共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
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本研究通过探讨静力性诱导方式下PAP对三级跳远运动员单足跳的运动学影响,分析干预前后摆动腿与起跳腿之间运动学的影响差异。研究方法:选取国家二级三级跳远运动员,以肌肉等长收缩后激活增强效应的诱导方式,1次5秒的超负荷静力性半蹲为干预方式诱导PAP,利用红外高速运动捕捉系统,测力台,采集起跳腿与摆动腿单足跳在不同恢复时间下单足跳高度的、运动学和动力学数据变化特征。研究结果:经过1次超负荷5秒MVIC半蹲的PAP诱导刺激过后,即刻15s时段下显著性极高,起跳腿的增长幅度达到17.52%,摆动腿达到16.35%。研究结论:在PAP诱导刺激过后,有效时段为即刻15s-8min之内,且即刻15s时段到达峰值,主要体现于单足跳高度,峰值地面垂直反作用力,峰值功率。 相似文献
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目的：本研究旨在探索在不同膝关节角度（60°、90°、120°）下进行的颈后蹲刺激,对4名山西省优秀男子跳马运动员在随后的15s、4min、8min、12min、16min完成跳马动作时助跑和踏跳过程中的运动学数据以及下肢肌肉肌电数据的影响。希望找到一种最佳的颈后蹲刺激条件和方式,以提高后激活效应在体操跳马项目中的运用效果,并为训练和比赛提供指导和建议。方法：本研究同时使用两台JVC GC-P100对优秀男子跳马运动员的技术动作进行影像数据采集,随后利用APAS三维解析系统进行影像解析,以获取运动学数据。同时,使用Noraxon 16导遥测肌电仪对运动员完成技术动作时所需大量动员的相关下肢肌肉（包括股直肌、股外侧肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌、腓肠肌、胫骨前肌）的肌电数据进行测量并对获得的数据进行详细分析。结果：60°膝角下的5次90%1RM颈后蹲刺激后的4min会使运动员的运动表现显著性提高,运动学数据及i EMG值大幅上升。结论：（1）60°、90°和120°膝角下的5次90%1RM颈后蹲预刺激,均可使男性跳马运动员助跑和踏跳阶段的运动学表现和i EMG值显著提高。60°膝角的刺激效果最优... 相似文献
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爆发力是快速力量为主导的体育项目中决定运动成绩的重要因素,爆发力的任何变化都有可能造成冠军或者名次的改变,因此如何在赛前准备活动中更大程度地提高运动员比赛时的爆发力成为近年来研究的重点。不断去追求和探索更加合理的、有效的激发运动员爆发力的方法和手段,成为运动员和教练员们所关注的内容。随着学界对于后激活增强效应(postactivation potentiation,PAP)的研究愈发深入,发现后激活增强效应有可能成为通过赛前准备活动提高运动员在比赛中爆发力的突破点,对PAP的功能及其在运动能力上应用的关注和研究与日俱增。许多研究人员在运动试验中,通过诱导出PAP提高了运动员的竞技表现,但因这些实验的变量选取纷繁复杂,研究多集中在PAP对运动能力即时性提升的效果,而PAP诱导效果的影响因素尚不明确。从生理机制、诱导条件与适用运动员特点3个方面进行梳理,分析研究PAP产生的生理机制,PAP进行诱导刺激所需的条件,以及适合通过PAP提高运动水平的运动员的特点,旨在为我国教练员和运动员在竞技训练实践中合理利用PAP提供有益参考。 相似文献
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激活后增强效应(PAP)已经被证明可以作为运动前的一种激活策略。本文重点关注PAP干预纵跳能力,对纵跳能力的PAP激活策略、PAP产生的机制进行系统综述,得出以下结论:PAP能在短期内提高纵跳能力,可以作为纵跳活动前的一种激活策略,建议采用杠铃深蹲或半蹲跳作为激活手段,负荷强度可定在80%-90%1RM,负荷量为3-5次×1组,间歇时间应充分考虑负荷强度与负荷量的搭配以及个体恢复水平。个体的性别、训练水平以及力量水平不同,其PAP激活程度不同,教练员在采用PAP作为激活策略时,充分考虑个体因素,关注激活程度较高的个体,且注意激活后疲劳的消除。PAP产生的机制主要是肌球蛋白磷酸化、运动单位募集能力增强、肌纤维羽状角的改变。本文通过讨论不同的激活程序与个体因素对PAP干预纵跳能力的影响,旨在探寻最佳激活策略与原理,为PAP理论体系的完善奠定基础。 相似文献
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PAP类热身方案一直未能得到广泛应用。对激活后增强效应(PAP)国内外相关研究成果进行梳理,在厘清PAP效应生理机制与影响因素的基础上提出基于PAP效应的科学化热身方案,以期提高铅球运动员在训练与竞赛中的运动表现。研究发现:PAP机制与肌球蛋白调节轻链的磷酸化、肌肉运动单位募集能力,肌纤维羽状角度改变有关。PAP效应主要受个体(运动水平、力量水平、项目类型、性别年龄)和训练(激活手段、负荷量、休息时间)的影响。并据此提出以杠铃卧推为主要激活手段的4步骤热身处方。 相似文献
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目的：探讨不同离心负荷激活干预对后激活增强效应所产生的影响及有效作用时间。方法：通过对14名普通男性大学生运用肌肉离心收缩激活方式,观察后续纵跳表现的影响。结果：在激活干预后即刻,对照组与离心负荷（105%1RM和125%1RM）激活干预两个实验组纵跳峰值功率和纵跳的高度没有显著差异,激活干预两个组之间的纵跳表现没有显著差异。激活干预的两组在T3和T6时段的纵跳功率峰值均明显高于对照组。在T3时段两个激活干预实验组纵跳高度峰值明显高于对照组,在T6时段,105%1RM激活干预组的纵跳高度明显增加。结论：纵跳测试前加入大强度的离心负荷刺激会小幅度提高纵跳的能力,不同强度离心负荷的激活干预的后激活增强效应差异性不大,采用105%1RM强度的离心负荷激活干预在 3~6 min有明显的后激活增强效应。 相似文献
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一、目的和对象: 这个调查工作是我们与体操教研组一起联合研究的“对现代国际体操规则中,男子跳马Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类动作踏跳技术分析”总题目中的一个部分。调查的目的有二个: 1.了解男子体操运动员足的运动幅度,为将来进一步研究运动员足的运动幅度积累资料。 2.了解男子体操运动员足的运动幅度与年龄的关系。二、研究方法: 1.进行步骤:采用X硒静电摄影设备和X光机配合进行。运动员取坐位姿势,足的内侧紧贴在硒板暗盒塑料盖板上,X光机 相似文献
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教女生支撑跳跃教材,如何克服其恐惧心理,消除心理障碍是教学的难点。我是这样做的:一、提高求知欲给学生进行教材分析:跳山羊在支撑跳跃中比较简单,大家看电视体操比赛中的跳马也是一种支撑腾越项目,难度较大。长期以来,中国女选手在自由体操和跳马上比较弱,但程菲的出现,让世界重新认识了中国女子体操,第一个跳马达到10分起评的中国女运动员,用属于她的“程菲跳”填补了中国女子体操的两个空白——第一个跳马世界冠军,第一个以中国女选手命名的跳马动作。目前这种优势只是个体,但我们相信它能转化成集体优势,我们会有第二个程菲的。通过名… 相似文献
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采用现场统计与文献资料法对2000年全国体操锦标赛参加跳马比赛运动员的动作类型、起评分与完成情况等相关指标进行了分析,并结合1999年天津世界体操锦标赛与1999年全国体操锦标赛跳马比赛情况进行了对比研究。结果表明,我国男子跳马的整体实力处于世界较高水平;李晓鹏与肖俊峰两名运动员的2跳动作都为10分起评,而且完成质量好,是目前我国乃至世界男子跳马最优秀的运动员。虽然我国有较多运动员能掌握10分起评,但完成前团2周这一“潮流动作”的人数不算太多,完成情况的姿态、高度与落地环节的整体规格不太高。建议今后训练中对动作姿态与高度应高要求,把落地环节作为高水平跳马运动员的训练重点。 相似文献
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Bradshaw EJ Le Rossignol P 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2004,3(2):249-262
The aim of this study was to identify the anthropometric and physical prerequisites for high difficulty floor tumbling and vaulting. Twenty 8-14 year old female talent-selected gymnasts performed handstand push-offs, and single and multiple jumps on a portable Kistler force plate. The force curves were analysed using Kistler and Excel software to obtain peak displacement, peak take-off force, and power The gymnasts were also assessed for sprinting, with and without vaulting, and standing broad jump performances. Video footage from the vault take-off was analysed using Video Expert II software to obtain the horizontal and vertical take-off velocities. Each gymnast's best vault starting score, three best floor tumbling skills, and anthropometric characteristics were recorded. Statistical analysis included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the effect of age (8-10 years, 11-12 years, 13-14 years) on the performance measures and linear regression analysis with performance start score for vault or best floor tumbling score as the outcome variable. The best regression model for indicating vaulting talent had, as predictor variables, resultant velocity at take-off from the board, squat jump power, and average power during the last five jumps in the continuous bent-leg jump series. The best regression model for indicating floor tumbling ability had, as predictor variables, age, vault running velocity, and reduced ground contact time in a handstand push-off. 相似文献
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An increase in the period over which a muscle generates force can lead to the generation of greater force and, therefore, for example in jumping, to greater jump height. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of squat depth on maximum vertical jump performance. We hypothesized that jump height would increase with increasing depth of squat due to the greater time available for the generation of muscular force. Ten participants performed jumps from preferred and deep squat positions. A computer model simulated jumps from the different starting postures. The participants showed no difference in jump height in jumps from deep and preferred positions. Simulated jumps produced similar kinematics to the participants' jumps. The optimal squat depth for the simulated jumps was the lowest position the model was able to jump from. Because jumping from a deep squat is rarely practised, it is unlikely that these jumps were optimally coordinated by the participants. Differences in experimental vertical ground reaction force patterns also suggest that jumps from a deep squat are not optimally coordinated. These results suggest there is the potential for athletes to increase jump performance by exploiting a greater range of motion. 相似文献
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Abstract An increase in the period over which a muscle generates force can lead to the generation of greater force and, therefore, for example in jumping, to greater jump height. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of squat depth on maximum vertical jump performance. We hypothesized that jump height would increase with increasing depth of squat due to the greater time available for the generation of muscular force. Ten participants performed jumps from preferred and deep squat positions. A computer model simulated jumps from the different starting postures. The participants showed no difference in jump height in jumps from deep and preferred positions. Simulated jumps produced similar kinematics to the participants' jumps. The optimal squat depth for the simulated jumps was the lowest position the model was able to jump from. Because jumping from a deep squat is rarely practised, it is unlikely that these jumps were optimally coordinated by the participants. Differences in experimental vertical ground reaction force patterns also suggest that jumps from a deep squat are not optimally coordinated. These results suggest there is the potential for athletes to increase jump performance by exploiting a greater range of motion. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to identify differences between elite male and female pole vaulters in terms of their mechanical energy and angular momentum. The vaulter's total mechanical energy and angular momentum were calculated from the three-dimensional kinematic data of the pole vault finals at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The development of total, kinetic and potential energy showed similar characteristics for men and women. The initial energy of the vault, the energy at maximum pole bend position and the final energy were significantly higher for male athletes (P <0.05), while the energy gain produced by the athletes during the vault showed no significant differences (male vaulters 5.88 +/- 1.02 J.kg(-1), female vaulters 5.74 +/- 1.63 J.kg(-1)). Time-related parameters relating to pole bending and recoiling also showed no significant differences (P <0.05). In contrast to the male vaulters, the female vaulters did not show a free upward flight phase. The angular momentum was significantly higher for the female vaulters during the initial pole bend and during the bar clearance (P <0.05). We conclude that the pole vaulting technique of female elite athletes is not a projection of the technique of male elite vaulters at a lower jump height, but rather a different way of jumping and interacting with the elastic pole. The current technique of elite female pole vaulters still has potential for further improvement. 相似文献
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中外高水平女子撑竿跳高技术的生物力学比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨我国女子撑竿跳高的发展潜力,用爱捷录像解析系统解析获得数据,比较分析1997年室内世界锦标赛2名优秀选手蔡维燕(Cai)和埃玛·乔治(Ai)的撑竿跳高技术。结果表明,Cai的起跳速度和摆体速度有待进一步提高。提高起跳速度,合理减少起跳角,对加大弯竿,提高握竿高度和摆体速度有高度正相关关系。 相似文献
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Research to date has demonstrated the importance of running speed and an accurate take-off on gymnastics vaulting performance (Krug et al., 1998; Bohne et al., 2000). Current training practice for gymnastics vaulting is to stereotype the 15-25 m run-ups to the board, which assumes that a fast and reliable approach is best controlled predominantly without visual feedback. Incidences where gymnasts make errors during their run-ups, often landing onto the back of the board, occur frequently, even at the international level. The standard deviation method (e.g. Lee et al., 1982) for identifying visual regulation in long jump run-ups was employed in this first exploration of gymnastics vaulting to examine whether visual regulation processes are utilised. Secondly, the question of how a small number of gymnasts can run fast during the approach and perform more difficult vaults was addressed. Five elite female gymnasts aged 13-15 years performed five round-off entry vaults. One panning 50 Hz video camera recorded each trial from an elevated platform to evaluate the approach step, hurdle, and round-off characteristics, whilst two 250 Hz cameras recorded vaulting performance. Two qualified judges viewed each vaulting trial and provided a performance score. A precursor for a fast take-off from the board when vaulting is to utilise vision early to control the approach kinematics (p = 0.02). High take-off velocity was directly related to judge's score (p = 0.03). Coaches need to supplement gymnasts' vault training to include exercises that improve the gymnasts' ability to visually regulate their gait pattern whilst running. 相似文献
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《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(4):215-228
Vertical jump performance tests can give considerably different results, even when different methods are used to analyze the same jump trial from the same subject. To evaluate and compare 4 different methods commonly used to measure vertical jump performance, 52 physically active men each performed 5 maximal vertical jumps. Kinetic and kinematic data were used to analyze each trial using the 4 methods: a criterion test based on body center of mass displacement (VJPT), 2 methods based on vertical takeoff velocity as calculated from the force platform, and 1 method based on time in the air (JUMPAIR). All 4 methods showed excellent reliability (R > .97). Using VJPT as the criterion, the other 3 methods showed excellent coefficients of validity (R > .95) but poor accuracy: The obtained vertical jump height scores were statistically different among all methods (p < .01). JUMPAIR is considered a relatively simple and inexpensive method to obtain valid and reliable measures of vertical jump performance without an arm swing, provided the appropriate adjustments are made to the jump results. 相似文献