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1.
Although rats emit different odors in a goalbox upon receipt of unsignaled reward and nonreward, recent studies have failed to find odor differences from unsignaled large and small reward, apparently disconfirming the generalization that frustration-producing manipulations lead to a distinctive emission. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that providing discriminative runway signals, permitting subjects to anticipate the large and small rewards, would lead to different odor emissions. Results supported the hypothesis: donor rats emitted odors sufficiently different to provide cues for differential responding in test subjects. However, an attempt to replicate the recent observations on unsignaled rewards suggested that these, too, occasioned goalbox emissions. Therefore, Experiment 2 again gave donors unsignaled large and small reward, but increased the incentive for discrimination in test rats. Test subjects readily discriminated, confirming the conclusion that large and small rewards occasion different emissions even without discriminative signals and supporting a frustration-odor interpretation. 相似文献
2.
Richard E. Brown 《Learning & behavior》1991,19(1):18-28
Two experiments investigated the effects of isolation rearing on olfactory communication in rats. In Experiment 1, there were significant rearing and gender effects on the time spent investigating conspecific odors, the preferences for these odors, and the amount of urine marking over these odors by sexually naive male and female rats. Experiment 2 found significant effects of rearing condition and sexual experience on the responses of male rats to conspecific odors. In general, isolation rearing increased the time spent investigating conspecific odors, but reduced the amount of urine marking over these odors and altered the odor preference scales. These results suggest that the responses of both male and female rats to the odors of conspecifics are modified by rearing experience. The importance of learning conspecific odor signals for the development of normal social behavior is discussed. 相似文献
3.
Heather Macintosh Schellinck Burton M. Slotnick Richard E. Brown 《Learning & behavior》1997,25(2):193-199
Male Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate between the urine odors of two congenic strains of rats (PVG and PVG.R1) in an olfactometer on a go/no-go operant task with water reinforcement. These odor donors differ genetically at only one locus of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The ability of the subjects to transfer their training to discriminate between novel individuals of the same MHC strain on the same and different diets was then examined. The subjects correctly generalized their original training to new samples from previously undiscriminated individuals of the same MHC type on the same diet without a significant drop in performance. A change in diet disrupted the perception of the MHC-related odor. In a second experiment, rats were trained to discriminate between the odors of pairs of genetically identical PVG or PVG.R1 rats on different diets and were tested for generalization using the odors of rats of the other strain (PVG.R1 or PVG) maintained on the same diet. Changing the strain of the odor donor did not disrupt the learned discrimination. The results of these two experiments confirm the ability of the MHC to generate constant cues in the urine but also reveal that variable diet cues disrupt the perception of these cues. The relationship between the MHC, diet, and other factors in determining individual odors is discussed. 相似文献
4.
In three experiments with rats, taste + odor interactions in compound aversion conditioning were investigated. In Experiment 1, two odors (0.02% almond and 0.02% orange) were compared on single-element odor aversions, taste (denatonium) potentiated odor aversions, and potentiated odor aversions following taste extinction. Although no odor differences were seen following single-element conditioning, both types of potentiated orange odor aversions were stronger than their almond odor counterparts. These data show that odors of similar conditionability are differentially potentiated by the same taste. To determine whether these differences were due to unique perceptual representations, the effects of elemental extinction or compound extinction on aversions to the compound were investigated in Experiments 2 and 3. In Experiment 2, orange odor extinction weakened responding to the compound significantly more than taste extinction did. In contrast, almond odor extinction and taste extinction produced similar decrements in responding to the compound in Experiment 3. These results suggest that the perceptual representation of these specific taste + odor compounds are different, and they are discussed in regard to configural and within-compound association accounts of potentiation. 相似文献
5.
Past experiments have reported that rats encountering reward (R) or nonreward (N) goal events emit odors that can be utilized as discriminative stimuli for instrumental behavior by conspecifics. In the present study, thirsty male rats were aversively conditioned by ingestional toxicosis to R and N odors, and their suppression of water consumption in the presence of these odors was measured. Thirsty trained donors were placed into chambers containing R or N goal events to generate, respectively, the R or N odors. Test animals were given eight differential conditioning trials (four with one odor as CS+; four with the other as CS?), involving placement into an odorcontaining chamber with water available, followed by a LiCl injection on CS+ trials. Animals tested in their CS+ odor consumed significantly less water than did CS? and control subjects. Both R and N odors were conditioned by aversive means and readily discriminable from each other. This represents the first laboratory demonstration of aversive conditioning of such naturally produced odors, and it suggests that aversive conditioning may be useful in the study of odorous emissions generally. Implications for innate meanings of R and N odors are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Two previous studies suggested that rats are unable to use conspecifics’ odors when the motivational state of the donor rats is different from their own (Davis et al., 1974; Davis, Prytula, Noble, & Mollenhour, 1976). The effects of motivational conditions on the utilization of such odors were further evaluated in the present study. In Phase 1, test rats were given training either with donors in the same motivational state or with donors in a different state. Differential responses to donors’ odor emissions occurred only when the motivational states of donors and test subjects were the same, thus confirming earlier findings. However, when test subjects’ motivational conditions were changed in Phase 2, discriminations that had been present in Phase 1 were maintained even though the motivational states of these test subjects and their respective donors no longer matched. Thus, any constraint on the rat’s ability to use odors from conspecifics in a different motivational state is not absolute. 相似文献
7.
Stephen F. Davis Robert E. Prytula Mary Jo Noble Mary Nell Mollenhour 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(4):407-410
The performance of the laboratory rat in the enclosed maze apparatus is profoundly influenced by subject-generated cues that seem to be olfactory. The present experiment investigated the specificity of these cues. Odor cues produced by odor-donor rats placed in the startbox were ineffective determinants of the behavior of runway-trained rats when the deprivation states of these two groups differed. However, when the deprivation states of these two groups coincided, the odor cues produced by the odor-donor rats became effective determinants of performance. Thus, it would appear that even though odor cues are influential in determining the runway performance of the rat subject, their effectiveness may well be drive-state dependent. 相似文献
8.
In an attempt to extend the generality of the odor hypothesis, two studies using wood rats (Neotoma floridana osagensis) as subjects were conducted. Experiment 1 demonstrated that this species was capable of establishing appropriate odor-based double-alternation patterning in the straight runway. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that albino rats were capable of using odor cues exuded by wood rats, and vice versa. 相似文献
9.
Heather Macintosh Schellinck Richard E. Brown Burton M. Slotnick 《Learning & behavior》1991,19(3):223-233
To determine the influence of genetic and microbiological factors in producing individually unique urine odors, we used a go/no-go operant task to assess the ability of eight male Long-Evans rats to discriminate between urine odors from the following pairs of male rats: (1) two outbred Long-Evans rats, (2) individual conventionally housed rats differing genetically only at the major histocompatibility complex (PVG vs. PVG.R1), (3) individual PVG versus PVG.R1 rats born by cesarean section and raised in germfree conditions, and (4) conventionally housed, genetically identical individuals of the PVG or PVG.R1 strains. Discriminable differences were present between the urine odors used in all four tasks. Analysis of the errors to a criterion of 85% correct discrimination responses revealed different learning patterns in each task. When bacteria were not present in genetically different rats (Task 3) and when bacteria were present but there were no genetic differences between rats (Task 4), the discrimination was the most difficult. The easiest discrimination involved the presence of bacteria and a genetic difference at the major histocompatibility complex (Task 2). These results indicate that, although bacteria are not necessary for the production of discriminable odor differences, they do influence the discriminability of the urine odors of rats. 相似文献
10.
In Experiment 1, olfactory bulbectomized and control rats were trained using operant conditioning to determine the taste threshold of aqueous amyl acetate. Concentrations below gustatory threshold were used in Experiments 2–5 to compare the effectiveness of odors with various concentrations of saccharin as cues for illness. The results showed the following: (1) The effectiveness of odor and taste was directly related to concentration; (2) the strength of an aversion to a concentration of taste could be matched by an appropriate concentration of an odor; (3) odor was as effective as taste with CS-US delays of 4 h; and (4) an effective odor potentiated an aversion to an otherwise ineffective taste. The results challenge the privileged role accorded tastes in food aversion learning and the manner in which tastes are held to interact with odors according to the sensory-and-gate channeling analysis of potentiation (Rusiniak, Hankins, Garcia, & Brett, 1979). 相似文献
11.
In Experiment 1, male rats were exposed to either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive conspecific colonies and tested 24 h later, with or without alpha odors, for freezing behavior and burying of a wall prod that had been the source of a brief electric shock. The results indicated that prior defeat experience and the presence of alpha odors alone during testing had no significant effects, but the combination of prior defeat and alpha-odor testing significantly decreased burying and increased freezing behavior. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of noncontact exposure to a cat, as a predatory Stressor, during subsequent prod-shock tests involving the presence or absence of cat odors. Exposure to a cat failed to disrupt later prod burying and did not produce freezing. However, the presence of cat odors during testing significantly reduced the amount of defensive burying,without resulting in an increment in freezing. In Experiment 3, rats were given 1, 5, or 30 inescapable preshocks in the presence of either cat odors or a hedonically neutral citronella odor and were tested 24 h later for prod burying and freezing with or without these odors. Both the cat and the citronella odors resulted in a significant reduction in burying and an increase in freezing for rats given 5 and 30 preshocks and tested in the presence of these respective conditioned odors. For the groups that were given 5 preshocks, preshock and later testing in the presence of cat odors resulted in significantly less prod burying and more freezing than for rats that were preshocked and tested in the presence of citronella. The findings of these three ethoexperimental studies are discussed in terms of the learned-helplessness theory, the stress-coping-fear-defense (SCFD) theory, and the concept of selective CS-US associability. 相似文献
12.
Dave G. Mumby Tom J. Kornecook Emma R. Wood John P. J. Pinel 《Learning & behavior》1995,23(4):447-453
Two experiments assessed whether odors left on stimulus objects by experimenters who handle them might confound the interpretation of ostensibly visually guided object-memory tasks for rats. In Experiment 1, rats were able to discriminate the relative recency with which an experimenter touched two otherwise identical objects (intertouch interval = 4 sec), presumably on the basis of an odorintensity discrimination. However, after the rats mastered the odor discrimination with no delay between when the second of the two stimulus objects was last touched by the experimenter and when the rats were permitted to attempt the discrimination, their performance dropped to chance levels when this delay was increased to 15 sec. In Experiment 2, rats were trained in two slightly different ways to perform a delayed-nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) task, one that involved systematic differences in the temporal order in which the experimenter handled the sample and novel stimulus objects and one that did not. There were no significant differences in the rate at which rats mastered the DNMS task with these two procedures, and the performance of rats that were trained according to the former procedure was unaffected when they were switched to the latter procedure. Moreover, rats required considerably fewer trials to master the DNMS task than the rats in Experiment 1 required to master the odor discrimination. These findings demonstrate that, under certain circumstances, rats can discriminate the relative recency with which two objects are handled by an experimenter, but that this ability contributes little to their performance of conventional object-based DNMS tasks. 相似文献
13.
Honeybees were trained to discriminate between simultaneously presented color-odor compounds, one group with color and odor confounded and a control group with color relevant and odor irrelevant; in subsequent differentially reinforced training with the colors in the absence of the odors, the performance of the two groups was the same (Experiment 1). When, however, response to the colors was measured in a 10-min extinction test, discrimination was found to be poorer after confounded training (Experiment 2), and like results were obtained in an extinction test with the odors after control animals had been trained with odor relevant and color irrelevant, the confounded animals showing poorer discrimination of the odors than the controls (Experiment 3). The results of the first two experiments, in which overshadowing of color by odor was found only with an extinction test, require us to take seriously the possibility that our previous modeling experiments (with probability of correct choice in differentially reinforced training as the measure of performance) may have been insufficiently sensitive to noncontinuity effects. Our first efforts to model extinction suggest, however, that all the results of the present experiments can be understood without sacrifice of the parsimonious independence principle. 相似文献
14.
Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
A series of 5 experiments was conducted to determine whether neonates, at approximately 2 weeks of age, can recognize their parents through axillary odors alone. Breast-feeding infants discriminated between their mother's axillary odor and odors produced by either nonparturient or unfamiliar lactating females. In contrast, breast-feeding infants displayed no evidence of recognizing the axillary odors of their father. Likewise, bottle-feeding infants appeared unable to recognize the odor of their mother when presented along with odors from a nonparturient female or an unfamiliar bottle-feeding female. Several hypotheses were presented in an attempt to account for the differential reactions to maternal odors by breast-feeding versus bottle-feeding infants. It was tentatively concluded that, while breast-feeding, infants are exposed to salient maternal odors and thereby rapidly become familiarized with their mother's unique olfactory signature. 相似文献
15.
This paper deals with the effect of associative and nonassociative odor conditioning on odor preference in a specialist larval parasitic wasp ofDrosophila melanogaster, Leptopilina boulardi. Differently experienced females were offered a choice between banana and strawberry odors in a four-armed olfactometer. Wasps that were allowed to oviposit in an odorless airflow before testing exhibited no significant response to the odors, whereas females with an oviposition experience in the presence of an odor clearly preferred the scent that they had experienced. Furthermore, exposure to strawberry odor after oviposition could also induce a preference for strawberry or banana odor, depending on the concentrations of both scents used for conditioning and testing. This effect was independent of the time elapsed between oviposition and strawberry exposure, suggesting that it was caused by nonassociative conditioning and not by backward associative learning. Exposure to banana odor after oviposition had no effect on females’ responses. Variations in odor concentrations also influenced the expression of associative learning, although to a much lesser extent. 相似文献
16.
Rats were exposed to three-trial series consisting of reinforced (R) trials and one nonreinforced (N) trial in a fixed order,
RRN and RNR (Experiments 1 and 2) or NRR and RRN (Experiment 3), on extended visually distinct runways in a T-maze. When initially
presented with the same sequence on each series in a session (separate presentations) with the same runway on all trials within
a series (Experiments 1 and 3), all the rats developed slower running speeds on N than on R trials. When a runway was sometimes
changed between the first and next two trials during separate presentations training (Experiment 2) or both sequences were
later intermixed within each session in each experiment, only rats exposed to each sequence on a specific runway maintained
these serial running patterns. Rats displayed serial running patterns on a test RNN sequence similar to that on the RNR sequence
(Experiment 2), as would be predicted by an intertrial association model of serial pattern learning (Capaldi & Molina, 1979),
but responded on test RRR and NRN sequences (Experiment 3) as would be predicted by an ordinal-trialtag/intratrial association
model (Burns, Wiley, & Payne, 1986). Results from test series of free-choice trials in Experiments 1 and 2 failed to support
a prediction of the intratrial association model that these rats would integrate RRN and RNR sequences. Rather than always
selecting a baited runway on both the second and the third free-choice trials, the rats only selected a baited runway on the
third trial on the basis of their choice on the second trial, as would be predicted by the intertrial association model. Only
after experiencing all possible outcome sequences during forced-choice training in Experiment 3 did these rats predominantly
select a baited runway on every free-choice trial. 相似文献
17.
In Experiment 1, a potentiation paradigm was used to test the relative influence of odor and taste with two 2 basic tastants
(i.e., salt and sweet) in conditioned aversion learning. Experiment 1 showed that aversions to tastants (salt or sweet presented
in a manner by which it could be tasted) were established only in subjects trained with the tastant, not the odor (i.e., salt
or sweet presented in a manner by which it could not be tasted). Experiment 2 demonstrated, with a sensory preconditioning
procedure, that the expression of an aversion to tastants was dependent on previous tastant experience prior to odor aversion
training. These results suggest that while subjects can smell salt and sweet solutions, these odors are neither sufficient
nor necessary for the expression of a conditioned tastant aversion. 相似文献
18.
In Experiment 1, four groups of male rats were given a session as an intruder in either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive colonies of conspecifics and later received either a 2-h exposure to the odors of the alpha colonies or an exposure-control session with the odors of a nonalpha colony. Two additional groups of rats that had been attacked and defeated by alpha residents were later given a 12-h exposure session with alpha-colony odors or nonaipha-control odors. Twenty-four h after the colony-intruder session, all subjects were given a single 6.5-mA shock from a prod with alpha-colony odors present in the bedding of the test chamber. Attacked rats that had been given exposure-control sessions showed significantly less prod burying and greater freezing than nondefeated subjects. This implies that the alpha-colony odors elicited conditioned fear. In contrast, the attacked subjects that had been given a pretest exposure session with alpha-colony odors showed significantly more prod burying and significantly less freezing. This suggests that the alpha-odor exposure resulted in the extinction of fear to these odors. Furthermore, the 12-h exposure to alpha-colony odors was found to be more effective in reducing fear-mediated responses than was the 2-h exposure. In Experiment 2, three groups of rats were exposed to a cat while they were in a protective cage; later they were given a 12-h exposure session with cat odors, a 12-h exposure-control session with no cat odors, or no exposure treatment. Compared with the two control groups, the subjects that were exposed to cat odors showed less freezing during subsequent prod-shock tests in the presence of cat odors, but they did not show prod burying. The reported changes in fear-mediated reactions to the odors of conspecifics and a predator are discussed in terms of both associative and nonassociative processes. 相似文献
19.
Attractiveness of lactating females' breast odors to neonates 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A series of experiments investigated the responses of human infants to olfactory cues produced by lactating females. 2-week-old bottle-feeding girls oriented preferentially to the breast odor (odorized pad) of a nursing woman when paired with such odors from either a nonparturient female or axillary odors from the same lactating female. Responses to axillary odor from a lactating female did not differ from those to a clean (nonodorized) pad. These data indicate that breast odors from lactating females are especially attractive to female infants who are unfamiliar with the stimulus woman and who have had no prior breast-feeding experience. 相似文献
20.
Experiment 1 involved the use of plastic and wooden objects and trial-unique problems. The rats performed successfully on nonconceptual oddity problems given before and after conceptual training, showing that the testing conditions were suitable, but they showed chance performances on the trial-unique problems. Experiment 2 involved the use of olfactory discriminanda. Five pretraining problems and 300 unique five-trial problems were presented. Two of 3 rats performed better than chance on Trial 2 and on Trials 3–5, but all performed at chance levels on Trial 1 throughout. The data suggest that the rats responded to specific odors on Trials 2–5 following the Trial 1 experience, as opposed to respondingconceptually to the “odd” odor. Had they responded conceptually to odd odors, they should have performed better than chance on Trial 1. These findings and the general logical argument that they support are considered in the context of the numerous inconclusive reports of the use of the oddity concept by nonprimate animals. 相似文献