共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
黄网官 《教育研究与评论(中学教育教学版)》2014,(4)
记忆过程分为感觉记忆、工作记忆和长时记忆三个阶段。在物理学习中,知识的学习过程更多地发生在工作记忆阶段;工作记忆中经过复述或者组块的内容以编码的方式进入长时记忆。结合记忆理论理解学生的学习过程,有助于促进对学习的理解。 相似文献
2.
Mayer多媒体学习的认知理论模型涉及感觉记忆、工作记忆、长时记忆三大基本部件和五大认知加工过程,但其科学基础仍有待深入考察。认知神经科学对感觉记忆、工作记忆和长时记忆的探索成果为多媒体学习认知理论奠定了更为深层的科学基础。认知神经科学认为,感觉记忆中的视觉记忆和声觉记忆在信息存储量、表征与编码、保持时间等方面存在互补,为多媒体学习认知理论中＂双重通道假设＂提供了更深层次的科学基础。工作记忆是多媒体学习认知加工过程的主要处理单元,认知神经科学基于脑成像技术提出的工作记忆加工成分结构及其功能定位模型和语音短时记忆功能模型,揭示了工作记忆中的信息处理机制,进一步推进了对工作记忆的基础研究。认知神经科学将长时记忆分为陈述性记忆和程序性记忆,长时记忆中信息存储的层次网络模型、激活扩散模型、集理论模型等更深入地推进了多媒体学习认知加工过程的科学基础。德国心理学家Schnotz从描述性表征和描绘性表征两个方面提出了多媒体学习＂图文理解整合模型＂（ITPC）,这一模型揭示了图文理解的过程机制,是当前多媒体学习认知理论模型的最新发展成果。 相似文献
3.
回溯线索范式在视觉工作记忆相关研究中被广泛用于提高工作记忆效能,前人研究已经证实了时间序列线索在工作记忆提取过程中的促进效应。然而,记忆负荷与时间序列线索的交互作用依然有待探索。当前研究采用工作记忆的变化检测任务结合回溯线索范式,考察记忆项目负荷变化对时间序列线索效应的影响。实验设计连续呈现两个记忆阵列,并使用序列线索提取指定的记忆阵列来考察线索对记忆表征的提取效应。结果表明：在高负荷与低负荷条件下都可以观测到序列线索效应,并且序列线索效应会随记忆负荷变化,记忆负荷的上升会减弱线索效应。该研究评估了不同负荷条件下序列线索对视觉工作记忆表征的加强,加深了对时间序列线索作用机制的理解,并拓展了时间序列线索在视觉工作记忆中的应用范围。 相似文献
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5.
裴苏宁 《辽宁教育行政学院学报》2009,26(3)
英语阅读理解在各级考试中比重最大,而工作记忆能力的高低与做英语阅读理解题时的准确率有极大关系.从工作记忆的特点和组成以及对阅读理解的作用出发,指出在做英语阅读理解时,有效运用工作记忆对提高阅读能力以及答题的准确率有极大帮助作用.由此观点,提出了通过提高工作记忆来促进阅读教学的措施. 相似文献
6.
郑世俊 《新校园(当代教育研究)》2010,(8)
长时工作记忆理论是专家记忆理论的一种,本文简要回顾了该理论发展的历程,研究现状.并对其缺点进行了分析.长时工作记忆的核心是,人们从事非常熟练的认知活动时,长时记忆中的一部分信息提取和存储具有短时记忆信息加工的性质;工作记忆应该包括短时工作记忆和长时工作记忆两部分. 相似文献
7.
工作记忆是执行认知任务时所涉及的一个对所需信息进行临时保持及操作的系统,它能同时储存和加工信息,其工作记忆容量有限。阅读理解是一个复杂的认知过程,是在头脑中形成语言描述的情境,用推理等活动揭示语言材料意义的过程。个体工作记忆阅读广度的差异反映了阅读能力的差异。只有进一步认识工作记忆的个体差异对阅读理解的影响,才能更好地发挥工作记忆对阅读理解的促进作用。 相似文献
8.
潘黎萍 《兰州教育学院学报》2012,28(6):63-64
认知负荷理论认为,当主体的认知负荷低于工作记忆容量时,认知活动能顺利进行。基于此理论,本文试图以分散被试注意力的实验方式探讨阅读元认知策略的自动化与阅读效果的关系。实验证明：阅读元认知策略的自动化能有效借助阅读主体的长时记忆,从而降低阅读主体的认知负荷,使主体获得更多的工作记忆容量来处理阅读任务,获得更好的阅读效果。 相似文献
9.
记忆的组块及组块效应是由米勒在1956年提出的关于人类工作记忆限度的理论。自从组块效应提出后,很多心理学者和语言学者都受此理论启发,在不同领域中研究并取得突破性进展。在外语学习中,如果利用好组块效应,也可以有效提高大学生英语阅读效率。 相似文献
10.
郑承志 《荆门职业技术学院学报》2011,(12):49-52
组织记忆具有工作记忆、长时记忆和外援记忆三重存储结构。工作记忆包括多个工作记忆单元,每个单元由工作记忆单元执行系统和卷入员工的个体记忆构成。长时记忆可进一步分为交互记忆、联结记忆和认同记忆;其中交互记忆存储组织成员个体知识以及谁具有什么知识的集体意识,联结记忆存储由个体联结所表征的组织关系性、流程性知识,认同记忆则保存组织成员一致认同的信念与价值观体系。外援记忆主要包括人工饰物、各类组织文档、各种计算机信息系统等等。 相似文献
11.
The Relations Between Children’s Reading Comprehension, Working Memory, Language Skills and Components of Reading Decoding in a Normal Sample 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The primary aim of the current study was to identify the strongest independent predictors of reading comprehension using word
reading, language and memory variables in a normal sample of 180 children in grades 3–5, with a range of word reading skills.
It was hypothesized that orthographic processing, receptive vocabulary and verbal working memory would all make independent
contributions to reading comprehension. The contributions of reading speed, receptive grammatical skills, exposure to print,
visuospatial working memory and verbal learning and retrieval (a measure of longer-term retention) were also investigated.
Working memory tasks that required the processing and storage of numerical and spatial material were used. One of the numerical
working memory tasks was based on the number span task developed by Yuill, Oakhill, and Parkin British Journal of Psychology, 1989, 80, 351–361. A visuospatial equivalent of that task was developed from the forward Corsi block task [Corsi, Abstracts International, 1973, 34, 891]. The results revealed that, after controlling for age and general intellectual ability, the word reading and the language
variables had a much stronger relation with reading comprehension than the memory variables. The strongest independent predictor
of reading comprehension was orthographic processing since it captured variance in both word reading, language skills and
verbal working memory. The forward Corsi task and performance on a measure of verbal learning and retrieval each made small
independent contributions to reading comprehension but the contribution of verbal working memory was not significant. It was
concluded that tasks measuring the interplay between short-term and long-term memory, in which new information is combined
with information already stored in long-term memory, may better predict reading comprehension measured with the text available
than working memory tasks which only have a short-term memory component. 相似文献
12.
The present study examined children's digital text comprehension of digital text types linear digital text vs hypertext, with or without graphical navigable overviews. We investigated to what extent individual variation in children's comprehension could be explained by lexical quality (word reading efficiency and vocabulary knowledge), cognitive load factors (prior knowledge and working memory), text type and graphical overview. Participants were 93 sixth graders in a within‐subject design. Word reading efficiency, vocabulary knowledge and prior knowledge predicted children's digital comprehension scores, while working memory did not. Reading comprehension was equal for linear text or hypertext. However, the presence of an overview facilitated reading comprehension for readers with lower prior knowledge. It can be concluded that hypertexts with basic digital text features and accompanying comprehension questions are not more difficult for children than linear digital texts, that similar individual factors predict reading comprehension of linear text and hypertext, and that a graphical overview helps when prior knowledge is low. 相似文献
13.
The present study examined the role of verbal working memory (memory span and tongue-twister), two-character Chinese pseudoword reading (two tasks), rapid automatized naming (RAN) (letters and numbers), and phonological segmentation (deletion of rimes and onsets) in inferential text comprehension in Chinese in 31 less competent comprehenders compared with 37 reading comprehension control students and 23 chronological age controls. It was hypothesized that the target students would perform poorly on these cognitive and linguistic tasks as compared with their controls. Furthermore, verbal working memory and pseudoword reading would explain a considerable amount of individual variation in Chinese text comprehension. RAN would have a nonsignificant role in text comprehension. Structural equation analyses and hierarchical multiple regression analyses generally upheld these hypotheses. Our findings support current literature of the role of verbal working memory in reading comprehension found in English. The results, however, suggest differential role of the constructs and the tasks in reading comprehension and provide some answers for comprehension impairment in Chinese students. 相似文献
14.
We examined the contribution of working memory capacity to the development of children’s reading comprehension. We present
data from three waves of a longitudinal study when the children were 7 years (Grade 1), 8 years (Grade 2) and 9 years (Grade
3). Two questions were raised: The first question concerned the developmental changes of the relative contribution of working
memory in predicting reading comprehension compared to vocabulary and decoding skills. The second question explored to what
extent reading comprehension could be predicted by working memory capacity measured at a prior time. At the end of each grade,
reading comprehension, nonword reading, vocabulary knowledge and working memory capacity were assessed. To test the first
question, the predictive power of working memory capacity was compared to vocabulary and decoding skills by performing concurrent
multiple-regression analyses in each grade. The results showed that working memory capacity emerged as a direct predictor
of reading comprehension in Grade 3. To address the second question, we performed multiple-regression analyses predicting
reading comprehension from working memory, nonword reading, and vocabulary measured at a prior time. In these analyses, the
autoregressive effect was taken into account to separately assess the unique contribution of each predictor to the development
of later reading comprehension. The results showed that Grade 1 vocabulary and Grade 2 working memory had additional effects
on Grade 3 reading comprehension after the autoregressive effect of reading comprehension had been accounted for. These findings
support the idea that, as word recognition becomes automated throughout the early grade levels, working memory becomes an
important determinant of reading comprehension. There is also evidence that working memory capacity directly influences the
development of reading comprehension skills. The direction of the causal flow is discussed. 相似文献
15.
Lynn S. Fuchs Douglas Fuchs Donald L. Compton Carol L. Hamlett Amber Y. Wang 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2015,19(3):204-223
This study’s hypotheses were that (a) word-problem (WP) solving is a form of text comprehension that involves language comprehension processes, working memory, and reasoning, but (b) WP solving differs from other forms of text comprehension by requiring WP-specific language comprehension as well as general language comprehension. At the start of the 2nd grade, children (n = 206; on average, 7 years, 6 months) were assessed on general language comprehension, working memory, nonlinguistic reasoning, processing speed (a control variable), and foundational skill (arithmetic for WPs; word reading for text comprehension). In spring, they were assessed on WP-specific language comprehension, WPs, and text comprehension. Path analytic mediation analysis indicated that effects of general language comprehension on text comprehension were entirely direct, whereas effects of general language comprehension on WPs were partially mediated by WP-specific language. By contrast, effects of working memory and reasoning operated in parallel ways for both outcomes. 相似文献
16.
The focus of the present study was on the mediation and moderation effects of reading processes as evidenced from eye movements on the relation between cognitive and linguistic student characteristics (word decoding, vocabulary, comprehension skill, short-term memory, working memory, and nonverbal intelligence) and text comprehension. Forty 4th graders read 4 explanatory texts and afterward answered text comprehension questions. During their reading, eye-movements of gaze, look back, and second pass duration were examined for the heading, first sentence, and final sentence. The result show differential effects of reader and text characteristics on skipping probability, driven by decoding and nonverbal intelligence. Regression probability and regression path duration are also influenced by decoding. Concluding, this study shows reading behaviour to be related to both students’ skills and text comprehension measures. 相似文献
17.
Telse Nagler Jan Lonnemann Janosch Linkersdörfer Marcus Hasselhorn Sven Lindberg 《Reading and writing》2014,27(5):841-853
The acceleration phenomenon (AP) is defined by improvements in reading speed and reading comprehension, induced by an artificial text fading procedure corresponding to the previously determined fastest individual reading rate. Recent results, however, indicated that fading that is slower than the self-paced reading rate can produce comparable reading enhancements. As reading performance can be strongly influenced by the reading material, this study aimed at investigating to which extent reading enhancements induced by text fading depend on the reading material’s characteristics. We confronted 39 German third graders with a previously utilized text fading procedure, which was slower than their self-paced reading rate. Included text varied regarding to the lexical accessibility (LA), representing how well information can be accessed from the mental lexicon. Children’s reading rates increased statistically significant due to text fading for all LA levels. However, reading comprehension was sensitive to the text material’s characteristics: Reading comprehension enhancements were observable for easily accessible reading material, but not for material with intermediate or difficult levels of LA. Material that was difficult to retrieve from the mental lexicon even resulted in reduced reading comprehension in the fading condition. Possible influences on immediate lexical access, the impact of working memory capacity and implications for future AP research are discussed. 相似文献
18.
C. Nikki Arrington Paulina A. Kulesz David J. Francis Jack M. Fletcher Marcia A. Barnes 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2014,18(5):325-346
Little is known about how specific components of working memory, namely, attentional processes including response inhibition, sustained attention, and cognitive inhibition, are related to reading decoding and comprehension. The current study evaluated the relations of reading comprehension, decoding, working memory, and attentional control in 1,134 adolescent students. Path analyses were used to assess the direct and indirect effects of working memory and aspects of attentional control on reading comprehension and decoding. There were significant direct effects of working memory, sustained attention, and cognitive inhibition on reading comprehension, but not decoding. There was a significant direct effect of working memory and response inhibition on decoding, but not comprehension. These results suggest that different aspects of attentional control are important for decoding versus comprehension. 相似文献
19.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(1):43-50
Abstract Many students in Australian schools today experience difficulty understanding read text beyond Year 3 despite early intervention and rich learning experiences. Often the first indications that such students may have reading comprehension difficulties is from poor performance on comprehension tests in fourth grade. After Year 3 the written text becomes more complex and there is an increasing emphasis on reading comprehension. Less skilled comprehenders experience difficulties because they often use inefficient memory strategies and do not normally visualise story content. Readers with comprehension difficulties can be taught to construct mental imagery that will enable them to link verbal and imaginal information more efficiently into their working memory by reducing the cognitive load. The indications are that engaging readers in elaborative questioning and discussion of the text improves reader's own language and mental imagery as well as enhancing comprehension of read text. For readers who have struggled for years and have developed a resistance to reading, a literacy tutoring intervention framework that focuses on a personalised responsive relationship‐based approach to reading, combined with interesting text and student choice of appropriate material, can facilitate improved reading. The Comprehension of the Narrative intervention program is an example of a multiple strategy training intervention program that utilises explicit strategy instruction in a framework of measured stages while also increasing the level and complexity of the reading texts used. It has been shown that participating students are enabled to build on previously mastered skills and develop more effective higher order comprehension outcomes through focused dialogue with trained tutors. 相似文献
20.
In this study, 180 Norwegian fifth‐grade students with a mean age of 10.5 years were administered measures of word recognition skills, strategic text processing, reading motivation and working memory. Six months later, the same students were given three different multiple‐choice reading comprehension measures. Based on three forced‐order hierarchical multiple regression analyses, results indicated that the unique contribution of measured skills and processes to performance varied across comprehension tests. In particular, when the test consisted of a longer passage, contained a larger proportion of inferential questions and was answered without access to relevant text passages, the relative importance of word recognition skills seemed to be reduced while working memory emerged as a relatively strong, unique positive predictor of comprehension performance. These findings have important practical implications for the assessment of reading comprehension. 相似文献