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Object Properties and Object Kind: Twenty-One-Month-Old Infants' Extension of Novel Adjectives 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Three experiments examined the conditions under which infants acquiring English succeed in mapping novel adjectives, applied ostensively to individual objects, to other objects with the same property (color or texture). Twenty-one-month-old infants were introduced to a target (e.g., a yellow object) and asked to choose between (1) a matching test object (e.g., a different yellow object) and (2) a contrasting test object (e.g., a green object). Infants hearing the target labeled with novel adjectives were more likely than those hearing no novel words to choose the matching test object. Infants also revealed an emerging distinction between novel adjectives and nouns. Finally, infants' expectation regarding the extension of adjectives appears to unfold within the support of a familiar basic-level category. Infants extended novel adjectives to the matching test object when all objects were all drawn from the same basic level category; they failed to do so when the objects were drawn from different basic level categories. 相似文献
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提出了英语中也存在着与古汉语的使动用法类似的词的使动用法,并分析了这些使动词的词根,得出了英语中的使动词的词根多数是由动词、形容词及名词构成,而这与古汉语具有很大的可比性和相似性的重要结论。还对英语中的这些使动词在英语词汇中所占的比例进行了统计分析,使结论更加可靠。另外也比较了英汉使动用法的差异。 相似文献
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D. Geoffrey Hall 《Child development》1994,65(5):1299-1317
4 experiments examined 3- and 4-year-olds' interpretations of novel words applied to familiar objects in the sentence frame, "This Y is X," where X is a novel word, and Y is a familiar basic-level count noun (e.g., "dog", "cup"). These novel words are ambiguous and could be interpreted either as proper names (e.g., "Fred") or as adjectives/mass nouns (e.g., "red"/"lead"). The experiments addressed 2 questions. First, do children appreciate that the words can be construed either as proper names referring to individuals or as adjectives/mass nouns referring to salient properties/material kinds? The results showed that children could easily make either interpretation. Second, what factors affect children's tendency to make either a proper name or an adjective/mass noun interpretation? In the experiments, children learned the novel words for a range of animals and artifacts. Most children who learned the words for typical pets (e.g., a bird) made proper name interpretations, as did the majority of those who learned the words for certain non-pet animals (e.g., a caterpillar) described as possessed by someone, but only about half of those who learned the words for such non-pet animals not so described. Very few children who learned the words for either simple (e.g., a shoe) or complex (e.g., a boat) artifacts made proper name interpretations. The results provide clear evidence of the role of semantic information in constraining children's interpretation of a novel word, and they help to refine an understanding of what counts as a nameable individual for preschoolers. 相似文献
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刘小梅 《河北北方学院学报(社会科学版)》2008,24(6):17-22
英汉介词与介词短语有相似之处：介词在句法中都起定位、粘着作用;介词短语的主要句法功能都是用作状语。不同之处是：在句法结构方面,英语介词与介词短语的句法特征说明英语语法以形统意;汉语介词与介词短语的句法特征说明汉语语法以意治形。在句法功能方面,英语介词短语的语序不影响句子的语意;汉语介词短语的语序决定句子的语意。英汉表示时间与地点的介词短语的语序反映了两个民族认知方式的差异。 相似文献
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杨元媛 《宁波教育学院学报》2007,9(6):56-61
利用语料库语言学研究方法,基于英国国家语料库,比较分析了意义相近的副词awfully和bitterly在词频、文体、搭配上的区别和规律,探讨了词汇的语法化现象。研究发现bitterly较awfully常用;awfully常见于口语中,常修饰形容词,bitterly则常被形容词、动词和介词跟随;awfully的用法产生了语法化,而bitterly仍保留形容词bitter的含义,带有强烈的消极语义韵。通过这些分析,以求对英语词汇的研究和教学提供帮助。 相似文献
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Recent research suggests that, although young children appreciate many different kinds of conceptual relations among objects, they focus specifically on taxonomic relations in the context of word learning. However, because the evidence for children's appreciation of this linkage between words and object categories has come primarily from children who have made substantial linguistic and conceptual advances, it offers limited information concerning the development of this linkage. In the experiments reported here, we employ a match-to-sample task to focus specifically on the development of an appreciation of the linkage between words (here, count nouns) and object categories in infants in the period just prior to and just subsequent to the naming explosion. The results demonstrate that, for 21-month-old infants, most of whom have recently entered the vocabulary explosion (Experiment 1), and for 16-month-old infants, most of whom have yet to commence the vocabulary explosion (Experiment 2), novel nouns focus attention on taxonomic relations among objects. This is important because it reveals a nascent appreciation of a linkage between words and object categories in infants who are at the very onset of language production. Results are interpreted within a developmental account of infants' emerging appreciation of a specific linkage between count nouns and object categories. 相似文献
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Syntax has been noted to play an important role in word learning in English; it distinguishes the fundamental conceptual difference between individuals (coded as proper nouns), nonindividuals (coded as mass nouns), and classes of individuals (coded as count nouns). The Japanese language does not have grammatical markers flagging the distinctions between count nouns and mass nouns, between proper nouns and common nouns, or between singulars and plurals. How Japanese 2- and 4-year-olds assign meaning to novel nouns associated with familiar and unfamiliar animals and inanimate objects was studied in the research reported here. When a novel label was given to an unfamiliar object, children assumed it to be a name for a basic-level object category whether the referent was an animal or an inanimate object. If the named object already had an established name, and if the object was an inanimate object, the children mapped the noun to a subordinate category. When the named object was an animal, however, they tended to interpret the label as a proper name. These results demonstrated that in the absence of useful information from syntax, 2-year-old Japanese children are able to fast map a noun to its meaning by elegantly coordinating word-learning biases and other available sources of information. 相似文献
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程度副词修饰名词结构探析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
胡苏 《连云港师范高等专科学校学报》2006,(2):31-34
程度副词修饰名词原本不是一个被语法学界完全认可的语法组合,然而在当代口语及书面语中,“程度副词 名词”组合却有越来越多的人使用。可见,“程度副词 名词”虽是一类很特殊的结构,但已具有相当程度的可接受性。与一般意义上的名词不同,进入这一结构中的名词需具有由具体指称向情状描述转化的潜在语义特征,这一类名词与程度副词的组合弥补了形容词语义表达上的问题,并由此引发了部分名词向名形兼类词的转变。 相似文献
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岳俊丽 《忻州师范学院学报》2011,27(6):27-28
在晋方言的入声字中,“圪”字是出现频率很高的字。它作为词头在晋语词汇的构词中有很强的语法功能和表义功能。“圪”在晋语中有个特殊的用法,它常常作为虚词用于名词、动词、量词和形容词前表示“小”和“稍微”的意思。文章试图通过对“圪”头“小”义这一语言现象进行系统的描写和研究,从而深入探求“圪”的语义和语法功能。 相似文献
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对英语搭配的习得和积累是英语学习者向高级水平进阶的重要途径。搭配与自由组合及成语的区别主要在于词与词之间在形式和意义方面结合的紧密程度不同。按照性质，搭配可分为语法搭配和词汇搭配两类。语法搭配又可据其中心词不同分为名词、形容词、动词、限定词四类；词汇搭配可据组合关系不同分为“动词＋名词”、“形容词或名词＋名词”、“名词＋动词”、“名词＋of＋名词”、“动词＋副词”、“副词＋形容词”六类。不同习得阶段，搭配习得的重点不同。 相似文献
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反义形容词的对称性及其非对称性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
汉语里的三种类型的反义形容词，由它和名词结合造成的新词，有的保持了其对称性，有的因为语义特征转移、虚化或消失，呈现出非对称性，其意义也随之发生了变化，其中是有可以描写的规律性。 相似文献
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本文重点分析了形容词“大”和“小”插入数量短语中间的不对称分布,并分别对形容词“大”和“小”与数量短语组合以及与名词组合时的相互制约进行了初步分析。形容词“大”和“小”与数量短语的组合是一个相互选择的结果,与量词本身的语义特点有着直接的关系,同样,形容词“大”和“小”与数量名短语的组合也要受到名词语义特点的制约。 相似文献
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李劲荣 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2007,36(1):128-132
沈家煊（1997）从句法功能的标记模式出发，指出性质形容词作谓语和状态形容词作定语是有标记的。文章从意义制约和表达功能的角度，考察了形容词与名词组合时的具体表现，也得出了类似的结论，即：若是定中式，状态形容词受到的语义限制更多，且该结构在表达功能上得到凸现；若为主谓式，则性质形容词受到的语义限制更多，该结构在表达功能上也被凸现。反之则反。这些现象在很大程度上反映了句法、语义和语用三者之间的密切关系。 相似文献
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汉语中，尤其是古汉语和口语中，存在着大量的非动词谓语句。除了动词以外，形容词、名词、数量词和象声词都可以充当谓语，这类句子称为非动词谓语句。将其翻译成相应的英语时，其中的谓语动词必不可少，这与汉语的隐性特征和英语的显性特征是一致的。 相似文献
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牛小玲 《洛阳师范学院学报》2000,19(3):109-110
英语成对词是英语惯用语的主要组成部分之一。英语成对词主要由同一词、同义词、反义词、意义相关的词等多种形式构成 ,其功能表现在两个方面 :一是具有名词、动词、形容词、副词的语法功能 ,可充当各种句子成分 ,二是用于转义、口语、俚语和古语中的文体功能。 相似文献
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在汉语句子中,除了动词以外,形容词、名词、数量词和象声词都可以充当谓语,这类句子称为非动词谓语句。研究表明,非动词谓语句中实际上存在着隐性动词。将其翻译成相应的英语时,其中的谓语动词必不可少,这与汉语的隐性特征和英语的显性特征是一致的。 相似文献
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方琦 《湖南城市学院学报》2011,32(4):100-102
以往对词类的先行研究,都认为接尾词是词的构成要素之一,不同点在于接尾词的范围认定上。时枝誠誠在《日本文法口语篇》提到的用言型接尾词中,有一类是单纯用作接尾词的词;另一类是可以用作接尾词的动词.补助动词。前者给原词干添加新的意义,同时赋予了品词的变换功能,本身不具有单词的资格;后者给原词干添加了新的意义,本身具有单词的资格。 相似文献
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Children employ multiple cues to identify the referent of a novel word. Novel words are often embedded in sentences and children have been shown to use syntactic cues to differentiate between types of words (adjective vs. nouns) and between types of nouns (count vs. mass nouns). In this study, we show that children learning Malay (N = 67), a numeral classifier language, can use syntactic cues to perform even finer-grained disambiguation–between count nouns. The manipulation of congruence between lexical and syntactic cues reveals a clear developmental trajectory: while 5-year-olds use predominantly lexical cues, older children increasingly rely on syntactic cues, such that by 7 years of age, they disambiguate between objects referred to with count nouns using syntactic rather than lexical cues. 相似文献
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文章从对名词的空间义与其他意义类型进行区分这个立足点出发,分析了现代汉语名词在主宾语位置上表达属性义时的形式与语义上的特点。文章认为,此时指＂个＂接近指＂类＂用法的个体量词,正是实体名词不指称实体而指称实体的＂属性＂事物的形式标记。并认为现代汉名词对属性义的表达,存在一个从主宾语位置,再到定语位置、谓语位置、再到＂‘很’类副词＋N＂格式、状语位置这样一个发展过程与过渡阶段;这个阶段中的每一步,名词的指称功能在逐步消弱,名词的空间义在逐步消失,与形容词、区别词逐步接近,但名词表属性义时一定程度上还残留些空间义与弱指称功能,同时还具有主观性与模糊性特征。 相似文献