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1.
The relative efficiency of several observational sampling plans for assessing classroom behavior in an individualized classroom was investigated. A criterion measure was obtained by cumulating all of the recorded activity measurements on a class of thirty-three pupils over twenty class periods. Various designs were built through sampling the “pool” of activity measurements on the following dimensions: 1.) the length of the observation period; 2.) the time interval between recordings; 3.) the number of days (replications) of observing; and, 4.) the number of pupils observed each day. The combinations or designs that evolved from manipulating these four variables were then compared to the criterion measure, thus permitting an examination of the relative offerings of the different sampling plans. 相似文献
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Yujeong Park Mary T. Brownell Elizabeth F. Bettini Amber E. Benedict 《Exceptionality》2019,27(1):1-17
The purpose of this study was to review and analyze effective classroom reading practices for early graders, using information gathered from the existing content-general and content-specific observation protocols measuring teachers’ classroom reading practices. Dimensions and constructs from 28 observation studies were synthesized to identify classroom instructional practices that have positive impacts on student achievement. Findings revealed that (a) instructional support, emotional support, and classroom management have positive impacts on student achievement, (b) the degree to which instructional practices are effective depends on students’ particular learning needs, and (c) students’ entering skills and primary language are associated with instructional effectiveness in reading. Challenges and implications for future research on effective instructional strategies for special education and the development of an observational protocol for special education teacher effectiveness are discussed. 相似文献
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Edmund T. Emmer 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1972,18(1):473-490
Summary In this paper we have examined the uses to which direct observation has been put in the study of classroom processes, and taken note of several observation systems possessing a variety of distinct attributes. Problems encountered in the use of observation, chiefly those of obtaining accurate and stable measures, were explored.Future developments in direct observation procedures seem likely to center around several foci. Knowledge about classroom behavior, its correlates, and its effects requires replication and comparison among studies. Inventing new systems prohibits these comparisons. Therefore, users of direct observation are likely to become more interested in the basic dimensions underlying their observational data. This should facilitate the development of sound, behaviorally based instructional theories.Basic instructional dimensions can also be used to generate new observation systems, which are syntheses of the major components of existing systems and which therefore will allow comparisons to these systems. However, these dimensions will be delimited only if researchers take the trouble to investigate and report them.Finally, the use of observation in research and evaluation should increase particularly to measure process variables intervening between the application of a treatment or a new program and outcome variables. As more educators become aware of the potential information available from observation, and as our knowledge of observation system variables increases, observation seems likely to become a standard procedure in classroom evaluation studies and field research.
Die Direkte Beobachtung von Klassenverhalten
Observation directe du comportement en classe相似文献
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科学、有效的课堂观察是课堂教学质量评价的基础。由于提高课堂观察能力可以提升教学质量,教师所掌握的观察技术可以提升其教学的专业化水平,目前这已逐渐成为一线教师认可的一种专业学习方式。文章阐述了几个重要的课堂关注点和课堂观察表,供广大物理教师在课堂听课后进行评课时参考。 相似文献
6.
大学英语教学的终极目标之一是培养大学生自主学习的意识和能力。以往的研究关注自主学习理论的探讨以及影响自主学习的学习者因素,忽视教师这一重要主体是如何认识自主学习以及在实践中的具体情况和遇到的问题。事实上,一方面,教师对学生自主学习能力的培养有重要作用;另一方面,教师信念和教师行为又存在着不一致的情况,并会对学生的学习产生影响。本文采用问卷调查、课堂观察和访谈的综合研究方法,对西南某211高校的32名大学英语教师进行信念和行为的双向考察,研究结果表明大学英语教师对学生自主学习的信念和其教学行为之间存在脱节的现象。本文拟从教学方法和课型差异两方面论述产生这一现象的原因以及英语课程培养学生自主学习能力的特殊性,希望对教师教育、英语课程设置和教材编写等提供参考。 相似文献
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It is well-established in memory research that retrieval fosters learning. When applying this effect in education, it is an important question which type of retrieval task works best. Several studies have shown that learning is enhanced by linking new information with prior knowledge. A potential approach to making retrieval more effective, therefore, is to enrich retrieval instructions with the requirement to elaborate on the learning contents and link them to what is already known. In this study, we compared a free recall condition, as used in many studies on learning by retrieval, with a prompted recall condition in which learners were required to recall the information and apply it to their lives. Fifty-six undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of these two conditions. They learned from a video-recorded lecture. One week later, learning outcomes were assessed by a posttest measuring fact recall and comprehension of the contents from the video lecture. Learners in the prompted recall group, compared to the free recall group, used more elaborative strategies in response to the recall task and achieved better comprehension scores. The effect on comprehension was mediated by the use of elaborative strategies. This pattern of results supports the constructive retrieval hypothesis, stating that retrieval is most effective when it involves constructive elaboration of the contents being learned. Our findings also encourage the use of pedagogical tasks in classroom teaching that combine elaboration and retrieval. 相似文献
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L. Mark Neuberger 《College Teaching》2013,61(2):48-51
We examine the validity of peer observation of classroom instruction for purposes of faculty evaluation. Using both a multi-section course sample and a sample of different courses across a university's School of Business and Economics we find that the results of annual classroom observations of faculty teaching are significantly and positively correlated with student learning outcome assessment measures. This finding supports the validity of classroom observation as an assessment of teaching effectiveness. The research also indicates that student ratings of teaching effectiveness (SETEs) were less effective at measuring student learning than annual classroom observations by peers. 相似文献
9.
课堂文化重建的研究重心:学习力生成的探索 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
学习力是现代人基础性的文化素质,具有学习力的人就是善于学习,智慧学习的人。课堂教学改革的核心与终极目标是重建课堂文化,让智慧走进课堂不失为一种理想的选择。课堂文化重建的目标之一就在于用智慧统率知识,促进师生学习力的共生,以改变传统课堂教学中师生的角色地位。课堂文化重建的过程就是师生自主参与、共同学习、相互创生的过程。学习力的生成效率应作为衡量教与学的共同尺度。 相似文献
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David R. Krathwohl 《教育心理学家》2013,48(2):93-94
This article reviews classroom research on cooperative‐learning techniques. These are instructional methods in which students work in 4–6 member, heterogeneous teams to master prescribed academic material or to carry out a group project or discussion. The review is focused on the four cooperative‐learning techniques in widest use in classrooms, although less widely used methods are also discussed. Only studies which took place over a period of at least two weeks are reviewed. It is concluded that: (a) Cooperative learning methods are generally more effective than control methods in increasing student achievement, but the effects arc not consistent. Some evidence suggests that highly structured cooperative methods are best for basic skills, while more open‐ended methods are best for higher‐order skills. (b) Cooperative learning methods have generally positive effects on student inter‐ethnic relations, mutual concern, self‐esteem, liking of school, and other variables. 相似文献
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Predictors of developmentally appropriate classroom practices in kindergarten through third grade 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Kelly L. Maxwell R. A. McWilliam Mary Louise Hemmeter Melinda Jones Ault John W. Schuster 《Early childhood research quarterly》2001,16(4)
This study was designed to (a) test the psychometric properties of a new observation measure of developmentally appropriate classroom practices in kindergarten through third-grade classrooms, and (b) determine how well classroom and teacher characteristics predict developmentally appropriate classroom practices. Teacher-reported and observational data from 69 classrooms provided support for construct validity, internal consistency, and interrater agreement of the Assessment of Practices in Early Elementary Classrooms (APEEC) measure. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that classroom characteristics (grade, class size, number of children with disabilities), teacher characteristics (education level, years of experience) and teacher beliefs (developmentally appropriate beliefs and developmentally inappropriate beliefs) accounted for 42% of the variance in observed classroom practices. With all variables in the model, teacher education, grade, and beliefs in developmentally appropriate and inappropriate practice accounted for most of the variance in observed classroom practices. 相似文献
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ZHANG Zhen-wei 《怀化学院学报》2008,(8)
课堂观察是课堂研究的一种重要方法,有效地进行课堂观察设计是教育科研人员必备的基本素质。课堂观察的设计一般有以下几个步骤:明确观察目的,选择观察视角;确定观察维度,确定观察指标;选择观测点;确定观察记录方式;选择设计观察量表;确定人员分工,对观察者进行培训。充分、有效的课堂观察设计保证了课堂观察的成功。 相似文献
14.
Within the context of illustrating three observational techniques: Ad Lib., Focal Child, and All Occurrences of Some Behaviors, verbal disciplinary techniques as used by a regular classroom teacher and a student teacher are compared. Managing, Threatening, and Describing behaviors were observed as these were used as desist attempts by the teachers to stop inappropriate behaviors, and, presumably, to return the children to on-task behaviors.Since discipline is frequently a student teacher's most difficult task, some modeling of the classroom teacher's behaviors were expected to occur. This was found for discipline directed at individual children, but not total group disciplinary attempts. While the regular teacher produced more desists and was more effective in returning the children to on-task behavior, when disruptive children's sequential patterns of behavior were examined the most frequent response was something other than on-task behaviors. Questions are raised about what should be modeled, and when in a sequence of behaviors a teacher should intervene.University of Illinois 相似文献
15.
严文庆 《外语教学理论与实践》2023,181(1):70
本文研究如何利用课堂展示活动中的同伴反馈促进非英语专业研究生的有效学习。课堂观察和问卷调查分析发现,以“提问”作为同伴反馈任务,有利于促进学生听众对展示内容的关注;以“描述性反馈”作为同伴反馈任务,有利于促进听众对展示策略与技巧的关注;而以“找错”作为同伴反馈任务,则有利于促进听众对语言现象的关注。经过培训与引导,研究生能够在实践中明确同伴反馈对内容、策略与语言等不同焦点的关注,逐步提高同伴反馈的质量,有效地促进课堂学习。 相似文献
16.
Han Jeongyun Huh Sun Young Cho Young Hoan Park SoHyun Choi Jinhan Suh Bongwon Rhee Wonjong 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2020,68(5):2055-2071
This study investigates the possibility of utilizing online learning data to design face-to-face activities in a flipped classroom. We focus on heterogeneous group formation for effective collaborative learning. Fifty-three undergraduate students (18 males, 35 females) participated in this study, and 8 students (3 males, 5 females) among them joined post-study interviews. For this study, a total of 6 student characteristics were used: three demographic characteristics obtained from a simple survey and three academic characteristics captured from online learning data. We define three demographic group heterogeneity variables and three academic group heterogeneity variables, where each variable is calculated using the corresponding student characteristic. In this way, each heterogeneity variables represents a degree of diversity within the group. Then, a two-stage hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify the significant group heterogeneity variables that influence face-to-face group achievement. The results show that the academic group heterogeneity variables, which were derived from the online learning data, accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in the group achievement when the demographic group heterogeneity variables were controlled. The interviews also reveal that the academic group heterogeneity indeed affected group interaction and learning outcome. These findings highlight that online learning data can be utilized to obtain relevant information for effective face-to-face activity design in a flipped classroom. Based on the results, we discuss the advantages of this data utilization approach and other implications for face-to-face activity design.
相似文献17.
Andrea R. Milner Mark A. Templin Charlene M. Czerniak 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2011,22(2):151-170
The purpose of this study was to describe the influence of constructivist classroom contextual factors in a life science laboratory
and a traditional science classroom on elementary students’ motivation and learning strategy use. The Constructivist Teaching
Inventory was used to examine classroom contextual factors. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire was used to
examine student motivation and learning strategies. A Wilcoxon nonparametric test determined that constructivist teaching
practices were found to occur more often in the life laboratory than in the regular classroom. Although constructivist teaching
practices increased at each observation time in both the regular classroom and in the life laboratory, a Friedman test determined
that they were not statistically significant increases. Paired sample t tests determined that student motivation and learning
strategies were higher in the life laboratory than in the regular classroom overall as well as at each survey time except
for learning strategies at Post 1. A 2 × 4 between 3 within repeated measure ANOVA determined that student MSLQ motivation
and learning strategy scores in the regular classroom varied statistically significantly by teacher. Student MSLQ motivation
and learning strategy scores in the life laboratory varied statistically significantly by teacher. To triangulate data, individual
interviews of students were conducted at the end of the semester and revealed students regard the life laboratory as an asset
to their science study; however, students do appreciate and value working in the learning environment that the regular classroom
provides. 相似文献
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Margaret C. Wang 《Instructional Science》1976,5(4):365-389
This paper describes a study investigating the characteristics of teacher behavior under two different instructional management models and their differential effects on students under an individualized early learning program. The study investigated the effectiveness and feasibility of using observational techniques in classroom settings to obtain information about student learning processes and outcomes necessary for implementing an adaptive early education model. Observational data, records of student progress in he curricula, and records of student learning activities were collected systematically in order to characterize the classroom behaviors of students and teachers.Learning Research and Development Center University of PittsburghThe research reported herein was supported in part by a grant from the Ford Foundation, and in part by a grant from the United States Office of Education to the Learning Research and Development Center. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the sponsoring agencies and no official endorsement should be inferred. 相似文献
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Ramona E. Archer-Bradshaw 《Research in Science Education》2017,47(1):67-93
This study examined the extent to which the instructional practices of science teachers in Barbados are congruent with best practices for teaching for scientific literacy. Additionally, through observation of practice, it sought to determine the teachers’ demonstrated role in the classroom, their demonstration of learning through discourse, learning goals and the nature of classroom activities. Five hundred nineteen students from 12 of the 23 secondary schools on the island and 15 teachers across 8 schools participated in the study. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, an observational schedule and field notes. It was found that while problem-solving and questioning were mainly used in the classroom, the use of experiments was among the least popular teaching strategies. Additionally, results showed that teachers’ display of the knowledge of the characteristics of scientific literacy was unsatisfactory. Generally, the findings indicate a gap between teaching for scientific literacy as expressed in the literature and current instructional practices in secondary science classrooms in Barbados. 相似文献
20.
通过对三位优秀骨干教师的大学英语教学进行课堂观察并对其话语进行分析,表明在语言学习课堂中教师话语策略表现在控制语言量、延长等待时间、提问中参阅式问题增多、注意语句类型的使用以及让学生享有充分的引发话轮的权利等方面,以上教师话语策略的运用可以为学生提供更多课堂交际的机会,使语言学习变得轻松、有效。 相似文献