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精神劳动是生产劳动，精神劳动产品是商品，既有使用价值又有价值。精神商品没有“平均劳动熟练程度和劳动强度”，其社会必要劳动时间等于个别劳动时间。精神劳动产品的价值实现具有两大特点：一是价格变动的特殊性；二是价值规律对精神商品的调节具有间接性。要使精神产品的潜在价值转化为现实价值，必须质量高，性能好，有竞争力。 相似文献
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为加强对产品运输计量的管理,消除人为因素对产品运输计量造成的误差,提高产品运输计量的准确性和及时性,同时减少相关工作人员的劳动强度,有效提高生产效率,设计了一套依托离线RFID技术和局域网结合,直接从计量设备中取数,并使用大型数据库技术为基础的计算机动态信息管理系统。 相似文献
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方森洪 《中学政史地(高一)》2006,(9)
商品的价值量与劳动生产率的关系问题是高一《思想政治》教材中的一个重点和难点问题。同学们在学习中要注意以下几个问题。一、区别三对概念1.商品的价值量和价值总量。商品的价值量是指商品价值的大小。商品的价值总量是指某部门、某行业或某一生产者在一定时间内所生产的商品价值量的总和,即单位商品的价值量与使用价值量(或商品数量)的乘积。2.个别劳动时间与社会必要劳动时间。个别劳动时间是指某一生产者在生产某种单位商品所消耗的劳动时间。社会必要劳动时间是指在现有的社会正常的生产条件下,在社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度下… 相似文献
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本文讨论劳动生产率及其决定因素 ,从而说明科学、技术、管理水平、生产资料数量和劳动者熟练程度等本身 ,并不生产产品 ,这些因素的发展使劳动生产率提高 ,从而使劳动者可以生产出更多的产品。一、劳动生产率函数(一 )劳动生产率劳动生产率是平均单位劳动时间生产的产品数量 ,用来表示财富生产中劳动的效率。劳动生产率可以用公式表示如下 : 劳动生产率 =生产的产品数量劳动时间用ｆ表示劳动生产率、ｑ表示生产的产品数量、ｈ表示劳动时间 ,劳动生产率可以写为 : ｆ=ｑｈ (1—1 )根据劳动生产率的基本定义 ,有 : 产品数量 =劳动时… 相似文献
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盛毅 《中学政史地(高三)》2007,(1)
一、劳动生产率劳动生产率就是劳动者生产某种产品的劳动效率。劳动生产率水平有两种表示方式:一种可以用单位时间内所生产的产品的数量来表示。单位时间内生产的产品数量越多,劳动生产率就越高,反之,则越低;另一种可以用生产单位产品所耗费的劳动时间来表示。生产单位产品所需要的劳动时间越少,劳动生产率就越高,反之,则越低。劳动生产率的状况是由社会生产力的发展水平决定的。具体说,决定劳动生产率高低的因素主要有:①劳动者的平均熟练程度。劳动者的平均熟练程度越高,劳动生产率就越高。劳动者的平均熟练程度不仅指劳动实际操作技术,而… 相似文献
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所谓按劳分配,就是指以劳动者提供的劳动数量和质量为依据和尺度,按比例分配劳动的成果,实行多劳多得,少劳少得.马克思主义经典作家设想的按分分配是与消灭商品经济的预测相联系的,也就是在所有社会成员平等地占有全社会的生产资料,全社会生产完全有计划地安排的前提下,劳动者的劳动从一开始就直接表现为社会劳动,劳动成果的计量和分配不直接采取价值的形式,而是直接按劳动时间计量,以分发劳动券的形式进行.而在我国现阶段,由于商品经济的存在,在实行按劳分配中还受到多种作劳动因素的影响,因此,在具体贯彻中还存在着一些事实上的不公. 相似文献
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江松先 《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》1987,(3)
一、《资本论》第一卷与第二种含义的社会必要劳动时间长期以来经济学界认为,第一种含义的社会必要劳动时间是马克思在《资本论》第一卷中提出的,即“社会必要劳动时间是在现有的社会正常的生产条件下,在社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度下制造某种使用价值所需要的劳动时间。”第二种含义的社会必要劳动时间是在第三卷中提出的,即“事实上价值规律所影响的不是个别商品或物品,而总是各个特殊的因分工而互相独立的社会生产领域的总产品;因此,不仅在每个商 相似文献
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14、什色是经济效益?衡量经济效益的标准是什么?企业提高经济效益的意义和主要途径是什么? ①经济效益,就是从一定社会经济制度的角度,对某项经济活动的效果所作的评价。 ②衡量经济效益的标准: a、社会主义企业生产一定质量和数量的产品,同生产这些产品的劳动占用和劳动消耗的比较中得到评价。 b、实现社会主义生产目的程度。 c、社会经济效益如何。 ③意义:它对整个国民经济的发展和人民生活 相似文献
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杨延红 《扬州大学学报(高教研究版)》2011,15(1):64-67
高校工会的工作对象、工作内容和工作方法都带有高校的特殊性,在实际工作中还存在主观认识、工作能力、运作机制和工作方法等方面的问题与不足,影响着高校工会作用的有效发挥。高校工会要想推进工作创新发展,必须进一步明确把自觉接受党的领导作为工作的前提,把热忱服务教职工作为工作的重点,把依法维护教职工权益作为工作的核心,把不断推进工作创新作为工作的亮点。 相似文献
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四、对市场价值构成的深化认识 马克思在《资本论》等著作中虽然指出过企业管理者劳动和科技人员的劳动也是创造价值的生产劳动,但他主要分析的是生产商品的物质生产劳动,并从劳动耗费主要包括生产资料和生产劳动这两个要素出发,进而认为商品的市场价值是由物化劳动转移的价值和活劳动创造的补偿劳动力的价值和资本家无偿占有的剩余价值三部分构成,用公式表示是: W=C+V+M 然而根据我们上面的分析,在社会主义市场经济条件下,创造市场价值的劳动不仅包括生产有形商品的物质生产劳动,而且包括生产无形商品的服务劳动以及生产精神商品的科技劳动。而且这后两部分劳动创造的价值在市场价值总量中所占的比重越来越大,发达国家占60％～80％,我国已超过30％。因此,马克思的商品价值公式需要结合新的实际进行深化认识。那么在新的历史条件下怎样对马克思的商品价值公式进行深化认识呢?我们认为朱妙宽同志的研究成果具有很重要的启迪意义。笔者阐述的市场价值构成公式是在吸取朱妙宽同志的新价值构成公式(W=C+V+M+S=C_1+C_2+C_3+V_1+V_2+V_3+M_1+M_2+M_3+S_1+S_2+S_3)精华的基础上构建的。笔者构建的市场价值构成公式如下: W=C~*+V~*+M~* 式中,C~*=C_1+C_2;V~*=V_1+V_2;M~*=M_1+M_2。 本价值构成公式就是在马 相似文献
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Bruce Williams 《Higher Education Quarterly》1994,48(4):277-293
Graduates from HEIs play key roles in process and product innovations which generate growth in output per worker and incomes. Some innovations increase and some reduce the demand for labour over time, and population growth apart, the net effect has been labour saving - life hours of work have fallen considerably. An important part of that reduction has been later entry to the labour force. While HEIs and their students respond to the manpower needs of employers, a more important response is that of employers to the great social change from elite to mass higher education. Post employment education and training is increasing and in the most dynamic economies the role of the business sector in FE&T is likely to increase relative to that of the education sector. 相似文献
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Sergey Roshchin 《Journal of Education & Work》2017,30(3):314-338
This paper analyses the factors of combining study and work and the factors explaining intensity of work during study in Russia, based on cross-sectional survey data. The issue of how Russian students combine work and study is analysed through the set of financial, academic, social and demographic predictors, quality of university and quality of students. These factors may have an effect on student employment and student labour supply, and help shed light on what motivates students to enter the labour market. We discovered that 64.7% of Russian students combined study and work and most of them begin working during their third year of study. Our results indicate that factors associated with the quality of students, such as studying in a top university and participating in research activities, positively affect the probability of student employment, but negatively affect the intensity of employment. Financial motivations for student employment are also significant. We found that students receiving financial support from their families are less likely to be employed during their study and work less hours. However, we found no evidence that combining study and work affects students’ academic achievements. 相似文献
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Considering the inherently hazardous nature of some artisanal fishing and farm work in Ghana, there is sometimes a thin line between what is considered child work and child labour. I drew on literature exploring cultural relativism and human rights and the concept of the margin of appreciation in considering whether child labour violates human rights. I aimed to establish parental perceptions of child labour and human rights in rural and urban Ghana amongst 60 government officials, NGO representatives, and both parents whose children were/were not involved in child labour. The average age of participants was 31 years. Semistructured interviews were conducted with parents (10), stakeholders (10), focus groups (30); and participant observation techniques (10) utilised to gather the needed data and purposively sampled across rural areas (Ankaase, Anwiankwanta and Kensere), and urban areas (Jamestown, Korle Gonno and Chorkor) in Ghana. Interviews were recorded, transcribed utilising a framework approach as the main data analysis method. The paper finds that children are engaged in work to teach them work ethics as most parents consider work socialisation as beneficial for children and society. The paper also finds that knowledge of human rights makes parents more committed to children's welfare. Overall, the paper finds that sensitivity to the economic and cultural context is important in understanding the issue of child labour and, more generally, in applying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and working out the parenting policies and practices that are in the best interests of the child. 相似文献
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中国经济"高增长、低就业"的变化趋势和原因分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文以20世纪90年代以来中国经济发展呈现出"高增长、低就业"的模式为背景,对目前学术界就中国经济就业弹性下降趋势给予的各种解释进行了简要评析,并结合国际发展经验和我国劳动力市场的实际格局提出,企业中普遍的加班加点行为,抵消了经济增长创造出来的一部分就业供给,减少了对新职工的雇佣量,从而使中国经济形成了"高增长、低就业"的特殊模式. 相似文献
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Ellu Saar 《Journal of Education & Work》2017,30(5):531-551
Ageing populations and accelerating economic change make it increasingly important to update the skill levels of populations over the whole life course. Adult education is believed to allow adults’ skills to adapt continuously to constantly changing economic requirements. Both research into adult education, and discussions on lifelong learning policies have been dominated by a supply side view of the labour market (the human capital approach), which has tended to underplay the role of the demand side of the labour market. This paper aims to extend previous analyses by examining how both labour supply and demand characteristics influence participation in non-formal job-related education in countries with different skill formation systems. The paper emphasises skill use at work. The purpose is to understand better the relationship between participation in adult education and workers’ skills profiles as well as the extent to which those skills are used in jobs and how this relationship differs in different countries. We used data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies and applied logistic regression analysis. 相似文献
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Perceived employability among undergraduates and the importance of career self-management,work experience and individual characteristics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Underemployment, continued growth in the supply of graduates and seemingly perpetual instability are dominant trends in graduate labour markets. In order to negotiate an increasingly complex career terrain, graduates require sharpened skills in effectively managing their own careers and a strong assurance of their own capabilities. This study focuses on the individual dimensions of perceived employability (PE) and explores perceptions among undergraduates and the associated influence of career management competencies, work experience and individual characteristics. Data were collected for 480 business undergraduates at a UK and Australian university using an online survey. Findings indicate that, overall, undergraduates demonstrated reasonably high levels of PE. Certain career management competencies influenced perceptions, in addition to work experience and individual characteristics. The study is relevant to stakeholders, including educators, employers and students, from developed economies as it highlights coherent strategies to enhance PE among higher education students. These may lead to increased individual success in the labour market and more effective recruitment, retention and performance of new graduates. 相似文献
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The presumed link between schooling and the economy has been a prime force in motivating educational reform proposals in many countries. Educators feel caught between expectations by many that schools will play a key role in labour market success for young people and the reality that their influence on labour market outcomes is relatively weak. Solving the problem is not possible, but neither is ignoring it. Schools face an intractable yet compelling problem.This paper looks at the way in which school districts in a Canadian province understand and try to respond to changes in the labour market and the nature of work. The paper is based on collaborative case studies of five school districts and surveys of school board members and chief superintendents. We conclude that people in school systems are aware in a general way of labour market changes, and see them as having negative implications for students. However the changing job situation seems to be an important but largely unanalyzed issue. There is relatively little discussion of school-work issues in schools and districts. Administrators and school board members rely on informal sources of information rather than gathering data about their own situation. Schools and districts are using various programmatic devices to address labour market needs, such as partnerships, work experience, or co-operative education, but all of these operate within the confines of a traditional model of schooling. None of the districts has a strategy for this issue or has made it a priority.We conclude with some suggestions for measures schools could reasonably take to respond more effectively to the impact of changes in work. 相似文献