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1.
Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the anthropometric characteristics and body composition of wrestlers from the Italian national team. The study was carried out on a sample of 23 wrestlers (9 females and 14 males) aged 18–33 years. Various anthropometric measurements were performed (weight, height, sitting height, some girths and skinfold thicknesses) and anthropometric indices calculated (body mass index, cormic index, upper arm muscle area, upper arm fat area, and arm fat index). Body composition was assessed and minimum wrestling weight was determined based on a minimum body fat percentage of 5% for males and 12% for females. We undertook comparisons by sex, wrestling style (for males), and weight category. The comparison between men's and women's wrestling corroborated known differences between the sexes; the comparison between wrestling styles stressed the relevance of the cormic index. The most interesting finding of this study was that no female wrestler competed in a lower weight class than her minimum wrestling weight, even if all of them were heavier than values allowed for their weight class. Five of 14 male wrestlers competed in a weight class lower than their minimum wrestling weight, and all of them, except two, were heavier than the uppermost limit of their weight class.  相似文献   

2.
Body mass index is a common proxy for proportion of body fat. However, body mass index may not classify youth similarly across ages and ethnicities. We used sex- and ethnic-specific receiver operating characteristic curves to determine how obesity classifications compared between body mass index and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-based body fat percent. Male and female participants 9- to 18-years-old (n = 944; 487 female) were measured 1 to 13 times (1999–2012; 4,411 observations). Body mass index identified < 50% of those classified as obese from body fat percent. Specificity was 99.7%, and sensitivity was 35.8%. Using area under the curve and standard error values, body mass index performed significantly better for: Male versus female at 10 years, Asian versus European female except at 13-, 15-, and 16-years-old, Asian female versus male except at 10- and 15-years-old, and for European male versus female, 9- to 11-years-old (p < .05). Our findings provide evidence that users of body mass index should use caution when comparing body mass index across age, sex, and ethnicity.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish percentile norms and to compare skinfold and other anthropometric measurements of 647 Italian, Jewish, and Negro preadolescent boys from the Boston, Massachusetts area. Skinfolds were measured at five sites. Other measurements included height, weight, bi-iliac diameter, and selected girths.

Correlations were determined between skinfolds and selected body build components. Interskinfold r's ranged from moderate to high values. The largest percentile scores were found within the Jewish group. Analysis of variance was employed to compare the body fat, height, and weight of each group. Significant differences were found relative to certain skinfolds and weight between ethnic groups at the 1 percent level.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this investigation was to compare valgus/varus knee angles during various jumps and lower body strength between males and females relative to body mass. Seventeen recreationally active females (age: 21.94 ± 2.59 years; height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; mass: 64.42 ± 8.39 kg; percent body fat: 26.89 ± 6.26%; squat one-repetition maximum: 66.18 ± 19.47 kg; squat to body mass ratio: 1.03 ± 0.28) and 13 recreationally active males (age: 21.69 ± 1.65 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.07 m; mass: 72.39 ± 9.23 kg; percent body fat: 13.15 ± 5.18%; squat one-repetition maximum: 115.77 ± 30.40 kg; squat to body mass ratio: 1.59 ± 0.31) performed a one-repetition maximum in the squat and three of each of the following jumps: countermovement jump, 30 cm drop jump, 45 cm drop jump, and 60 cm drop jump. Knee angles were analysed using videography and body composition was analysed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to allow for squat to body mass ratio and squat to fat free mass ratio to be calculated. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between male and female one-repetition maximum, male and female squat to body mass ratio, and male and female squat to fat free mass ratio. Significant differences were found between male and female varus/valgus knee positions during maximum flexion of the right and left leg in the countermovement jump, drop jump from 30 cm, drop jump from 45 cm, and drop jump from 60 cm. Correlations between varus/valgus knee angles and squat to body mass ratio for all jumps displayed moderate, non-significant relationships (countermovement jump: r = 0.445; drop jump from 30 cm: r = 0.448; drop jump from 45 cm: r = 0.449; drop jump from 60 cm: r = 0.439). In conclusion, males and females have significantly different lower body strength and varus/valgus knee position when landing from jumps.  相似文献   

5.
In order to determine the role of body build characteristics in modern pentathletes, 65 female participants at the IXth World Modern Pentathlon Championships, 1989 (Wiener Neustadt, Austria) were investigated. Of these, 54 participated in the competition; the other 11 were reserves. Their mean ( + S.D.) age was 22.34 ± 3.97 years (range 16.08–32.58 years). Anthropometric characteristics (body mass, lengths, breadths, girths and skinfolds), somatotype and body composition estimates were determined. Compared with other female athletes (e.g. swimmers, runners, fencers), the elite modern pentathletes were rather tall (x = 168.1 cm) and, as indicated by the body mass index (x = 21.6), they had a high mass relative to their stature. Based on skinfolds, body fat was estimated as 16%, and anthropometrically determined somatotype was on average 2.5–3.9–2.8. The relationship between the athletes’ anthropometric characteristics and modern pentathlon performance was investigated by means of Pearson zero‐order correlations between the physical traits and the competitive performance scores. Significant correlations were found mainly for the ‘fat’ variables, such as skinfolds, percent fat and the endomorphy component, r varying from –0.34 to –0.58, which indicated an inverse relationship between the amount of fatness and modern pentathlon performance. To investigate this relationship further, Pearson zero‐order correlations were calculated between the respective factor scores, derived from a rotated factor pattern (Varimax) carried out on selected somatic variables, and the performance scores. The results demonstrated that, in relation to anthropometric characteristics, modern pentathlon performance in females is mainly associated with the ‘fat development’ factor, and to a lesser degree with the ‘bone‐muscle development’ factor. Variables representing linearity of physique seem to be unrelated to modern pentathlon performance. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that 42.4% of the variance in modern pentathlon performance can be explained by the following anthropometric variables: sum of 10 skinfolds, biacromial breadth and humerus diameter. To obtain a high level of modern pentathlon performance, it would seem that a female athlete must above all have a low level of body fatness and, to a lesser degree, a relatively high level of lean body mass.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract Several recent investigations showed that the best marathon time of an individual athlete is also a strong predictor variable for the race time in a 100-km ultra-marathon. We investigated similarities and differences in anthropometry and training characteristics between 166 100-km ultra-marathoners and 126 marathoners in recreational male athletes. The association of anthropometric variables and training characteristics with race time was assessed by using bi- and multi-variate analysis. Regarding anthropometry, the marathoners had a significantly lower calf circumference (P?相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this study was to determine the association of somatotype, body composition, and physical performance in 7- through 12-year-old boys. Two objective methods of measuring somatotype, Sheldon's trunk index method and Heath–Carter's anthropometric method, were used. Body composition was estimated as fat and lean body mass from 40K measurement, using a whole-body counter, and from two skinfold thickness measures. Physical performance measures consisted of three tests of running (mile run, 600-yd run and 50-yd dash) and two tests of jumping (standing broad jump and vertical jump). In general, somatotype components had lower correlations with running and jumping variables than did body composition or body size variables such as height, weight, and percent fat. Heath and Carter's third component, derived from the inverse ponderal index, correlated more closely with performance scores than did other components of somatotype. Somatotype components in combination with each other and with body size and body composition variables in a multiple regression analysis indicated little association with running performance, but some association with jumping. Mesomorphy and second component were the least significant somatotype components, as indicated by the standardized regression coefficients.  相似文献   

8.
BackgroundWe compared body mass index (BMI), body fat, and skeletal muscle mass between (1) a mixed-sex nonathletic cohort of people with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and pain-free people, and (2) a nonathletic cohort of people with PFP and pain-free people subgrouped by sex (i.e., men and women with PFP vs. pain-free men and women).MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 114 people with PFP (71 women, 43 men) and 54 pain-free controls (32 women, 22 men). All participants attended a single testing session to assess body composition measures, which included BMI, percentage of body fat (%BFBioimpedance), and skeletal muscle mass (both assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis), and percentage of body fat (%BFSkinfold) (assessed by skinfold caliper analysis). A one-way univariate analysis of covariance (age and physical activity levels as covariates) was used to compare body composition measures between groups (i.e., PFP vs. pain-free group; women with PFP vs. pain-free women; men with PFP vs. pain-free men).ResultsWomen with PFP presented significantly higher BMI, %BFBioimpedance, and %BFSkinfold, and lower skeletal muscle mass compared to pain-free women (p ≤ 0.04; effect size : ‒0.47 to 0.85). Men with PFP and men and women combined had no differences in BMI, %BFBioimpedance, %BFSkinfold, and skeletal muscle mass compared to their respective pain-free groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionOur findings indicate that BMI and body composition measures should be considered as part of the evaluation and management of people with PFP, especially in women, who have demonstrated higher BMI and body fat and lower skeletal muscle mass compared to pain-free controls. Future studies should not assess body composition measures in a mixed-sex population without distinguishing men participants from women participants.  相似文献   

9.
In the present study, we investigated the association of anthropometric parameters with race performance in ultraendurance runners in a multistage ultraendurance run, in which athletes had to run 338 km within 5 consecutive days. In 17 male successful finishers, calculations of body mass, body height, skinfold thicknesses, extremity circumference, skeletal muscle mass (SM), and percentage body fat (%BF) were performed before the race to correlate anthropometric parameters with race performance. A positive association was shown between total running time and both body mass (r2 = .29, p < .05) and upper arm circumference (r2 = .23, p < .05). In contrast, body height, skinfold thicknesses, extremity circumference, SM, and %BF showed no association with race performance (p > .05). We concluded that in a multistage ultraendurance run, body mass and upper arm circumference were negatively associated with race performance in well experienced ultraendurance runners. In contrast, body height, skinfold thicknesses, circumferences of the other extremities, SM, and %BF showed no association with race performance.  相似文献   

10.
健身运动对青春期女孩身体成分发育的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
通过测量肱三头肌位和肩胛下角位皮褶厚度,分析身体组成,探讨健身运动对青春期女孩发育的影响.结果发现皮褶厚度随年龄的增长而增加;健身组皮褶厚度及体脂%均低于安静组,且皮褶厚度在12～16岁具显著性差异;安静组体重的增加较多地来自皮下脂肪的增长,而健身组较多地来自去脂体重的增加.提示,女孩皮下脂肪在青春期持续迅速积累,健身运动可使体脂肪含量降低,骨骼、肌肉等去脂体重成分增长,健身运动对12～16岁间女孩对皮下脂肪发育的影响较明显.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The aims of this study were to identify differences between the sexes in extra-curricular participation in sports and to determine its association with body fat and socio-demographic factors in Spanish adolescents. A total of 2165 adolescents (1124 males and 1041 females) aged 13.0–18.5 years from the AVENA Study participated. Participants filled in an ad hoc questionnaire for extra-curricular participation in sports, which was the dependent variable. Independent variables were: age, percent body fat, and father's and mother's educational level and occupation. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were applied. Bivariate analysis showed for male adolescents that age and father's occupation were related to extra-curricular participation in sports. In addition, body fat and mother's education and occupation (all P < 0.05) were related to extra-curricular participation of in sports for female adolescents. Logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of involvement in extra-curricular participation in sports was 5.3-fold (3.86–7.38) higher for males than females. Age and father's education in both males and females were independently associated with extra-curricular participation in sports. In summary, Spanish male adolescents were shown to engage in more extra-curricular sports than females. In addition, age and father's education (in both sexes) were associated with the participation of their offspring in extra-curricular sports during adolescence.  相似文献   

12.
This study aimed to observe the intraseasonal stability of anthropometric, technical and functional test results in academy soccer players of different age categories. In total, 103 participants (age range: 7.7–13.4 years) by 5 age categories of the same academy were recruited for this study. Players were submitted to a field-test battery comprising 3 anthropometric measurements (body mass, stature and body mass index), 6 soccer technical tests (to assess the ability of ball control, ball control with the head, pass accuracy, shooting accuracy, dribbling and dribbling with pass) and 3 functional tests (countermovement jump with the hands on the hip, countermovement jump with free hands and 15-m linear sprint) that was administered in 4 test sessions during the same season. Though anthropometric results showed a clear increment in each age category across the season, the fluctuation of technical test results depended on age category and test session. Moreover, a significant increase in the results of functional tests was observed in most of the age categories, in particular, for the assessment of lower power limb. In conclusion, collecting repeated intraseason measurements permits the identification of players’ fluctuations of performance across the season and allows coaches to make frequent adjustments of their programmes.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The caloric intake and physical activity patterns of 50 fifth grade students were studied to determine the relative contributions of diet and physical inactivity in the development of obesity. On the basis of tricep skinfold measurements, the subjects were divided into four groups or levels of obesity. Seven-day diet recall records were then obtained with the cooperation of the children's parents. Activity patterns were studied by filming the subjects during games of high and low organization and during free play. Indexes of the duration and intensity of activity were derived from the film analysis. The caloric intake and physical activity patterns of the four groups were compared by the Duncan Multiple Range Test. Using the combined scores for all groups, correlation coefficients were computed to determine the relationship between (1) skinfold measures and total caloric intake, (2) skinfold measures and activity patterns, and (3) total caloric intake and activity patterns. The relative inactivity of the obese children and the relatively similar diets of all children regardless of body fat, as well as the significant negative relationship between activity indexes and body fat tended to support the contention that inactivity may be as important or more important than excessive caloric intake in the development and maintenance of childhood obesity.  相似文献   

14.
We investigated the associations of anthropometry, training, and pre-race experience with race time in 93 recreational male ultra-marathoners (mean age 44.6 years, s = 10.0; body mass 74.0 kg, s = 9.0; height 1.77 m, s = 0.06; body mass index 23.4 kg · m(-2), s = 2.0) in a 100-km ultra-marathon using bivariate and multivariate analysis. In the bivariate analysis, body mass index (r = 0.24), the sum of eight skinfolds (r = 0.55), percent body fat (r = 0.57), weekly running hours (r = -0.29), weekly running kilometres (r = -0.49), running speed during training (r = -0.50), and personal best time in a marathon (r = 0.72) were associated with race time. Results of the multiple regression analysis revealed an independent and negative association of weekly running kilometres and average speed in training with race time, as well as a significant positive association between the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses and race time. There was a significant positive association between 100-km race time and personal best time in a marathon. We conclude that both training and anthropometry were independently associated with race performance. These characteristics remained relevant even when controlling for personal best time in a marathon.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of the study was to determine the anthropological status of elite male and female speed skaters, who were members of the 1985–7 Canadian national teams. The data were compared to those for a control group of University students. The subjects were 8 males and 6 females between 19 and 27 years of age. Nine breadth, 14 girth, 16 length and 15 skinfold measurements were used to compute parameters of body build and the composition; corrected diameters, masses, volumes and fat‐free volumes of the upper arm, forearm, thigh and calf. The speed skaters were found to be similar in body height and mass (males: 178 ± 7.6 cm and 75.5 ± 5.5 kg, females: 165.8 ± 3.8 cm and 62.3 ± 5.8 kg) to the student controls, but they had relatively and absolutely shorter legs and longer trunks. The speed skaters had a lower amount of body fat and higher FFM than their respective student controls and significantly greater relative (P ≤ 0.01) and absolute (P ≤ 0.05) total muscle mass. Analysis of composition within segments indicated that the additional muscle mass is located entirely in the lower extremity. The volume and mass of the thigh was greater (P ≤ 0.01 for the males) than that of the respective controls while the estimated volume of fat was lower. The female speed skaters were found to have more fat on their thigh than either the male speed skaters or male controls. The corrected diameter and mass of the thigh were greater (with respect to the sex) than those reported for 400 m sprinters, marathon runners, cross‐country skiers and figure skaters. The results of the initial assessment were compared to the two consecutive tests of the men's team (conducted 8 and 12 months later) and to one repeated test of the women's team (3 months later). Changes were recorded in skinfold measurements and the muscle component of the thigh.  相似文献   

16.
We investigated the associations between selected anthropometric and training characteristics with race time in 84 recreational male long-distance inline skaters at the longest inline marathon in Europe, the 'Inline One-eleven' over 111 km in Switzerland, using bi- and multivariate analysis. The mean (s) race time was 264 (41) min. The bivariate analysis showed that age (r = 0.30), body mass (r = 0.42), body mass index (r = 0.35), circumference of upper arm (r = 0.32), circumference of thigh (r = 0.29), circumference of calf (r = 0.38), skin-fold of thigh (r = 0.22), skin-fold of calf (r = 0.27), the sum of skin-folds (r = 0.43), percent body fat (r = 0.45), duration per training unit in inline skating (r = 0.33), and speed during training (r = -0.46) were significantly and positively correlated to race time. Stepwise multiple regression showed that duration per training unit (P = 0.003), age (P = 0.029) and percent body fat (P = 0.016) were the best correlated with race time. Race time in a long-distance inline race such as the 'Inline One-eleven' over 111 km with a mean race time of ～260 min might be predicted by the following equation (r(2) = 0.41): Race time (min) = 114.91 + 0:51* (duration per training unit, min) + 0:85* (age, years) +3:78* (body fat, %) for recreational long-distance inline skaters.  相似文献   

17.
The ability of bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry to predict fat mass and fat-free mass was compared in a sample of 82 male athletes from a wide variety of sports, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method. The percent fat measured by DXA was 10.9+/-4.9% (mean +/- s), and fat mass was predicted with a standard error of the estimate of 1.7 kg for skinfolds and 2.8 kg for bioelectrical impedance analysis (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass was predicted with a standard error of the estimate of 1.7 kg for anthropometry and 2.6 kg for bioelectrical impedance analysis (P < 0.001). Regression of various individual skinfolds and summed skinfolds, to examine the effect of skinfold selection combinations by stepwise regression, produced an optimal fat mass prediction using the thigh and abdominal skinfold sites, and an optimal fat-free mass prediction using the thigh, abdominal and supra-ilium sites. These results suggest that anthropometry offers a better way of assessing body composition in athletes than bioelectrical impedance analysis. Applying the derived equations to a separate sample of 24 athletes predicted fat and fat-free mass with a total error of 2.3 kg (2.9%) and 2.2 kg (2.7%), respectively. Combining the samples introduced more heterogeneity into the sample (n = 106), and the optimal prediction of fat mass used six skinfolds in producing a similar standard error of the estimate (1.7 kg), although this explained a further 4% of the variation in DXA-derived fat. Fat-free mass was predicted best from four skinfolds, although the standard error of the estimate and coefficient of determination were unchanged.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to determine the relative role of the distal lower extremity tissue masses of varsity athletes in predicting distal lower extremity injury sustained during a competitive season. One hundred male and female varsity athletes (basketball, volleyball, soccer, cross country) completed a questionnaire on general health, physiological, and psychosocial variables, during each sport's respective training camp. A series of anthropometric measurements were used as inputs to distal lower extremity tissue mass prediction equations to calculate lean mass, fat mass, bone mineral content and wobbling mass (lean mass + fat mass) and tissue mass ratios. Athletes were monitored throughout their respective seasons and were instructed to report any distal lower extremity injuries to a certified athletic therapist who was responsible for assessing and confirming the reports. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine which variables significantly predicted distal lower extremity injury. Mean leg fat mass:bone mass (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.0 – 2.5), and competition surface (rubber OR = 8.5, CI = 1.5 – 47.7; artificial turf OR = 4.0, CI = 0.77 – 22.9) were identified as significant predictors of injury. Overall, tibia bone injuries were significantly associated with the ratio of fat mass:bone mineral content and the surface on which the athletes compete.  相似文献   

19.
The purpose of this study was to develop and cross-validate anthropometric body composition equations for the elderly (i.e., ≥ 65 years old). This was undertaken due to a lack of accurate and reliable body composition equations for the elderly. One-hundred fifty male (n = 75) and female (n = 75; mean age = 70 years, SD = 3.71 years) elderly were randomly assigned to either an equation development sample (n = 50) or an equation validation sample (n = 25), respectively. The male and female development and validation sample groups, respectively, were joined to make combined development (n = 100) and validation (n = 50) samples. Hydrodensitometry was used to determine participant body density, percent fat, fat-free mass, and fat weight for use as the criterion variables by which prediction equations could be developed and validated. The equations presented are for the prediction of body density [body density = 1.0554 + .0142 (gender) + .0267 (height) - .00022 (midaxillary) - .00086 (hip circumference)], percent fat [% fat = .1688 (body mass index) + .542 (hip circumference) -.1639 (weight) -5.7033 (gender) -7.9498], fat-free mass [fat-free mass = 30.3769 + 8.0108 (height) + .824 (weight) - .1355 (suprailiac) - .5419 (hip circumference)], and fat weight [fat weight = .2449 (weight) + .5218 (hip circumference) - .076 (thigh circumference) - 4.0299 (gender) - 37.8619]. The equations provided estimates that were not statistically different from the hydrostatically determined criterion variables but were statisfically different from estimates derived from other published "elderly" body composition equations.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

We investigated the associations of anthropometry, training, and pre-race experience with race time in 93 recreational male ultra-marathoners (mean age 44.6 years, s = 10.0; body mass 74.0 kg, s = 9.0; height 1.77 m, s = 0.06; body mass index 23.4 kg · m?2, s = 2.0) in a 100-km ultra-marathon using bivariate and multivariate analysis. In the bivariate analysis, body mass index (r = 0.24), the sum of eight skinfolds (r = 0.55), percent body fat (r = 0.57), weekly running hours (r = ?0.29), weekly running kilometres (r = ?0.49), running speed during training (r = ?0.50), and personal best time in a marathon (r = 0.72) were associated with race time. Results of the multiple regression analysis revealed an independent and negative association of weekly running kilometres and average speed in training with race time, as well as a significant positive association between the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses and race time. There was a significant positive association between 100-km race time and personal best time in a marathon. We conclude that both training and anthropometry were independently associated with race performance. These characteristics remained relevant even when controlling for personal best time in a marathon.  相似文献   

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