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1.
Wanda Ellen Wakefield 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(6):776-795
For decades American athletes in less-popular – or ‘minor’– sports suffered from a lack of institutional and practical support from their sports' governing bodies. The AAU, in particular, failed to provide the funds necessary for athletes in the sliding sports of luge and bobsled to obtain proper training and opportunities to compete. By the early 1970s, the American Olympic effort was in chaos as athletes from the Eastern Bloc, taking advantage of their nations' determination to field the best possible teams, began to excel at both the summer and winter Olympic Games. In response, Congress authorized a presidential commission to study the situation and make recommendations about how best to improve amateur sports in the United States. The result of the commission's work, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, reorganized governance of amateur sports to the benefit, particularly, of athletes in sports such as luge and bobsled. 相似文献
2.
Home advantage in team games is well proven and the influence of the crowd upon officials' decisions has been identified as a plausible cause. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of home advantage for five event groups selected from the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 1996, and put home advantage in team games in context with other sports. The five event groups were athletics and weightlifting (predominantly objectively judged), boxing and gymnastics (predominantly subjectively judged) and team games (involving subjective decisions). The proportion of points won was analysed as a binomial response variable using generalized linear interactive modelling. Preliminary exploration of the data highlighted the need to control for the proportion of competitors entered and to split the analysis pre- and post-war. Highly significant home advantage was found in event groups that were either subjectively judged or rely on subjective decisions. In contrast, little or no home advantage (and even away advantage) was observed for the two objectively judged groups. Officiating system was vital to both the existence and extent of home advantage. Our findings suggest that crowd noise has a greater influence upon officials' decisions than players' performances, as events with greater officiating input enjoyed significantly greater home advantage. 相似文献
3.
4.
Home advantage in team games is well proven and the influence of the crowd upon officials' decisions has been identified as a plausible cause. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of home advantage for five event groups selected from the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 1996, and put home advantage in team games in context with other sports. The five event groups were athletics and weightlifting (predominantly objectively judged), boxing and gymnastics (predominantly subjectively judged) and team games (involving subjective decisions). The proportion of points won was analysed as a binomial response variable using generalized linear interactive modelling. Preliminary exploration of the data highlighted the need to control for the proportion of competitors entered and to split the analysis pre- and post-war. Highly significant home advantage was found in event groups that were either subjectively judged or rely on subjective decisions. In contrast, little or no home advantage (and even away advantage) was observed for the two objectively judged groups. Officiating system was vital to both the existence and extent of home advantage. Our findings suggest that crowd noise has a greater influence upon officials' decisions than players' performances, as events with greater officiating input enjoyed significantly greater home advantage. 相似文献
5.
以近6届奥运会主办国参赛成绩为研究对象.运用文献资料、数理统计、逻辑分析等研究方法,从主办国获取金牌的大项数量、不同项群主办国运动成绩的差异等角度展开深入的分析,结果如下:主办国金牌项目数鼍多,分布广;室外项目比室内项目更有优势;技能类项目比体能类项目更有可能获得金牌;测量类、制胜类、评分类、命中类、得分类项目主场优势存在差异;多人项目(含双人)更容易取得突破. 相似文献
6.
对我国冰雪运动项目发展战略研究刍议 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
我国的冰雪运动水平近年来迅速提高,这已在短道速滑、花样滑冰和自由式滑雪等项目得已证明,这无疑与我国制定正确的发展战略至关重要。通过对我国冰雪运动项目发展战略研究中问题的分析,指出了这些问题产生的原因和改进的建议,旨在更快地提高我国冰雪运动的技术水平。 相似文献
7.
我国滑雪运动学术研究现状与特点 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以中国期刊全文数据库检索系统（CNKI）为工具,对1999年以来我国大众滑雪、自由式滑雪、越野滑雪、高山滑雪、单板滑雪、跳台滑雪、冬季两项、北欧两项等8个滑雪项目进行检索,并对典型资料进行剖析。结果表明：我国滑雪运动科研论文研究数量和质量呈不断上升趋势,研究具有一定的深度和广度,其中大众滑雪研究相对较好,单板滑雪的研究近两年逐渐深入,2003年后自由式滑雪研究有较大发展,跳台滑雪、冬季两项的研究发展相对缓慢,北欧两项的研究几乎空白。 相似文献
8.
Iron status in Winter Olympic sports 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D B Clement D R Lloyd-Smith J G Macintyre G O Matheson R Brock M Dupont 《Journal of sports sciences》1987,5(3):261-271
Iron status was surveyed amongst 92 Winter Olympic sport athletes from Nordic and Alpine skiing, figure and speed skating and ice hockey. Haemoglobin and serum ferritin values were obtained by physicians as part of a monitoring programme, since iron deficiency would have an adverse effect on maximal performance. Four (7%) of 56 men were anaemic (Hb less than 14.0 g dl-1) and three (8%) of 36 women had haemoglobin values less than 12.0 g dl-1. Nine men (16%) and 14 women (39%) had prelatent iron deficiency (serum ferritin less than 30 ng ml-1). Ice hockey had the lowest while Nordic skiing had the highest incidence of sub-optimal iron status. A total of 50% of Nordic women skiers had prelatent iron deficiency and 7% were anaemic. An equal percentage of women speed skaters were low in serum ferritin as well. Only one of 20 male ice hockey players was low in serum ferritin. These results suggest there would be value in instituting screening procedures for iron status in Winter Olympic Sports. 相似文献
9.
国际滑联花样滑冰新旧裁判评分系统的比较 总被引：9，自引：9，他引：0
通过2002年盐湖城冬奥会花样滑冰双人滑比赛中出现的裁判争议及2006年都灵冬奥会我国选手张丹/张昊夺得奥运会银牌的实例,采用数据统计、对比分析结合裁判评分等方法,以国际滑联花样滑冰双人滑评分规则为例,在深入研究国际滑联裁判评分系统新旧规则的不同之后,发现新旧规则评分系统之间差别很大。国际滑联修改规则的直接原因是要杜绝裁判在评分过程中的舞弊行为,但规则的改变也代表了国际滑联对花样滑冰运动发展方向的认识,即兼顾花样滑冰运动本身的特点与评分系统公平、客观之间的平衡。经过研究得出结论:在对今后我国花样滑冰运动的训练、比赛中,应该坚持技术领先的发展道路,在此基础上提高运动员的艺术表现力等综合实力。 相似文献
10.
从主办国优势看2008 年奥运会我国军团竞争实力 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以历届奥运会主办国主办当届与非主办届所得金牌数为研究对象,运用文献资料法和数理统计法,对主办国优势进行量化,对奥运会不同阶段及不同集团主办国间的优势进行对比分析,进而对2008年奥运会中国主办国优势及金牌数进行预测,旨在为2008年奥运备战及参赛提供参考资料。结论:(1)主办国优势在奥运会中普遍存在并有利于主办国整体实力的发挥;(2)现代奥运会第一阶段的主办国优势明显大于后三阶段,而后三阶段则无明显差别,主办国优势发展至今已趋于稳定;(3)整体实力越弱的主办国其优势越大,反之亦然;(4)经定量预测,2008年奥运会中国主办国优势为0.4040,所得金牌数为42枚左右,很可能超过美国占据金牌榜首位。 相似文献
11.
Previous research on the home advantage in the history of the Olympic Games has found initial evidence that host nations have won more medals than non-hosts. In this paper, we argue that these findings are a myth of sports history, providing poor estimates of the home advantage in the Olympics. We argue that selection bias accounts for the findings in previous work, which uses an empirical strategy of comparing host nations to all non-hosts and to historical performances of host countries with much smaller delegations. When we correct for this bias the evidence in favour of a hosting advantage disappears. Additionally, we argue that the existing literature has largely neglected the rules about athlete qualification for host countries. To the extent that a small home advantage does exist, it is almost entirely driven by increased participation rates. 相似文献
12.
D. B. Clement D. R. Lloyd‐Smith J. G. Macintyre G. O. Matheson R. Brock Michel Dupont 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(3):261-271
Iron status was surveyed amongst 92 Winter Olympic sport athletes from Nordic and Alpine skiing, figure and speed skating and ice hockey. Haemoglobin and serum ferritin values were obtained by physicians as part of a monitoring programme, since iron deficiency would have an adverse effect on maximal performance. Four (7%) of 56 men were anaemic (Hb < 14.0 gdl‐1) and three (8%) of 36 women had haemoglobin values less than 12.0 gdl‐1. Nine men (16%) and 14 women (39%) had prelatent iron deficiency (serum ferritin < 30 ng ml‐1). Ice hockey had the lowest while Nordic skiing had the highest incidence of sub‐optimal iron status. A total of 50% of Nordic women skiers had prelatent iron deficiency and 7% were anaemic. An equal percentage of women speed skaters were low in serum ferritin as well. Only one of 20 male ice hockey players was low in serum ferritin. These results suggest there would be value in instituting screening procedures for iron status in Winter Olympic Sports. 相似文献
13.
体能训练对坐式滑雪运动员成绩提高的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
庄茂花 《哈尔滨体育学院学报》2010,28(4)
体能训练的方法在坐式滑雪项目上应重点采用。为达到夺取残疾人滑雪奖牌的目标,力争下届冬季残奥会实现奖牌零的突破,应将体能训练用于残疾人雪上项目专项能力的提高上,并且提前着手进行。 相似文献
14.
There have been many examples of contentious points decisions in boxing. Professional boxing is scored subjectively by judges and referees scoring each round of the contest. We assessed whether the probability of a home win (and therefore home advantage) increased when bouts were decided by points decisions rather than knockouts. Overall, we found that bouts ending in points decisions had a significantly higher proportion of home wins than those decided by a knockout, though this effect varied across time, and controlling for relative quality of boxers was only effective when using more recent data. Focusing on these data, again the probability of a home win was higher with a points decision and this effect was consistent as "relative quality" varied. For equally matched boxers ("relative quality" = 0), expected probability of a home win was 0.57 for knockouts, 0.66 for technical knockouts and 0.74 for points decisions. The results of the present study lend general support to the notion that home advantage is more prevalent in sports that involve subjective decision-making. We suggest that interventions should be designed to inform judges to counter home advantage effects. 相似文献
15.
There have been many examples of contentious points decisions in boxing. Professional boxing is scored subjectively by judges and referees scoring each round of the contest. We assessed whether the probability of a home win (and therefore home advantage) increased when bouts were decided by points decisions rather than knockouts. Overall, we found that bouts ending in points decisions had a significantly higher proportion of home wins than those decided by a knockout, though this effect varied across time, and controlling for relative quality of boxers was only effective when using more recent data. Focusing on these data, again the probability of a home win was higher with a points decision and this effect was consistent as “relative quality” varied. For equally matched boxers (“relative quality” = 0), expected probability of a home win was 0.57 for knockouts, 0.66 for technical knockouts and 0.74 for points decisions. The results of the present study lend general support to the notion that home advantage is more prevalent in sports that involve subjective decision-making. We suggest that interventions should be designed to inform judges to counter home advantage effects. 相似文献
16.
北方高校是我国最早将滑雪运动列入冬季体育教学内容的教育单位,部分体育院校将其视为重点学科进行发展。针对传统高山滑雪教学方法存在的课时内容分配不合理、场地条件的制约和动作技术难度高等不利因素,提出利用现代教育理念与多媒体技术克服传统高山滑雪教学方法中的缺陷。旨在打破传统教学方法,有效提高高山滑雪教学质量。 相似文献
17.
第28届奥运会奖牌走向和项目分布的统计分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
主要以文献资料法、统计分析法对第28届奥运会金(奖)牌进行了统计分析,结果表明:夺金第一、第二集团的金牌总量在本届奥运会呈下降趋势;在某些项目中世界顶级水平的国家数量正在增多,而具有竞争力的国家数量却在减少;洲际竞技实力特征表现为欧洲最强;美国的金牌总数呈现了小幅下滑趋势,俄罗斯的优势项目呈现不稳定状态;中国在自己传统强项上发挥出色,并在田径项目上获得突破。 相似文献
18.
Biomechanical comparison of the double-push technique and the conventional skate skiing technique in cross-country sprint skiing 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aims of the study were to: (1) adapt the "double-push" technique from inline skating to cross-country skiing; (2) compare this new skiing technique with the conventional skate skiing cross-country technique; and (3) test the hypothesis that the double-push technique improves skiing speed in a short sprint. 13 elite skiers performed maximum-speed sprints over 100 m using the double-push skate skiing technique and using the conventional "V2" skate skiing technique. Pole and plantar forces, knee angle, cycle characteristics, and electromyography of nine lower body muscles were analysed. We found that the double-push technique could be successfully transferred to cross-country skiing, and that this new technique is faster than the conventional skate skiing technique. The double-push technique was 2.9 +/- 2.2% faster (P < 0.001), which corresponds to a time advantage of 0.41 +/- 0.31 s over 100 m. The double-push technique had a longer cycle length and a lower cycle rate, and it was characterized by higher muscle activity, higher knee extension amplitudes and velocities, and higher peak foot forces, especially in the first phase of the push-off. Also, the foot was more loaded laterally in the double-push technique than in the conventional skate skiing technique. 相似文献
19.
通过系统梳理有关高山滑雪运动损伤的英文文献，对高山滑雪项目的运动损伤特征、影响因素及主要预防策略进行综合分析论证。发现：（1）高山滑雪的损伤发生率高；膝关节是最常见的损伤部位，手指、下背部、头面部等部位次之；损伤类型主要包括韧带损伤、应力性骨折、神经系统损伤/脑震荡等，在前交叉韧带（Anterior Cruciate Ligament，ACL）损伤方面无性别差异；损伤程度一般为中、重度，最严重者可致使运动员停训或中断参赛超过28天；运动员在训练与比赛中所面临的损伤风险相近。（2）影响高山滑雪运动损伤的基本因素包括两个方面，一是运动员本身的竞技水平、技术动作、性别年龄、先天遗传等相关的内部因素，它是减少和预防高山滑雪运动损伤最根本和最重要的因素；二是与竞训场地、器材、装备、气候等客观条件相关的外部因素，它们也对高山滑雪运动损伤特征产生一定影响。（3）对高山滑雪运动损伤的预防策略，可主要侧重于提高力量素质、优化技术动作、创新器材设备，并逐步加强多措并举、相互配合以产生综合效应的方向发展。本研究为加强与高山滑雪项目特征相匹配的运动损伤评价体系的构建，加大高山滑雪运动损伤的机制探究，探索新的预防手段和策略等后续研究奠定了科学基础。 相似文献
20.
通过系统梳理有关高山滑雪运动损伤的英文文献,对高山滑雪项目的运动损伤特征、影响因素及主要预防策略进行综合分析论证。发现：（1）高山滑雪的损伤发生率高;膝关节是最常见的损伤部位,手指、下背部、头面部等部位次之;损伤类型主要包括韧带损伤、应力性骨折、神经系统损伤/脑震荡等,在前交叉韧带（Anterior Cruciate Ligament,ACL）损伤方面无性别差异;损伤程度一般为中、重度,最严重者可致使运动员停训或中断参赛超过28天;运动员在训练与比赛中所面临的损伤风险相近。（2）影响高山滑雪运动损伤的基本因素包括两个方面,一是运动员本身的竞技水平、技术动作、性别年龄、先天遗传等相关的内部因素,它是减少和预防高山滑雪运动损伤最根本和最重要的因素;二是与竞训场地、器材、装备、气候等客观条件相关的外部因素,它们也对高山滑雪运动损伤特征产生一定影响。（3）对高山滑雪运动损伤的预防策略,可主要侧重于提高力量素质、优化技术动作、创新器材设备,并逐步加强多措并举、相互配合以产生综合效应的方向发展。本研究为加强与高山滑雪项目特征相匹配的运动损伤评价体系的构建,加大高山滑雪运动损伤的机制探究,探索新的预防手段和策略等后续研究奠定了科学基础。 相似文献