By making an optimal use of the ‘remaining’ cognitive resources, learning can be enhanced. For that purpose, CLT provides a promising range of training formats that have proven their effectiveness relative to conventional formats in young adults. This article presents an experimental study (N=54) aimed at the efficiency of worked examples as a substitute for conventional practice problems in training both elderly and young adults. According to CLT, studying worked examples is a more efficient means of training complex skills than solving conventional problems. As predicted, the results show that — with respect to the elderly — the efficiency of studying worked examples is higher than the efficiency of solving conventional problems in that less training time and cognitive load leads to a comparable level of performance. 相似文献
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Jean-Franois Rouet 《Learning and Instruction》2009,19(5):445-450
Designers of interactive learning environments face the issue of managing the learner's cognitive load, reducing irrelevant sources while optimizing useful sources of load. I propose a conceptual framework aimed at organizing the contributions of the papers presented in this special issue. The framework identifies three main dimensions, namely individual, task and environment, which may have specific or combined effects on the amount and type of cognitive load experienced during learning activities. I summarize some of the findings presented in the special issue with respect to each of these dimensions. Then I discuss some limitations of the studies and some perspectives for further research in the domain. I emphasize the need to control learners’ level of familiarity with the task setting and environment features, not just their prior knowledge of the content area, in order to obtain reliable assessments of cognitive load and learning outcomes. 相似文献