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1.
Home advantage plays an important part in determining the result of a game of football. Its existence and magnitude is well documented in England, but its causes are still not completely understood. In this study, reliable estimates of home advantage are calculated for the domestic leagues of all countries of Europe and South America, as well as a selection of countries from other continents. The results of all games during the last six seasons are used for each of these 72 countries. In Europe, home advantage in the Balkan countries, especially Bosnia and Albania, is much higher than average. It is generally lower than average in northern Europe, from the Baltic republics, through Scandinavia to the British Isles. In South America, home advantage is high in the Andean countries and lower elsewhere, especially in Uruguay. Home advantage is not unusually high or low in any of the countries from other continents. A multiple regression model for the 51 European countries, which included variables for geographical location, crowd effects and travel, accounted for 76.7% of the variability in home advantage. The large geographical variations can be interpreted in terms of territoriality being a contributing factor to home advantage.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the home advantage effect in professional basketball leagues in Europe, especially the differences in home advantage between capital city teams and other teams in each country. All the teams (n=159) of seven national professional basketball leagues were studied (Bulgaria, Greece, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, Spain, and Turkey) and classified as capital city teams or other teams. The data (n=7432 games) were gathered for six seasons (2003–2004 to 2008–2009). The results confirmed the existence of a home advantage effect in all seven basketball leagues. There was a significant difference (P<0.001) between the leagues, with home advantage highest in Romania (65.10%) and Greece (65.02%), and lowest in Turkey (58.12%) and Lithuania (56.13%). The results also show that capital city teams experienced lower home advantage compared with other teams in all seven countries. After controlling for team ability, this was statistically significant for Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Turkey (all P<0.05), but not for Lithuania, Russia or Spain (all P>0.10). These results are consistent with previous studies in football, which suggested that teams playing in capital cities in Europe had lower home advantage than those playing elsewhere. Possible reasons for this finding include a diminished sense of being part of a cohesive local community when playing in a capital city, a lower sense of territorial protection and, for the away team, a lessened feeling of unfamiliarity.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Home advantage as it relates to team performance at football was examined in Superleague Greece using nine seasons of game-by-game performance data, a total of 2160 matches. After adjusting for team ability and annual fluctuations in home advantage, there were significant differences between teams. Previous findings regarding the role of territorial protection were strengthened by the fact that home advantage was above average for the team from Xanthi (P =0.015), while lower for teams from the capital city Athens (P =0.008). There were differences between home and away teams in the incidence of most of the 13 within-game match variables, but associated effect sizes were only moderate. In contrast, outcome ratios derived from these variables, and measuring shot success, had negligible effect sizes. This supported a previous finding that home and away teams differed in the incidence of on-the-ball behaviours, but not in their outcomes. By far the most important predictor of home advantage, as measured by goal difference, was the difference between home and away teams in terms of kicked shots from inside the penalty area. Other types of shots had little effect on the final score. The absence of a running track between spectators and the playing field was also a significant predictor of goal difference, worth an average of 0.102 goals per game to the home team. Travel distance did not affect home advantage.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to compare home advantage at the top two levels of the domestic leagues of a wide selection of countries worldwide. Limited previous work has been inconclusive with home advantage at level 2 appearing at least as high as at level 1. Home advantage was quantified for the most recent seven seasons of the top two levels for 47 countries worldwide and included 168,341 matches. A paired t?test was used to assess the difference between levels for each country. Home advantage was significantly more likely to be higher at level 2 than at level 1. The difference was especially apparent in Bosnia–Herzegovina, Serbia and Iran (all p?<?0.001). Kazakhstan was the only country with a significantly higher advantage at level 1. Possible factors that might be contributing to this finding include players and referees at level 1 being better trained to avoid being influenced by crowd support. Level 2 players may be more intimidated by performing away from home, less well equipped to cope with unfamiliar surroundings and routines, and will also have travelled in less comfort.  相似文献   

5.
Home advantage is quantitatively defined and calculated for each season since the start of the main professional sports in North America and England. Over 400,000 games are analysed. The leagues represented are the National League (1876-2002) and American League (1901-2002) for baseball, the National Hockey League (1917-2003) for ice hockey, the National Football League (1933-2002) for American football, the National Basketball Association (1946-2003) for basketball, and the four levels of professional football, formerly called the Football League, in England (1888-2003). Problems caused by unbalanced playing schedules are considered. The results are presented graphically to show long-term trends and sudden changes. The highest levels of home advantage for all sports were in their early years of existence. Home advantage in ice hockey, basketball and football in England has declined over the last two decades. In baseball there has been very little change over the last 100 years, with home advantage consistently lower than in other sports. There was a large drop in home advantage in football in England following the 7-year suspension of the league during the Second World War. The trends and changes provide some evidence that travel and familiarity contribute to home advantage, but little in support of crowd effects.  相似文献   

6.
根据项群训练理论,对多哈田径世锦赛所产生的奖牌进行分项群分析,重点分析奖牌以洲为界线的地理归属特点。本届世锦赛北美洲在奖牌数量上有绝对优势,欧洲、非洲紧随其后,在快速力量性项群项目中北美洲、欧洲实力相当;速度性项群项目中北美洲实力强劲处于统治地位;耐力性项群项目是非洲夺金夺牌的重点项目,竞走是亚洲的优势项目。认为当今世界田径朝着多极化的趋势发展,呈现出一超、多强、多弱的竞争格局。  相似文献   

7.
Home advantage is well documented for professional baseball, basketball and ice hockey in North America. One of the possible causes of this advantage is familiarity with the local playing facility. This was investigated and quantified in an analysis of 37 teams moving to new stadiums, but in the same city, from 1987 to 2001. Home advantage during the first season in a new stadium after the move was significantly less than home advantage in the final season in the old stadium (P= 0.011). The reduction was evident in all three sports. Possible confounding factors, such as crowd size and crowd density, were considered but did not appear to have an effect. It is estimated that about 24% of the advantage of playing at home maybe lost when a team relocates to a new facility.  相似文献   

8.
从主办国优势看2008 年奥运会我国军团竞争实力   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以历届奥运会主办国主办当届与非主办届所得金牌数为研究对象,运用文献资料法和数理统计法,对主办国优势进行量化,对奥运会不同阶段及不同集团主办国间的优势进行对比分析,进而对2008年奥运会中国主办国优势及金牌数进行预测,旨在为2008年奥运备战及参赛提供参考资料。结论:(1)主办国优势在奥运会中普遍存在并有利于主办国整体实力的发挥;(2)现代奥运会第一阶段的主办国优势明显大于后三阶段,而后三阶段则无明显差别,主办国优势发展至今已趋于稳定;(3)整体实力越弱的主办国其优势越大,反之亦然;(4)经定量预测,2008年奥运会中国主办国优势为0.4040,所得金牌数为42枚左右,很可能超过美国占据金牌榜首位。  相似文献   

9.
目的:了解100米跑突破10秒运动员时空分布特征,探究世界100米跑发展趋势及实力格局演变。方法:利用国际田联官方网站、维基百科整理突破100米跑10秒运动员的突破时间、人数、所属国家、所属大洲及运动员跑进10秒的次数。基于空间和时间两个维度进行描述性统计和回归分析。结论:(1)截止2018年12月31日,共有分布于5个大洲27个国家的136名运动员完成100米跑突破10秒。(2)100米跑突破10秒运动员空间分布极不均衡,最多的北美洲,突破10秒屏障的运动员有92名,最少的南美洲人突破人数为0,美国、牙买加突破人数分别为55、20、10、8、6,合计占比72.79%。(3)20世纪80年代之前只有个别运动员突破10秒,人数上没有取得大突破,20世纪80年代之后,新增突破人数不断增加,且增加速度逐渐加快。(4)北美洲100米跑的综合实力和未来潜力均领先其他大洲,其霸主地位短期内无法撼动;21世纪10年代之前,非洲综合实力仅次于美国,处于第二集团,欧洲处于第三集团;21世纪10年代,欧洲实力超越非洲,与非洲共同跻身第二集团;同时,亚洲稳步提升,进入第三集团,大洋洲和南美洲实力最弱。(5)2005年之前,美国"一枝独秀",特立尼安达和多巴哥、尼日利亚实力较强;2005-2016年,牙买加和美国"二超争霸",遥遥领先其他国家;2016-2018年,100米最高水平竞争进入"一超(美国)多强(牙买加、英、法、南非)"时代,新时期,各100米强国实力层级越来越分化,层级变多,中间集团竞争异常激烈,格局变化速度越来越快。  相似文献   

10.
Home advantage is quantitatively defined and calculated for each season since the start of the main professional sports in North America and England. Over 400,000 games are analysed. The leagues represented are the National League (1876?–?2002) and American League (1901?–?2002) for baseball, the National Hockey League (1917?–?2003) for ice hockey, the National Football League (1933?–?2002) for American football, the National Basketball Association (1946?–?2003) for basketball, and the four levels of professional football, formerly called the Football League, in England (1888?–?2003). Problems caused by unbalanced playing schedules are considered. The results are presented graphically to show long-term trends and sudden changes. The highest levels of home advantage for all sports were in their early years of existence. Home advantage in ice hockey, basketball and football in England has declined over the last two decades. In baseball there has been very little change over the last 100 years, with home advantage consistently lower than in other sports. There was a large drop in home advantage in football in England following the 7-year suspension of the league during the Second World War. The trends and changes provide some evidence that travel and familiarity contribute to home advantage, but little in support of crowd effects.  相似文献   

11.
Home advantage is a well-documented phenomenon in many sports. Home advantage has been shown to exist for team sports (soccer, hockey, football, baseball, basketball) and for countries organizing sports tournaments like the Olympics and World Cup Soccer. There is also some evidence for home advantage in some individual sports, but there is a much more limited literature. This paper addresses the issue of home advantage in speed skating. From a methodological point of view, it is difficult to identify home advantage, because skaters vary in their abilities and the conditions of tournaments vary. There is a small but significant home advantage using a generalized linear mixed model, with random effects for skaters and fixed effects for skating rinks and seasons. Even though the home advantage effect exists, it is very small when compared to variation in skating times due to differences of rinks and individual abilities.  相似文献   

12.
Home advantage is a well-documented phenomenon in many sports. Home advantage has been shown to exist for team sports (soccer, hockey, football, baseball, basketball) and for countries organizing sports tournaments like the Olympics and World Cup Soccer. There is also some evidence for home advantage in some individual sports, but there is a much more limited literature. This paper addresses the issue of home advantage in speed skating. From a methodological point of view, it is difficult to identify home advantage, because skaters vary in their abilities and the conditions of tournaments vary. There is a small but significant home advantage using a generalized linear mixed model, with random effects for skaters and fixed effects for skating rinks and seasons. Even though the home advantage effect exists, it is very small when compared to variation in skating times due to differences of rinks and individual abilities.  相似文献   

13.
第28届奥运会的区域竞技格局   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10  
罗智  甄志平 《体育学刊》2005,12(5):104-107
通过对第28届奥运会上各参赛国各项目成绩统计分析,研究各区域竞技格局特色,结果表明,除南美洲外,测量类项目群体在其它各大洲的绝对竞技实力竞技格局中占据了较为重要的战略地位,制胜类项目群体在亚洲、北美洲和欧洲竞技上占有较大的竞技空间;而在相对竞技实力的竞技格局中,亚洲评分类项目群体占有最为重要的战略地位,南美洲以设防型命中类项目群体占有最为重要的战略地位.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The home advantage is a widely acknowledged sporting phenomenon, especially in association football. Here, we examine the second leg home advantage, an effect that is discussed in the public domain but which has received very little scientific attention. The second leg home advantage effect occurs when on average teams are more likely to win a two-stage knock-out competition when they play at home in the second leg. That is, both teams have a home advantage but this advantage is significantly greater for the team that plays at home second. Examining data from three different European Cup football competitions spanning 51 years, we show that the second leg home advantage is a real phenomenon. The second leg home team has more than a 50% probability to qualify for the next round in the competition even after controlling for extra time and team ability as possible alternative explanations. The second leg home advantage appears, however, to have decreased significantly over the past decade. Possible reasons for its existence and subsequent decline are presented.  相似文献   

15.
Home advantage in soccer: a retrospective analysis   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
The existence of home advantage has been established for all major professional team sports in England and North America. The advantage was found to be greatest in soccer, with the home team currently obtaining about 64% of all points gained in the English Football League. Home advantage has changed very little since the formation of the League in 1888 and there are only small variations between the four Divisions of the League. The advantage is less marked in local derbies, in the FA Cup and in nonprofessional competitions. It is greater in the European Cup and increases as the stages of the competition progress. The allocation of three points, instead of two, for a win in the Football League has not changed home advantage, but its effect has been greatly reduced in the GM Vauxhall Conference where an away win gains more points than a home win. The statistical evidence suggests that crowd support and travel fatigue contribute less to home advantage in soccer than do the less easily quantifiable benefits of familiarity with conditions when playing at home. Further possible explanations for the advantage are discussed in the light of findings in other sports.  相似文献   

16.
The existence of home advantage has been established for all major professional team sports in England and North America. The advantage was found to be greatest in soccer, with the home team currently obtaining about 64% of all points gained in the English Football League. Home advantage has changed very little since the formation of the League in 1888 and there are only small variations between the four Divisions of the League. The advantage is less marked in local derbies, in the FA Cup and in non‐professional competitions. It is greater in the European Cup and increases as the stages of the competition progress. The allocation of three points, instead of two, for a win in the Football League has not changed home advantage, but its effect has been greatly reduced in the GM Vauxhall Conference where an away win gains more points than a home win. The statistical evidence suggests that crowd support and travel fatigue contribute less to home advantage in soccer than do the less easily quantifiable benefits of familiarity with conditions when playing at home. Further possible explanations for the advantage are discussed in the light of findings in other sports.  相似文献   

17.
Home advantage in team games is well proven and the influence of the crowd upon officials' decisions has been identified as a plausible cause. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of home advantage for five event groups selected from the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 1996, and put home advantage in team games in context with other sports. The five event groups were athletics and weightlifting (predominantly objectively judged), boxing and gymnastics (predominantly subjectively judged) and team games (involving subjective decisions). The proportion of points won was analysed as a binomial response variable using generalized linear interactive modelling. Preliminary exploration of the data highlighted the need to control for the proportion of competitors entered and to split the analysis pre- and post-war. Highly significant home advantage was found in event groups that were either subjectively judged or rely on subjective decisions. In contrast, little or no home advantage (and even away advantage) was observed for the two objectively judged groups. Officiating system was vital to both the existence and extent of home advantage. Our findings suggest that crowd noise has a greater influence upon officials' decisions than players' performances, as events with greater officiating input enjoyed significantly greater home advantage.  相似文献   

18.
德国世界杯不同位置运动员身高、体重、年龄比较研究   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
采用文献资料法、数理统计法,对2006年德国世界杯足球比赛不同位置运动员平均身高、体重、年龄等指标进行比较分析。结果表明:不同位置运动员在平均身高、体重、年龄和克托莱指数方面存在显著性差异,其中守门员的各项指数最高;参赛运动员平均年龄差异不明显,都维持在较高的年龄水平上;非洲、美洲、欧洲、亚洲球队不同位置运动员平均身高差异存在显著性;非洲、美洲、欧洲、亚洲球队前锋位置运动员平均体重无差异,其他位置运动员平均体重差异存在显著性。此结果可为足球运动的选材和训练提供可借鉴的科学参考依据。  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

This study evaluates home advantages both for national (Super 12) and international (Tri-nations) rugby union teams from South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, over the five-year period 2000 – 2004 using linear modelling. These home advantages are examined for statistical and practical significance, for variability between teams, for stability over time and for inter-correlation. These data reveal that the overall home advantage in elite rugby union has a mean of +6.7 points, and that this changes little from year to year. Closer scrutiny nevertheless reveals a high degree of variability. Different teams can and do have different home advantages, which ranges from a low of ?0.7 to a high of +28.3 points in any one year. Furthermore, some team home advantages change up or down from one year to the next, by as much as ?36.5 to +31.4 points at the extremes. There is no evidence that the stronger teams have the higher home advantages, or that a high home advantage leads to a superior finishing position in the competition.  相似文献   

20.
文章比较了历届冬奥会我国和其他国家短道速滑奖牌成绩,以及2010冬奥会中国、韩国和欧美短道速滑运动员的基本生理指标。结果表明,韩国是目前短道速滑男女整体实力最强的国家,加拿大、美国、中国次之;中国男女项目发展不够均衡;欧美运动员的平均年龄、身高和体重数据要大于亚洲国家的韩国和中国,韩国运动员的体重指标要明显小于中国运动员。建议我国应学习韩国短道速滑先进的开展、普及和训练理念,进而促进我国短道速滑运动的全面、深入开展。  相似文献   

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