共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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A. Mark Langan C. Philip Wheater Emma M. Shaw Ben J. Haines W. Rod Cullen Jennefer C. Boyle 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2005,30(1):21-34
Peer assessment provides a useful mechanism to develop many positive qualities in students studying in higher education (HE). Potential influences on peer‐awarded marks include student qualities such as gender, HE background (e.g. university affiliation) and participation in the development of the assessment criteria. Many studies that have investigated peer assessment have placed great emphasis on marks from a single tutor, or very few tutors, from a single university. This study examined grades awarded by 11 tutors (affiliated with four universities) to oral presentations delivered on a residential field course by second‐year undergraduate students from two universities studying environmental or biological disciplines. Student assessors awarded marks of fairly high precision (correlating strongly with tutor grades) but averaged 5% higher than their tutors (i.e. of only moderate accuracy). Marginally higher marks (circa 1.6%) were awarded by student assessors to speakers studying at the same university. Gender influences were detected as males tended to grade other male speakers very slightly more highly than female speakers. Marks from females were unaffected by speaker gender. Students who participated in the development of the assessment criteria did not achieve higher grades for their presentations. However, when these ‘participants’ were assessing, they awarded lower marks than their peers (i.e. closer to, but not as low as, those awarded by tutors). Lower marks were also awarded during the middle of sessions, possibly resulting from factors associated with motivation and attention of speakers and markers. Overall, the potential biases in marking by naive assessors examined in this study may influence the validity of marks generated by peer assessment schemes, but the experience of this type of assessment had positive effects on those involved. 相似文献
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In 4 experiments 120 three- to four-year-old nonreaders were asked the identity of a symbolic representation as it appeared with different objects. Consistent with Bialystok (2000), many children judged the identity of written words to vary according to the object with which they appeared but few made such errors with recognizable pictures. Children also made few errors when the symbols were unrecognizable pictures. In Experiments 2 to 4 this pattern of responses was preserved in conditions that made it unlikely or impossible for children to answer correctly by taking the symbol to refer to one of the objects with which it appeared. Instead, correct answers required children to appreciate that the symbol had a generic, abstract meaning. 相似文献
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To encourage increased student attendance and engagement in a third-year economics unit, the curriculum was redesigned to incorporate continuous assessment throughout the semester. A component of group project marks were allocated to peer assessment, in an attempt to address concerns about free-riding colleagues sharing a common mark. This study investigated the consistency of marks awarded to peers within teams, and the acceptance by students of marks awarded by peers. Students were asked to provide ratings and explanatory comments for each of their group peers. Focus groups were conducted to determine students’ acceptance of this strategy. Eighty student ratings were compared to determine consistency of assessment. Within groups, students who received higher marks from their peers generally awarded marks to their peers across a wider range, whereas students who received lower average grades often awarded the same mark to all team members. These results might indicate that students who were attending class regularly and/or contributing at a higher level were more discriminating in the marks awarded to their peers. Similarly, non-contributors (as identified by their peers) assigned the same or similar grades to each of their peers, possibly due to a lack of knowledge about their peers’ contributions. 相似文献
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张淑芳 《洛阳工业高等专科学校学报》2006,16(2):46-47
图书的内容与外部表现形式是图书重要的两个方面,其中内容是其核心价值,但它必须通过文字、符号等特定形式表现出来。本文提出了保证科技图书内容与形式统一的一些措施。 相似文献
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James Hartley Mark Trueman Lucy Betts Lauren Brodie 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2006,31(5):523-534
The marks awarded to 130 second‐year undergraduate word‐processed essays were assessed in relation to their use of different typographic features. By and large most of these features had little effect on the essay grades. However, essays printed in 12‐point type gained significantly higher marks (mean = 56.8) than essays printed in 10‐point type (mean = 52.7), and essays using a combination of popular features (Times Roman, 12‐point, double‐spaced unjustified text, and a line‐space to denote new paragraphs) gained significantly higher marks (mean = 59.6) than those using other combinations (mean = 55.8). 相似文献
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Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Equivalence Tasks: The Influence of Symbols on Students with Mathematics Difficulty 
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下载免费PDF全文 Students often experience difficulty with attaching meaning to mathematics symbols. Many students react to symbols, such as the equal sign, as a command to “do something” or “write an answer” without reflecting upon the proper relational meaning of the equal sign. One method for assessing equal‐sign understanding is through nonstandard equations (e.g., 3 + 4 = __ + 5) where student answers provide cues about operational or relational interpretation of the equal sign. This study investigated the influence of symbolic and nonsymbolic presentations on a measure of nonstandard equations. A representative sample of 2nd‐grade students (n = 413) solved a set of nonstandard equations presented with symbols (i.e., symbolic) and the same set presented with pictures and stories (i.e., nonsymbolic). Students with and without mathematics difficulty demonstrated significantly higher scores on the nonsymbolic version without mathematics symbols. Results have implications for mathematics assessment and instruction. 相似文献
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A. Mark Langan David M. Shuker W. Rod Cullen David Penney Richard F. Preziosi C. Philip Wheater 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2008,33(2):179-190
There are many influences on how assessors grade themselves and others. Oral presentations are useful for exploring such factors in peer, self‐ and tutor marked assessments, being rapidly completed and assessed, commonly used in HE and very difficult to anonymize. This opportunistic study examined the effects of gender and level of attainment on the triangulation of marks awarded to student presenters. Grades generated by peer assessment were associated more strongly with tutor‐awarded marks than those from self‐assessment. For self‐assessment there was a strong effect of gender (female students undervalued their performance compared with tutor grades). Peer assessment produced higher marks than from tutors, perhaps because of the close‐knit community developed during residential courses. For tutor marks, the greatest variability was at the lower end of the scale, whereas peer assessors were most variable when marking students who self‐evaluated or peer assessed highly. Students awarded a narrower range of marks to peers compared with tutors, but when self‐assessing used a larger range. Presentations by students who admitted to little sleep the night before received lower grades from both peers and tutors, but this was not reflected by self‐assessments, suggesting they were unaware of their poorer performances. Sessions with fewer talks (four rather than seven) reduced the ‘dip’ in marks previously observed in the middle of sessions. Findings are discussed in the context of bias in this mode of assessment. 相似文献
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训诂是对古书中的语义做出正确解释的一项专门性的学术研究。它的工作内容有标点、校勘、作序、标音、释词、解句、补释、揭示语法等等,是一种非常具体、实践的活动。本文以《诗经.小雅.谷风》一文为例,来分析训诂的部分内容,旨在让更多的人了解古人常用的训诂用语以及训诂所涵盖的内容。 相似文献
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王作新 《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2003,42(3):108-114
文字发生的研究对于人类文明发生以及文字符号的真正认识具有十分重要的意义。明确文字发生的符号基础是探索文字发生的首要任务。原始的视觉符号包括实物符号、结绳符号、八卦符号、原始记号、原始图画和原始雕塑;文字在由“渐致”而到“突发”的发生过程中,吸取了原始图画和原始记号,包括八卦符号的部分符号及表现方式;在其发展的历程中,由图画占主导地位而渐进为记号性增强。 相似文献
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刘金荣 《赣南师范学院学报》2000,(2):30-32
《易经》的卦符是最古老的符号系统之一。本文试从语言学的角度对卦符的符号性质、符号体系 ,以及它的能指与所指之间的辩证关系进行诠释 ,以图破除人们对卦符的神秘感 ,并对《易经》符号的魅力有更深的认 相似文献
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This paper examines the interaction between the contribution of established criteria to objective assessment of examinations, and the effect of mental fatigue induced during the process. Copies of 31 compositions, previously awarded a grade of 80 percent by specialists, were stacked in three randomly arranged sequences. Sixty teachers graded the compositions in sequential order. Thereafter, they re-evaluated every essay according to each of six criteria. These scores were used to generate a series of accumulative grades. In both scoring procedures, the grades rose in a time-dependent fashion, indicating impairment of judgment, apparently as a result of mental fatigue. Differences between the two assessments suggest that the criteria were not used efficiently in the original evaluation of the teachers. This may be explained by the phenomenon of bounded rationality. 相似文献
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Pauline A. Mahalski 《Higher Education》1992,24(1):113-132
Twenty-eight geography students were questioned about how they had prepared an essay about Africa and their answers were related to their essay marks. Each essay was marked by one of 9 postgraduate tutors and the researcher. Aspects of the students' essays, such as length and number of main points, were analysed and related to the students' marks. Tutors said that, in order to qualify for a high grade, students should have: answered the question, made a readable presentation, a logical presentation, and showed evidence of wide reading. These criteria were positively correlated with the students' marks and consistent with the comments which the tutors wrote on the students' essays. In this study, the students attained higher marks if they: included more main topics in their essays, had a readable writing style, produced more drafts for their essays, and cited more references. The results are discussed in relationship to advice about essay-writing in study manuals and other ways of helping students to improve their essay-writing. 相似文献
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《师资教育杂志》2012,38(3):196-202
This paper takes the view that evaluation is a trade and suggests that while psychologists and sociologists are needed in it for their skills they need to adapt some of their approaches and renounce some of their specialist values to become effective as evaluators. A not untypical evaluation job is looked at to see whether an evaluator is more than a tradesman and the answers seem to be ‘not much’ but that he needs special skills in interpretation and negotiation. Both Hudson and Wilson are found to provide helpful rules. Where the evaluator rises above technician level is in his identification and definition of the questions he is to answer but how far can he be left to decide what evaluation is for? 相似文献
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传统民俗事项中的象征及其文化内涵 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
传统民俗事项中蕴含有丰富的文化内涵及共识性。这些丰富的文化内涵及共识性的许多方面都是通过象征形式表现出来的。本文从列举传统民俗事项中象征的普遍性入手，探讨了传统民俗事项中的象征形式的产生、主要类型及其文化内涵等问题。 相似文献
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Sound symbolism is the notion that the relation between word sounds and word meaning is not arbitrary for all words, but rather there is a subset of words in the world’s languages for which sounds and their symbols have some degree of correspondence. This research investigates sound symbolism as a possible means of gaining semantic knowledge of unknown words within written context. Two studies assessed adults’ expressive knowledge of word meanings for sound symbolic and non-sound symbolic obsolete words. These words were presented in varying types of contextual surroundings: no context, varied context, unhelpful context, and helpful context. In each study, participants were able to generate more correct definitions for sound symbolic words compared to non-sound symbolic words. It is concluded that sound symbolism is a word property which influences the learning of unknown words. 相似文献