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1.
Konrad J. Schönborn Susanne Bögeholz 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2009,7(5):931-955
Recent curriculum reform promotes core competencies such as desired ‘content knowledge’ and ‘communication’ for meaningful
learning in biology. Understanding in biology is demonstrated when pupils can apply acquired knowledge to new tasks. This
process requires the transfer of knowledge and the subordinate process of translation across external representations. This
study sought ten experts’ views on the role of transfer and translation processes in biology learning. Qualitative analysis
of the responses revealed six expert themes surrounding the potential challenges that learners face, and the required cognitive
abilities for transfer and translation processes. Consultation with relevant curriculum documents identified four types of
biological knowledge that students are required to develop at the secondary level. The expert themes and the knowledge types
exposed were used to determine how pupils might acquire and apply these four types of biological knowledge during learning.
Based on the findings, we argue that teaching for understanding in biology necessitates fostering ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’
transfer (and translation) processes within learners through the integration of knowledge at different levels of biological
organization. 相似文献
2.
Craig D. Howard 《Instructional Science》2012,40(3):493-513
This article outlines an instructional paradigm that guides the design of interventions that build skills in computer-mediated
communication (CMC). It is applicable to learning at multiple levels of communicative proficiency and aims to heighten awareness,
the understanding of the impact of media configurations, the role of cultures and social contexts in mediated communication,
and forward research in the service of instructional designs for CMC. This paradigm broadens the scope of Hymes’ (Sociolinguistics,
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) theory of communicative competence, which is often applied to foreign language learning contexts, to include online interaction.
The paradigm addresses the nuances of mediated communication through recognition of the situations and modes that intersect
in online spaces. The paradigm is designed for learning situations that provide time and access to mediated environments where
learners develop values for communication skill through practical experiences and structured reflection. This approach to
creating instruction has at its core certain values, including risk-taking by participating in unfamiliar contexts, appreciating
mediated-communication configurations as unique modalities, and placing CMC skills development within larger sets of pedagogical
goals. This instructional paradigm does not assume that verbal fluency, grammatical competence, skill in either writing or
speaking, nor membership in any age group translates directly to skill in CMC. The methods presented here have been selected
because they build tolerance and appreciation for divergent viewpoints. The methods are (1) building interest by having learners
select specific media situations, (2) facilitating collaboration by constructing safe spaces, (3) directly teaching CMC reading
skills, (4) using examples and matched non-examples, (5) investigating CMC principles in real world examples through structured
discussions, (6) showing the process of different communications’ development, and (7) using roles in discussion designs. 相似文献
3.
Anne K. Morris 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2006,9(5):471-505
This study investigated the learning-from-practice skills that pre-service teachers possess when they enter teacher preparation programs in the United States. Two subskills were hypothesized to represent, at least in part, what is required to learn from practice: (1) the ability to collect evidence about students’ learning in order to analyze the effects of instruction, and (2) the ability to use the analysis to revise the instruction. Because it seems likely that different teaching situations and contexts reveal these learning-from-practice skills in different ways and to different degrees, this study examined the skills that pre-service teachers exhibited under two experimental conditions. Thirty pre-service teachers were asked to analyze the effects of a videotaped mathematics lesson on student learning, to support their analysis with evidence, and to use their analysis to revise the lesson. Based on the results, it appears that many entry level pre-service teachers can carry out a cause-effect type of analysis of the relationships between specific instructional strategies and students’ learning, and can use this analysis to make productive revisions to the instruction. However, prospective teachers’ ability to collect evidence that supports their analysis appears to be less developed. In addition, the type of analysis that prospective teachers carried out about the effects of instruction on students’ learning differed dramatically across the two experimental task conditions.Preparation of this article was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant #0083429 to the Mid-Atlantic Center for Teaching and Learning Mathematics). The opinions expressed in the article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Foundation. Thanks to James Hiebert for his comments on earlier drafts of the paper. 相似文献
4.
Concept maps consist of nodes that represent concepts and links that represent relationships between concepts. Various studies
have shown that concept mapping fosters meaningful learning. However, little is known about the specific cognitive processes
that are responsible for such mapping effects. In a thinking-aloud study, we analyzed the relations between cognitive processes
during concept mapping as well as the characteristics of the concept maps that the learners produced and learning outcomes
(38 university students). To test whether differences in learning outcome are due to differences in general abilities, verbal
and spatial abilities were also assessed. In a cluster-analysis two types of ineffective learners were identified: ‘non-labeling
mappers’ and ‘non-planning mappers’. Effective learners, in contrast, showed much effort in planning their mapping process
and constructing a coherent concept map. These strategies were more evident in students with prior concept-mapping experience
(‘advanced beginners’) than in those who had not used this learning strategy before (‘successful beginners’). Based on the
present findings, suggestions for a direct training approach (i.e., strategy training with worked-out examples) and an indirect
training approach (i.e., supporting the learners with strategy prompts) were developed. 相似文献
5.
This study attempts to examine Confucius’ ideas about learning and seeks also to elucidate notions of lifelong learning. The
examination will be focused on Confucius’ ideas concerning learning as revealed in the Analects. Confucius’ notion of learning
offers an alternative perspective to overcome the idea of competition-directed lifelong learning. According to Confucius,
learners should be oriented to learn for the sake of the “self” not “others.” Confucius’ notion of “self-realizing” learning
holds that the self, being a part of interdependent relationships with others in society, attempts to utilize reflective learning
to realize a unity of self and the society. However, if learners are oriented to learn ‘for the sake of others, ’ their learning
efforts are rooted in selfishness-based competition, which threatens the interdependent nature of the human world. Confucius’
perspective of learning makes it clear that learning should be directed toward attaining a unity of self and the world. This
unity is possible when a learner makes the effort of will to sincerely learn for the sake of the self and learns to attain
an insightful understanding about interdependent life. 相似文献
6.
This article focuses on the radical changes taking place in skills development for work and life, and their implications for
the content of education and schooling. It examines skills development for employability and workforce education, with particular
reference to technical and vocational education and training (TVET). In turn, it is argued that the impact of these issues
upon the world of work will be reflected in those education reform initiatives that will become necessary to keep pace with
such institutionalized change.
This was a keynote presentation by Rupert Maclean at the APERA Conference and draws heavily on the chapter by Victor Ordonez
and Rupert Maclean ‘Seeking a New Education Paradigm for Teaching and Learning to Meet the Changing Needs of Education for
All and skills Development for Work and Life‘ in the book ‘Learning and Teaching for the Twenty-first Century: Festschrift
for Professor Phillip Hughes’, Rupert Maclean (Editor), Springer Academic Publishers (forthcoming). The authors thank UNESCO-UNVOC
consultant Professor David Wilson for his valuable inputs to this paper and to the keynote presentation. 相似文献
7.
8.
Jos A. R. Arts Wim H. Gijselaers Mien S. R. Segers 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2006,21(1):71-90
Instructional designs, embedding learning in meaningful contexts such as problem-based learning (PBL) are increasingly used
for fostering expertise to prepare students for the demands of the future workplace. However, cognitive outcomes of these
curricula in terms of expertise outcomes are not always conclusive. Based on the instructional implications resulted from
research in the field of expertise development in general and in PBL curricula more specifically, we constructed and implemented
a refined PBL design. With this redesign, we aimed for a more advanced level of (a) knowledge acquisition and use, (b) reasoning
directionality, (c) diagnostic and problem solving accuracy.
The aim of the present research was to compare the outcomes of a ‘traditional’ and a ‘refined’ PBL learning environment. For
that purpose we measured the effects of the redesign on the students’ expertise profile. An experiment was conducted in a
second year course on International Marketing. In the study 75 students participated. Using a multidimensional coding scheme,
constructed on the basis of results of expertise research, we analysed students’ problem-solving performance. The results
of this analysis indicate hat the experimental students outperformed the control students in various aspects of expertise
when analyzing the problem: The experimental group demonstrated a more extensive use of domain-specific concepts and inferences,
more inductive reasoning, and both diagnoses and solutions of higher quality. 相似文献
9.
Jeff Evans 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1999,39(1-3):23-44
The takeup of opportunities for applying formal learning outside the school is often disappointing – to teachers, parents,
employers, and many pupils. Not surprisingly, there is much controversy among researchers in mathematics education and related
fields, as to the reasons. Here I argue that neither traditional nor constructivist views, with their simplistic faith in
the basic continuity of knowledge across contexts, nor currently popular ‘insulationist’ views such as the strong form of
situated cognition, which claims that transfer is basically not possible, are adequate. Instead, I analyse why transfer is
problematical in principle, and undependable in practice. I recommend an alternative approach for building bridges between
practices, based on analysing the discourses involved as systems of signs, and looking for appropriate points of inter-relation
between them. In this reconceptualisation of the ‘problem’ of transfer, the role of affective factors, previously under-examined
in the literature, is highlighted.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Problem-based learning and the development of metacognition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kevin Downing Theresa Kwong Sui-Wah Chan Tsz-Fung Lam Woo-Kyung Downing 《Higher Education》2009,57(5):609-621
This study samples first year undergraduates from two programmes at a Hong Kong University (N = 66). One programme uses an entirely problem-based approach to learning and teaching, whilst the other uses more traditional
methods. Using the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) as a measure of student perceptions of their thinking,
or metacognition it explores differences in metacognitive development between each group of students between the beginning
and end of their first year in each programme. The paper argues that, in addition to the formal learning context, everyday
challenges emerging from the additional new social contexts provided by problem-based curricula provide fertile environments
for the development of metacognition because whilst the highest ‘meta-level’ of cognition is usually not implicated when we
receive an outside task and when the task solution is known, the meta-level does tend to be consulted when things go wrong
or when the situation is new. In other words, when we are faced with finding solutions to a problem whether posed by the teacher
as part of a problem-based curriculum or a new social environment, we are more likely to develop generic, as well as subject
specific skills. 相似文献
11.
Kathy Jordan 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2011,38(4):417-431
It is well over 20 years since information and communication technologies (ICT) was first included as part of a future vision
for Australia’s schools. Since this time numerous national policies have been developed, which collectively articulate an
official discourse in support of a vision for ICT to be embedded in our schools, and routinely used by ‘digital’ learners
and ‘competent’ teachers alike. The purpose of this paper is to critique how ICT, teachers and learners are positioned in
this vision by an analysis of national school-education ICT policies from 1989 to the present day, including the National
Goals of Schooling policies, the Learning in an Online World suite of policies, several Ministerial Statements relating to
ICT and the recent A Digital Education Revolution policy. This paper suggests that determinist views of technology and a utopian
vision underpin these representations, which creates a flawed, future vision for ICT in school education and its use by teachers
and learners. 相似文献
12.
MARCIA HILLS 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1987,27(1):37-43
The argument is presented that personal integration and transfer of interpersonal skills is more likely to occur if significant attention is given to the learning phase of skills training. Guidelines are presented to help trainers create conditions that encourage learners to discover the personal meaning of these skills. These guidelines are part of an integrative approach that seeks to acknowledge what learners bring to training, to encourage learners to respect their own abilities and reactions to training, and to coach learners to use skills in ways that fit their individual styles and contexts. 相似文献
13.
Todd Campbell Shaing Kwei Wang Hui-Yin Hsu Aaron M. Duffy Paul G. Wolf 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2010,19(5):505-511
This position paper proposes the enhancement of teacher and student learning in science classrooms by tapping the enormous
potential of information communication and technologies (ICTs) as cognitive tools for engaging students in scientific inquiry.
This paper serves to challenge teacher-held assumptions about students learning science ‘from technology’ with a framework
and examples of students learning science ‘with technology’. Whereas a high percentage of students are finding their way in
using ICTs outside of school, for the most part they currently are not doing so inside of school in ways that they find meaningful
and relevant to their lives. Instead, the pedagogical approaches that are most often experienced are out-of-step with how
students use ICTs outside of schools and are not supportive of learning framed by constructivism. Here we describe a theoretical
and pedagogical foundation for better connecting the two worlds of students’ lives: life in school and life outside of school.
This position paper is in response to the changing landscape of students’ lives. The position is transformative in nature
because it proposes the use of cyber-enabled resources for cultivating and leveraging students new literacy skills by learning
‘with technology’ to enhance science learning. 相似文献
14.
Assessment for learning in Singapore: unpacking its meanings and identifying some areas for improvement 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Kelvin Tan 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2011,10(2):91-103
This article examines the meanings and impact of ‘Assessment for Learning’ initiatives in schools against the back drop of
assessment reform in Singapore since 1997. It is argued that Assessment for Learning’ is understood in different ways, and
these different meanings do not always benefit students’ learning. The different meanings of ‘Assessment for Learning’ in
Singapore are unpacked, and three areas for improvement for Assessment for Learning are suggested—clear standards for effective
feedback practices, assessment for sustainable learning and assessment for integrating holistic learning. 相似文献
15.
This paper is part of a larger study that aims at highlighting students’ interpretations of the idea of the ‘Balance of Nature’,
as well as its use in their reasoning about the future of an ecosystem, in order to subsequently develop a learning environment
that might promote a reconsideration of its validity and usefulness. Our focus here is particularly set on whether and how
non biology-major students use this idea when making predictions about (a) the future of an ecosystem that is supposed to
have suffered a human-driven disturbance, and (b) the future of an ecosystem that is supposed to be protected against such
disturbances. Administering a questionnaire of 12 items - 4 of which concern us here - to 61 1st-year educational sciences
students at the University of Patras, we traced - among others - their reasoning about (a) the future of three ecosystems
(forest, sea, lake), supposed to have suffered different human-driven disturbances (fire, oil spill, new population introduction),
and (b) the future of a protected forest ecosystem of a national park. According to our findings, most of the students found
it very likely for a disturbed ecosystem to fully recover its initial state - mainly due to a ‘recovery process’ or inherent ‘recovery mechanisms’ - showing a strong belief in an extremely resilient ‘Balance of Nature’. Moreover, most of them appeared to believe that
if human-protected, an ecosystem will be in a continuous ‘balance’, while very few were skeptical enough to claim a non-predictable
future for it. 相似文献
16.
Derek A. Muller Manjula D. Sharma John Eklund Peter Reimann 《Instructional Science》2007,35(6):519-533
Recent research on principles of best practice for designing effective multimedia instruction has rarely taken into account
students’ alternative conceptions, which are known to strongly influence learning. The goal of this study was to determine
how well students of quantum mechanics could learn ‘vicariously’ by watching a student-tutor dialogue based on alternative
conceptions. Two video treatments were created to summarize key aspects of quantum tunneling, a fundamental quantum mechanical
phenomenon. One video depicted a student-tutor dialogue, incorporating many of the common alternative conceptions on the topic,
and resolving inconsistencies in reasoning through discussion. The other presented the same correct physics material in an
expository style without alternative conceptions. Second year physics students were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments
and were tested before and after watching the video during a lecture. Results show a statistically significant (p < .01) advantage for the learners in the dialogue treatment (d = 0.71). Follow-up interviews of students yielded insight into the affective and cognitive benefits of the dialogue video. 相似文献
17.
This article focuses on educational enterprises outside the formal sector, such as museums, botanical gardens and interactive
science centres. International research is drawn on to illuminate how design, culture, educational strategies and settings
combine to affect the way in which young people respond to experiences on offer, leading to analysis of the impact of such
settings in promoting learning, and the likely implications for those who staff such venues. Aikenhead’s concept of the educator
as ‘culture broker’ is developed to suggest ways in which learning might be best supported. It envisages a shift from ‘delivery’
strategies targeted at large groups towards approaches which focus on what learners choose to know about using dialogue between
children and ‘known and trusted people’. Analysis of observed responses in various settings is undertaken from a sociocultural
perspective using the notion of communities of practice. Implications for the roles of education managers and their staff
in further research are developed. 相似文献
18.
Lucia Kohlhauf Ulrike Rutke Birgit Neuhaus 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2011,20(5):667-678
Many epoch-making biological discoveries (e.g. Darwinian Theory) were based upon observations. Nevertheless, observation is
often regarded as ‘just looking’ rather than a basic scientific skill. As observation is one of the main research methods
in biological sciences, it must be considered as an independent research method and systematic practice of this method is
necessary. Because observation skills form the basis of further scientific methods (e.g. experiments or comparisons) and children
from the age of 4 years are able to independently generate questions and hypotheses, it seems possible to foster observation
competency at a preschool level. To be able to provide development-adequate individual fostering of this competency, it is
first necessary to assess each child’s competency. Therefore, drawing on the recent literature, we developed in this study
a competency model that was empirically evaluated within learners (N = 110) from different age groups, from kindergarten to university. In addition, we collected data on language skills, domain-specific
interest and previous knowledge to analyse coherence between these skills and observation competency. The study showed as
expected that previous knowledge had a high impact on observation competency, whereas the influence of domain-specific interest
was nonexistent. Language skills were shown to have a weak influence. By utilising the empirically validated model consisting
of three dimensions (‘Describing’, ‘Scientific reasoning’ and ‘Interpreting’) and three skill levels, it was possible to assess
each child’s competency level and to develop and evaluate guided play activities to individually foster a child’s observation
competency. 相似文献
19.
Bethany Huntington James Goulding Nicola J. Pitchford 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2023,54(5):1273-1291
Interactive apps are commonly used to support the acquisition of foundational skills. Yet little is known about how pedagogical features of such apps affect learning outcomes, attainment and motivation—particularly when deployed in lower-income contexts, where educational gains are most needed. In this study, we analyse which app features are most effective in supporting the acquisition of foundational literacy and numeracy skills. We compare five apps developed for the Global Learning XPRIZE and deployed to 2041 out-of-school children in 172 remote Tanzanian villages. A total of 41 non-expert participants each provided 165 comparative judgements of the five apps from the competition, across 15 pedagogical features. Analysis and modelling of these 6765 comparisons indicate that the apps created by the joint winners of the XPRIZE, who produced the greatest learning outcomes over the 15-month field trial, shared six pedagogical features—autonomous learning, motor skills, task structure, engagement, language demand and personalisation. Results demonstrate that this combination of features is effective at supporting learning of foundational skills and has a positive impact on educational outcomes. To maximise learning potential in environments with both limited resources and deployment opportunities, developers should focus attention on this combination of features, especially for out-of-school children in low- and middle-income countries.
Practitioner notes
What is already known about this topic- Interactive apps are becoming common to support foundational learning for children both in and out of school settings.
- The Global Learning XPRIZE competition demonstrates that learning apps can facilitate learning improvements in out-of-school children living in sub-Saharan Africa.
- To understand which app features are most important in supporting learning in these contexts, we need to establish which pedagogical features were shared by the winning apps.
- Effective learning of foundational skills can be achieved with a range of pedagogical features.
- To maximise learning, apps should focus on combining elements of autonomous learning, motor skills, task structure, engagement, language demand and personalisation.
- Free Play is not a key pedagogical feature to facilitate learning within this context.
- When developing learning apps with primary-aged, out-of-school children in low-income contexts, app developers should try to incorporate the six key features associated with improving learning outcomes.
- Governments, school leaders and parents should use these findings to inform their decisions when choosing an appropriate learning app for children.
20.
学习迁移研究的历史与发展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
龚少英 《内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001,30(4):47-51
学习迁移即一种学习对另一种学习的影响，它广泛地存在于知识、技术、态度和行为规范的学习中。迁移是学习的继续和巩固，又是提高和深化学习的条件，学习与迁移不可分割，学习迁移一直是学习理论的一个重要问题，对迁移进行研究，有助于探讨人类学习的实质和规律，揭示能力和品德形成的内在机制，同时也为教学过程提供理论依据。迁移的研究是对所有综合性认知理论的一个严格的、也是必要的经验。 相似文献