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1.
《Information processing & management》2005,41(4):859-872
Technical terms and proper names constitute a major problem in dictionary-based cross-language information retrieval (CLIR). However, technical terms and proper names in different languages often share the same Latin or Greek origin, being thus spelling variants of each other. In this paper we present a novel two-step fuzzy translation technique for cross-lingual spelling variants. In the first step, transformation rules are applied to source words to render them more similar to their target language equivalents. The rules are generated automatically using translation dictionaries as source data. In the second step, the intermediate forms obtained in the first step are translated into a target language using fuzzy matching. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated empirically using five source languages and English as a target language. The two-step technique performed better, in some cases considerably better, than fuzzy matching alone. Even using the first step as such showed promising results. 相似文献
2.
根据我国药品管理的有关规定,使用药品名称必须得到国家药监部门的批准,药品名称包括药品的通用名称和药品商品名。我国《药品管理法》与《商标法》都明确规定,药品的通用名称不能作为商标注册,但以药品商品名申请注册商标,不在禁止之列,甚至得到国家药监部门的支持。 相似文献
3.
Ovad Mansur 《Information processing & management》1980,16(3):139-153
Identifying and representing the content of a document was, and still is, one of the main concerns of information retrieval systems. Representation of content is not dependent of the search strategy and other elements of information retrieval systems (IRS) but rather has some relationship with them.In the conventional IRS, each document in the file is characterized by one or more index terms which supposedly describe its content. Those terms are assigned from the natural language or from a pre-prepared list (Thesaurus). Over the years, other means of representing content were suggested. Also, attempts were made to combine several of them assuming independence.This paper discusses the attributes of the items in the data-base and their qualities. It seems that there is no single one which has all the desired qualities.If the attributes are not totally independent neither highly correlated then combining them in a certain way may increase effectiveness. The justification for this comes from the users' information seeking behavior—users are using index terms, author's names, citations, and other attributes in their searches.A model to accomodate the above hypothesis is formulated and the small experiment performed indicates that the hypothesis may be true, and this way of combining might improve effectiveness. 相似文献
4.
M. Prabha V. Ravi N. Ramachandra Swamy 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2013,28(3):283-291
The activity of six hydrolytic enzymes-carboxyl esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and β-hexosaminidase, were studied in different regions of the normal human brain tissue obtained at autopsy. Protein estimation and activities of the hydrolytic enzymes with respective substrates were assayed by spectrophotometric and spectroflourometric methods. Amongst the eight regions of the brain-frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus, the pineal gland showed highest activity for all hydrolytic enzymes studied except for carboxyl esterase. Among six hydrolases studied, hexosaminidase exhibited highest activity in all regions of the human brain while alkaline phosphatase activity was the least amongst all regions studied. A majority of the enzymes studied showed higher activity in gray matter as compared to the white matter except acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase which exhibited higher activity in the white matter. The most significant finding in the present study was the high activity of all hydrolytic enzymes noted in the pineal gland as compared to all other regions of the human brain. Such a finding has not been hitherto reported earlier in human brain tissue samples. If the specific activities of these enzymes are to be considered as any functional index, then pineal gland may be more metabolically active tissue with respect to the hydrolytic function as compared to the other regions of the brain. 相似文献
5.
In previous studies, we have reported first in vivo evidence of copper deposition in the choroid plexus, cognitive impairments, astrocytes swelling (Alzheimer type II cells) and astrogliosis (increase in number of astrocytes), and degenerated neurons coupled with significant increase in the hippocampus copper and zinc content in copper-intoxicated Wistar rats. Nonetheless, hippocampus iron levels were not affected by chronic copper-intoxication. Notwithstanding information on distribution of copper, zinc and iron status in different regions of brain due to chronic copper exposure remains fragmentary. In continuation with our previous study, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneally injected copper lactate (0.15 mg Cu/100 g body weight) daily for 90 days on copper, zinc and iron levels in different regions of the brain using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper-intoxicated group showed significantly increased cortex, cerebellum and striatum copper content (76, 46.8 and 80.7 % increase, respectively) compared to control group. However, non-significant changes were observed for the zinc and iron content in cortex, cerebellum and striatum due to chronic copper exposure. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that chronic copper toxicity causes differential copper buildup in cortex, cerebellum and striatum region of central nervous system of male Wistar rats; signifying the critical requirement to discretely evaluate the effect of copper neurotoxicity in different brain regions, and ensuing neuropathological and cognitive dysfunctions. 相似文献
6.
《Information processing & management》2003,39(3):391-402
We will explore various ways to apply query structuring in cross-language information retrieval. In the first test, English queries were translated into Finnish using an electronic dictionary, and were run in a Finnish newspaper database of 55,000 articles. Queries were structured by combining the Finnish translation equivalents of the same English query key using the syn-operator of the InQuery retrieval system. Structured queries performed markedly better than unstructured queries. Second, the effects of compound-based structuring using a proximity operator for the translation equivalents of query language compound components were tested. The method was not useful in syn-based queries but resulted in decrease in retrieval effectiveness. Proper names are often non-identical spelling variants in different languages. This allows n-gram based translation of names not included in a dictionary. In the third test, a query structuring method where the Boolean and-operator was used to assign more weight to keys translated through n-gram matching gave good results. 相似文献
7.
中国地层标准化的建议-中国地层命名法规的建议 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张守信 《中国科学院研究生院学报》2005,1(5):604-623
针对中国当前实际存在的地层标准化问题，鉴于一八六六年以来，已有的中国地层名称缺乏清理和管理，中国急需一部既具有标准化性质，又对清理和管理中国地层名称具有可操作性，同时还在哲学和科学概念上能与国际接轨的规范性文件。 本法规正是为此而建议的。 本法规不是现行的 “中国地层指南”的补充或注释，它是“中国地层命名法规”的具体建议。 相似文献
8.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
9.
朱耀平 《科学技术与辩证法》2011,(5):36-41
尽管弗雷格反对把名称的涵义和句子的思想与表象混为一谈,但是在表象、客观事物与思想三者之中,弗雷格认为最可靠的还是表象。这表明他仍然遵循了笛卡尔式的“在场形而上学”原则。罗素把某个名称所代表的对象能否被我们感知作为判定这个名称是专名还是摹状词的标准,甚至把它看做是决定一个名称的意义的标准,充分表明他以摹状词理论为核心的意义学说的经验主义本质。维特根斯坦的语言图像说认为“语言的界限就是我的世界的界限”,实际上是把“我的思想的界限”看做世界的界限,这表明他的哲学是一种彻头彻尾的“唯我论”。逻辑经验主义把“可证实性”作为命题意义的标准,归根到底还是把感觉经验作为意义的标准,这充分表明逻辑经验主义及其“可证实性”意义标准的表象主义、唯我论和“在场形而上学”本质。 相似文献
10.
Retrieval effectiveness of proper name search methods 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Searching for names, e.g. author names or company names, is still an open problem. This paper reviews known similarity measures. These measures deal with phonetic similarity, typing errors and plain string similarity. It is shown experimentally that all three approaches lead to significantly higher retrieval quality than plain identity. Further improvements are possible by combining different methods; a probabilistic interpretation of string similarity is developed that leads to better results than an ad-hoc approach. 相似文献
11.
Sujatha Baskaran Vani Brahmachari 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2000,15(1):145-157
The first report of X-linked mental retardation correlated with the presence of marker chromosome came in 1940. It was in 1990 that the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome was deciphered. This elucidation marked the discovery of a novel process of mutation designated as dynamic mutations, resulting in the expansion of a triplet repeat sequence within the human genome. Subsequently several human genetic disorders involving triplet repeat expansion have been discovered. Almost all the disorders are known to affect the nervous system and/or the brain. This review presents an overview of fragile sites in the genome and the molecular genetics of fragile X syndrome. 相似文献
12.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a cytoplasmic enzyme, plays a protective role during oxidative stress in eucaryotic
cells, since they provide coenzymes and substrates to the primary antioxidant enzymes. The redistribution of G6PD in the hippocampus
was studied post-ischemia (PI). There was a characteristic localisation of G6PD in pyramidal cell layers of the rat hippocampus.
In hippocampus CA1 cells were stained weakly whereas CA3 cells showed strong histochemical staining. Ischemia induced up-regulation
of G6PD in the hippocampus was in a specific manner. First, the activity increased in the whole hippocampus (at 4 hours PI)
which persisted 6 hrs PI in CA1 area. However G6PD activity decreased in the CA3 area & dentate gyrus. At 10 & 24 hrs PI,
activity decreased in CA1 area but normalised in CA3 area & dentate gyrus compared to controls. This suggests that the sensitive
CA1 neurons are transiently capable of generating an anti-oxidative arsenal to cope with the oxidative stress in the first
few hours PI. We can conclude that the brain contains inducible endogenous mechanisms that are capable of enhancing the ability
of neurons to withstand lethal ischemic challenge.
(Presently working in Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi) 相似文献
13.
湛江 《中国科技期刊研究》2015,26(9):1005-1009
【目的】更加准确地检索统计和分类高校学报,对认识高校学报的范畴和数量、统计和分析高校学报起到帮助。【方法】 通过使用不同索引词、检索后去除干扰项、人工核对检索结果等方法,列举和分析易影响检索统计的高校学报。【结果】得出7类易被漏检、多检或错误归类的高校学报,分别为具有2种名称的学报、刊名中高校名称简写的学报、xx大学xx学报、易被错误归入本科层次的学报、特殊名称高校主办的学报、主办高校与刊名中校名不一致的学报和科学院"学报"等。分析出不同方法检索高校学报时查全率和查准率等的差异。【结论】特殊名称的高校学报对于检索统计存在干扰,研究者应在检索统计时关注这些学报,并采取更加科学严谨的检索统计方法。 相似文献
14.
《Information processing & management》2002,38(1):91-109
In Korean text, foreign words, which are mostly transliterations of English words, are frequently used. Foreign words are usually very important index terms in Korean information retrieval since most of them are technical terms or names. So accurate foreign word extraction is crucial for high performance of information retrieval. However, accurate foreign word extraction is not easy because it inevitably accompanies word segmentation and most of the foreign words are unknown. In this paper, we present an effective foreign word recognition and extraction method. In order to accurately extract foreign words, we developed an effective method of word segmentation that involves unknown foreign words. Our word segmentation method effectively utilizes both unknown word information acquired through the automatic dictionary compilation and foreign word recognition information. Our HMM-based foreign word recognition method does not require large labeled examples for the model training unlike the previously proposed method. 相似文献
15.
David J. Gunkel 《Ethics and Information Technology》2007,9(3):165-177
Ethics is ordinarily understood as being concerned with questions of responsibility for and in the face of an other. This
other is more often than not conceived of as another human being and, as such, necessarily excludes others – most notably
animals and machines. This essay examines the ethics of such exclusivity. It is divided into three parts. The first part investigates
the exclusive anthropocentrism of traditional forms of moral␣thinking and, following the example of recent innovations in
animal rights philosophy, questions the mechanisms of such exclusion. Although recent work in animal- and bio-ethics has successfully
implemented strategies for the inclusion of the animal as a legitimate subject of moral consideration, its other, the machine,
has remained conspicuously excluded. The second part looks at recent attempts to include these machinic others in moral thinking
and critiques the assumptions, values, and strategies that have been employed by these various innovations. And the third
part proposes a means for thinking otherwise. That is, it introduces an alternative way to consider these other forms of otherness
that is not simply reducible to the conceptual order that has structured and limited moral philosophy’s own concern with and
for others. 相似文献
16.
Pamela Green 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2011,348(3):500-505
The discovery of small RNAs that can turn off genes has given us a new way to think about how genes are regulated. These molecules are present in all complex organisms and are thought to regulate upwards of 30% of human genes. Due to their small size, their discovery was surprisingly recent and was underappreciated initially. Beginning with two back-to-back papers published in 1993, the labs of Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun reported the first small RNA (now known as a microRNA or miRNA) and how it regulated a target mRNA in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans through base-pairing interactions. It took until 1999 for another report to document novel small RNAs in complex systems, when David Balcoumbe discovered similarly sized molecules, now known as small interfering RNAs or siRNAs, that were associated with shutting off or “silencing” genes in plants. A frenzy of reports on small RNAs and their roles in turning off genes ensued with many researchers including Ambros, Ruvkun, and Baulcombe prominently participating. Almost instantly it became clear that small RNAs were not a quaint oddity exclusive to the worm, and molecular biology was never the same. Now we know that these molecules are critical for normal growth and development, are associated with cancer and other diseases, and have tremendous applied potential to improve agriculture and human health. 相似文献
17.
医药科技成果转化具有重大意义。本文立足于医药科技成果产业化进程的各阶段,以资源配置和资金需求与分配为研究方向,设计调查问卷,先后对三家医药企业的三个产业化项目进行了详实调研,并运用要素分析法、图表分析法、比较研究和理论研究等方法,分析搜集到的调研资料和数据,成功探究到了医药技术成果转化各阶段的资金需求比例关系,即从成果→产品→商品—品牌的产业化过程中,各阶段的资金需求量存在以下比例关系:约为1﹕5﹕25(或更多)。并基于此,从人力资源、实物资源、财务资源三个方面构建出一套系统的、行之有效的医药企业科技成果产业化的资源配置模式,以期能为医药科技成果转化的成功实现提供科学的实践方法,并为医药企业的健康、快速发展提供有益指导。 相似文献
18.
19.
T. Radhakrishnan 《Information processing & management》1978,14(2):97-106
In this paper a simple algorithm is used for selection of a set of codeable substrings that occur at the front or rear of the words in a textual data base. Since the words are assumed to be non-repeating, the technique is useful for data compression of dictionaries. The time complexity of the algorithm is governed by the associated sorting algorithm and hence is 0 (n log n). It has been applied to three sample data bases, consisting of words selected from street names, authors names, or general written English text. The results show that the substrings at the rear of the words, yield better compression than those at the front. By application of results of an earlier study in compression coding, efficient encoding and decoding procedures are presented for use in on-line transmission of data. 相似文献