共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 437 毫秒
1.
2.
Drawing on Jones's ethical model and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, this study proposes and tests an integrative model for the decision-making process underlying software piracy. Survey data collected from computer users in Guangzhou, China, in accordance with two software piracy scenarios under study—end user piracy and software counterfeiting—provide general support for the model. Consistent with major propositions of the theory of planned behavior, the findings show that Chinese computer users’ perceived moral intensity of software piracy significantly affects their corresponding moral recognition, judgment, and intention in both scenarios. Moreover, a direct influence of moral judgment on attitude toward software piracy is found in both scenarios. With regard to end-user piracy specifically, the findings further echo the theory of planned behavior by demonstrating a direct influence of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intention to pirate. As in the case of software counterfeiting, the findings, however, show that only attitude and subjective norm but not perceived behavioral control significantly influence this intention. Implications derived from this study suggest the potential to synthesize ethical and general social psychological concepts to explain software piracy behavior, and also furnish insights on how to deter software piracy in China. 相似文献
3.
Artificial Life (ALife) has two goals. One attempts to describe fundamental qualities of living systems through agent based
computer models. And the second studies whether or not we can artificially create living things in computational mediums that
can be realized either, virtually in software, or through biotechnology. The study of ALife has recently branched into two
further subdivisions, one is “dry” ALife, which is the study of living systems “in silico” through the use of computer simulations,
and the other is “wet” ALife that uses biological material to realize what has only been simulated on computers, effectively
wet ALife uses biological material as a kind of computer. This is challenging to the field of computer ethics as it points
towards a future in which computer and bioethics might have shared concerns. The emerging studies into wet ALife are likely
to provide strong empirical evidence for ALife’s most challenging hypothesis: that life is a certain set of computable functions
that can be duplicated in any medium. I believe this will propel ALife into the midst of the mother of all cultural battles
that has been gathering around the emergence of biotechnology. Philosophers need to pay close attention to this debate and
can serve a vital role in clarifying and resolving the dispute. But even if ALife is merely a computer modeling technique
that sheds light on living systems, it still has a number of significant ethical implications such as its use in the modeling
of moral and ethical systems, as well as in the creation of artificial moral agents. 相似文献
4.
Emilio Mordini David Wright Kush Wadhwa Paul De Hert Eugenio Mantovani Jesper Thestrup Guido Van Steendam Antonio D’Amico Ira Vater 《Ethics and Information Technology》2009,11(3):203-220
The ageing society poses significant challenges to Europe’s economy and society. In coming to grips with these issues, we
must be aware of their ethical dimensions. Values are the heart of the European Union, as Article 1a of the Lisbon Treaty
makes clear: “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity…”. The notion of Europe as a community of values
has various important implications, including the development of inclusion policies. A special case of exclusion concerns
the gap between those people with effective access to digital and information technology and those without access to it, the
“digital divide”, which in Europe is chiefly age-related. Policies to overcome the digital divide and, more generally speaking,
e-inclusion policies addressing the ageing population raise some ethical problems. Among younger senior citizens, say those
between 65 and 80 years old, the main issues are likely to be universal access to ICT and e-participation. Among the older
senior citizens, say those more than 80 years old, the main issues are mental and physical deterioration and assistive technology.
An approach geared towards the protection of human rights could match the different needs of senior citizens and provide concrete
guidance to evaluate information technologies for them. 相似文献
5.
企业伦理决策过程的构成要素及其相互关系——模型与实证 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
传统上我们在评价企业的一项决策是否合理时,大都从政治、法律、经济、技术等角度进行评价。但随着现代社会人们对企业社会责任的日益重视,企业在评价一项决策是否合理时,加上伦理道德的考虑也就显得日益必要。根据西方学术界的已有研究成果,提炼出企业伦理决策过程的三个构成要素,即“伦理感知”、“伦理判断”和“伦理意图”,从理论上阐述了三者的关系并加以实证检验,说明三者构成企业伦理决策过程是可行的、正确的。 相似文献
6.
通过问卷调查方法研究伦理判断对非伦理消费行为意愿的影响及伦理情景和直接经验的调节作用。结果显示,在非伦理消费情景下伦理判断显著抑制行为意愿,且作用力因自变量组合不同而异;伦理判断的作用受伦理情景和直接经验调节。与界定模糊情景相比,界定清晰情景下的伦理判断抑制作用更强;但受直接经验影响,伦理判断转而对行为意愿有促进作用。 相似文献
7.
The “free” in “free software” refers to a cluster of four specific freedoms identified by the Free Software Definition. The
first freedom, termed “Freedom Zero,” intends to protect the right of the user to deploy software in whatever fashion, towards
whatever end, he or she sees fit. But software may be used to achieve ethically questionable ends. This highlights a tension
in the provision of software freedoms: while the definition explicitly forbids direct restrictions on users’ freedoms, it
does not address other means by which software may indirectly restrict freedoms. In particular, ethically-inflected debate
has featured prominently in the discussion of restrictions on digital rights management and privacy-violating code in version
3 of the GPL (GPLv3). The discussion of this proposed language revealed the spectrum of ethical positions and valuations held
by members of the free software community. In our analysis, we will provide arguments for upholding Freedom Zero; we embed
the problem of possible uses of software in the broader context of the uses of scientific knowledge, and go on to argue that
the provision of Freedom Zero mitigates against too great a moral burden—of anticipating possible uses of software—being placed
on the programmer and that, most importantly, it facilitates deliberative discourse in the free software community. 相似文献
8.
Corporate dynamic transparency: the new ICT-driven ethics? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The term “corporate transparency” is frequently used in scholarly discussions of business ethics and corporate social responsibility
(CSR); however, it remains a volatile and imprecise term, often defined incompletely as “information disclosure” accomplished
through standardized reporting. Based on the results of empirical studies of organizational behaviors, this paper identifies
a new set of managerial practices based on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and particularly Internet-based
tools. These practices are resulting in what can be termed “dynamic transparency.” ICT allows for an informational environment
characterized by two-way exchange between corporations and their stakeholders, which fosters a more collaborative marketplace.
It is proposed that such dynamic information sharing, conducted by means of ICT, drives organizations to display greater openness
and accountability, and more transparent operations, which benefit both the corporations and their constituents. One of the
most important outcomes that will accrue to consumers and other individuals is the “right to know,” especially about corporate
strategies and activities that might directly affect their quality of life. This paper demonstrates that dynamic transparency
is more desirable and more effective than the more common “static transparency” where firms’ information disclosure is one-way,
usually in response to government regulation. We present three ethical arguments to justify the implementation by business
firms of dynamic transparency and demonstrate that their doing so is related to CSR and to augment and complement stakeholder
engagement and dialogue. The paper concludes with a summary of the possible limits to and the problems involved in the implementation
of dynamic transparency for corporations, and suggests some strategies to counter them. 相似文献
9.
The paper investigates the ethics of information transparency (henceforth transparency). It argues that transparency is not
an ethical principle in itself but a pro-ethical condition for enabling or impairing other ethical practices or principles.
A new definition of transparency is offered in order to take into account the dynamics of information production and the differences
between data and information. It is then argued that the proposed definition provides a better understanding of what sort
of information should be disclosed and what sort of information should be used in order to implement and make effective the
ethical practices and principles to which an organisation is committed. The concepts of “heterogeneous organisation” and “autonomous
computational artefact” are further defined in order to clarify the ethical implications of the technology used in implementing
information transparency. It is argued that explicit ethical designs, which describe how ethical principles are embedded into
the practice of software design, would represent valuable information that could be disclosed by organisations in order to
support their ethical standing. 相似文献
10.
With the proliferation of online content service industry, understanding the factors affecting consumer intention to purchase online content services has become an important issue for academics and practitioners. While previous research has suggested that consumers’ perceived value and moral judgment are two main factors influencing behavioral intention to purchase online content services, few studies have explored what drives perceived value and if customers’ ethical self-efficacy will moderate the effect of perceived value on purchase intention. Thus, based on the value-based adoption model and previous literature, this study explores the antecedents of perceived value and the moderating effect of ethical self-efficacy for online piracy (ESEOP) on the relationship between perceived value and purchase intention in the context of online content services. Data collected from 124 respondents in Taiwan are tested against the research model using the partial least squares (PLS) approach. The results indicate that perceived enjoyment, perceived usefulness, perceived fee, and ESEOP have a significant influence on perceived value and that ESEOP can enhance the positive effect of perceived value on purchase intention. The findings of this study provide several important theoretical and practical implications for consumer online content purchase behaviors. 相似文献
11.
Litska Strikwerda 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(2):89-97
In 2009 Dutch judges convicted several minors for theft of virtual items in the virtual worlds of online multiplayer computer
games. From a legal point of view these convictions gave rise to the question whether virtual items should count as “objects”
that can be “stolen” under criminal law. This legal question has both an ontological and a moral component. The question whether
or not virtual items count as “objects” that can be “stolen” is an ontological question. The question whether or not they
should count as such under criminal law is of a moral nature. The purpose of this paper is to answer both the ontological
question and the moral question underlying the legal question. 相似文献
12.
Gordon Hull Heather Richter Lipford Celine Latulipe 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(4):289-302
Social networking sites like Facebook are rapidly gaining in popularity. At the same time, they seem to present significant
privacy issues for their users. We analyze two of Facebooks’s more recent features, Applications and News Feed, from the perspective
enabled by Helen Nissenbaum’s treatment of privacy as “contextual integrity.” Offline, privacy is mediated by highly granular
social contexts. Online contexts, including social networking sites, lack much of this granularity. These contextual gaps
are at the root of many of the sites’ privacy issues. Applications, which nearly invisibly shares not just a users’, but a
user’s friends’ information with third parties, clearly violates standard norms of information flow. News Feed is a more complex
case, because it involves not just questions of privacy, but also of program interface and of the meaning of “friendship”
online. In both cases, many of the privacy issues on Facebook are primarily design issues, which could be ameliorated by an
interface that made the flows of information more transparent to users. 相似文献
13.
Michael Nagenborg 《Ethics and Information Technology》2009,11(3):175-179
J. van den Hoven suggested to analyse privacy from the perspective of informational justice, whereby he referred to the concept
of distributive justice presented by M. Walzer in “Spheres of Justice”. In “privacy as contextual integrity” Helen Nissenbaum did also point to Walzer’s approach of complex equality as well to
van den Hoven’s concept. In this article I will analyse the challenges of applying Walzer’s concept to issues of informational
privacy. I will also discuss the possibilities of framing privacy from the point of the “art of separation” by looking at
the intersection of information infrastructures and institutions. 相似文献
14.
We begin with our reasons for seeking to bring Kant to bear on contemporary information and computing ethics (ICE). We highlight
what each contributor to this special issue draws from Kant and then applies to contemporary matters in ICE. We conclude with
a summary of what these chapters individually and collectively tell us about Kant’s continuing relevance to these contemporary
matters – specifically, with regard to the issues of building trust online and regulating the Internet; how far discourse
contributing to deliberative democracy online may include storytelling and appeals to the emotions; and whether or not search
engine algorithms should be made public. We further highlight how certain chapters – especially as they incorporate more recent
philosophical traditions such as phenomenology and cognitive psychology – develop a Kantian approach (or at least one that
is both inspired by while simultaneously transforming Kant) to ethical issues in ICE, including the ethical implications of
the on-going blurring of the border between the real and the virtual; designing software in light of distributed ethical responsibility;
and trust-building in e-Science collaborations. 相似文献
15.
Norman Mooradian 《Ethics and Information Technology》2009,11(3):163-174
James Rachels’ seminal paper “Why Privacy Is Important” (1975) remains one of the most influential statements on the topic. It offers a general theory that explains why privacy
is important in relation to mundane personal information and situations. According to the theory, privacy is important because
it allows us to selectively disclose personal information and to engage in behaviors appropriate to and necessary for creating
and maintaining diverse personal relationships. Without this control, it is implied, the diversity of relationships would
diminish; relationships would “flatten out”, we might say. The aspect of the paper that addresses information flows (what
I refer to as his information privacy theory) has been of particular interest to computer information privacy theorists. Despite
its continued importance to computer privacy theorists, however, the information privacy theory appears to be contradicted
by recent developments in computing. In particular, since the publication of Rachels’ paper we have seen an extensive amount
of personal information collected. Further, recent developments in computing falling under the heading of social computing
have brought about a new wave of personal information creation and collection. This paper will reassess and resituate Rachels’
information privacy theory in light of these developments. I will argue that the increasing collection of personal data will
not flatten relationships as the information privacy theory predicts because such data lack contextual factors important to
Rachels’ general theory. The paper will conclude by pointing to some areas where Rachels’ general theory and where his information
privacy theory will continue to be relevant. 相似文献
16.
Tadashi Takenouchi 《Ethics and Information Technology》2006,8(4):187-193
To overcome “digital reductionism,” a new kind of mechanical view on human beings, fundamental informatics provides some critical viewpoints. It regards information as “meaning” generated in living things which do not exist alone but are parts of ecological system. On the other hand, V. E. Frankl proposed two dimensions of humans: homo sapiens and homo patiens. The latter is the essential aspect of humans whose essence is “compassion,” while the former is the nature like a mechanical machine. As features of living things, unrestricted ability of interpretation as well as inseparable relationships between others underlies both in Frankl’s thought and fundamental informatics. This viewpoint can be applied to the concept of “information literacy.” 相似文献
17.
We argue that the notion of trust, as it figures in an ethical context, can be illuminated by examining research in artificial
intelligence on multi-agent systems in which commitment and trust are modeled. We begin with an analysis of a philosophical
model of trust based on Richard Holton’s interpretation of P. F. Strawson’s writings on freedom and resentment, and we show
why this account of trust is difficult to extend to artificial agents (AAs) as well as to other non-human entities. We then
examine Margaret Urban Walker’s notions of “default trust” and “default, diffuse trust” to see how these concepts can inform
our analysis of trust in the context of AAs. In the final section, we show how ethicists can improve their understanding of
important features in the trust relationship by examining data resulting from a classic experiment involving AAs. 相似文献
18.
中国情景下企业伦理行为的消费者响应研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文运用深度访谈法,分析消费者是如何响应企业的伦理行为,以及形成不同消费者伦理响应结果的深层次影响因素。研究结果发现,中国情景下消费者对企业伦理活动的响应可归结为5种类别,即抵制、质疑、无所谓、赞赏与支持响应;消费者对企业伦理行为响应的影响因素主要包括消费者伦理意识、消费者伦理认知努力、伦理感知性公平、企业伦理动因推断、消费者规范理性,以及消费者CSR-CA信念。进一步,本文发展了一个消费者伦理响应的一般性框架,旨在对消费者伦理响应的影响过程与机制进行深刻的描述。最后,本文提出了相关的重要结论,并就企业如何刺激消费者支持伦理行为,并鼓励他们将其转化为真正积极的购买行为提供了一些重要建议。 相似文献
19.
Irma van der Ploeg Brit Ross Winthereik Roland Bal 《Ethics and Information Technology》2006,8(2):73-83
In this paper we discuss expected and reported effects on care provider-patient relations of the introduction of electronic
patient records (EPRs) in consultation settings by reviewing exemplary studies and literature on the subject from the past
decade. We argue that in order for such assessments to be meaningful, talk of effects of “the” EPR needs to be replaced by
an “unpacking” of EPR systems into their constituent parts and functionalities, the effects of which need to be assessed individually.
Following from this principle, the paper discusses EPR systems ranging from simple data entry and retrieval systems to more
sophisticated multi-user and multifunctional on-line systems. On a second level, our analysis of the literature is informed
by the question which model of ideal patienthood underlies the assessment of effects of EPRs. To this end, we identify three
“models of patienthood” implicit in writing about benefits and drawbacks of EPRs for patients: the autonomy, the consumer,
and the holistic models, and argue that assumptions concerning these models need to be reflected upon more critically to improve
understanding of what exactly EPR use does to the doctor-patient relationship. 相似文献
20.
Ethical pluralism and global information ethics 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Charles Ess 《Ethics and Information Technology》2006,8(4):215-226
A global information ethics that seeks to avoid imperialistic homogenization must conjoin shared norms while simultaneously preserving the irreducible differences between cultures and peoples. I argue that a global information ethics may fulfill these requirements by taking up an ethical pluralism – specifically Aristotle’s pros hen [“towards one”] or “focal” equivocals. These ethical pluralisms figure centrally in both classical and contemporary Western ethics: they further offer important connections with the major Eastern ethical tradition of Confucian thought. Both traditions understand ethical judgment to lead to and thus require ethical pluralism – i.e., an acceptance of more than one judgment regarding the interpretation and application of a shared ethical norm. Both traditions invoke notions of resonance and harmony to articulate pluralistic structures of connection alongside irreducible differences. Specific examples within Western computer and information ethics demonstrate these pluralisms in fact working in praxis. After reviewing further resonances and radical differences between Western and Eastern views, I then argue that emerging conceptions of privacy and data privacy protection laws in China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Thailand in fact constitute a robust, pros hen pluralism with Western conceptions. In both theory and in praxis, then, this pluralism thus fulfills the requirement for a global information ethics that holds shared norms alongside the irreducible differences between cultures and peoples. 相似文献