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1.
The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to a further understanding of the implications of the growing presence of foreign affiliates for deepening technological capabilities (TCs) in Brazilian industry. It proposes a TC classification that emphasises the distinction between the use and generation of knowledge and presents a methodology for composing TC proxies by means of an innovation survey database. The findings suggest that both foreign and domestics firms have accumulated substantial capabilities for using existing technology, but only shallow capabilities for locally generating technologies. However, foreign affiliates score higher than their local counterparts in more complex capabilities, confirming their centrality in the Brazilian learning system. This gives ground for urging the elaboration of strategic foreign direct investment (FDI) policies that strengthen and deepen local TCs. 相似文献
2.
A regional approach to study technology transfer through foreign direct investment: The electronics industry in two Mexican regions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ramón Padilla-Pérez 《Research Policy》2008,37(5):849-860
This paper develops a conceptual framework and presents empirical evidence to examine technology transfer from foreign direct investment (FDI) to host regions, from a systemic perspective that integrates micro- (the firm) and meso (the region)-level analyses. This approach helps identify four different levels at which technology transfer may occur. Comprehensive fieldwork in Mexico was undertaken to collect evidence of an FDI-led, large industry (electronics) in two regions. The empirical evidence collected in this research shows that technology transfer derived from FDI may impact diverse actors of the host region (local firms, universities, research centres, industry associations), but also that its occurrence is neither automatic nor homogenous across regions. 相似文献
3.
Yonghee Cho Tugrul U. Daim Marina Dabic 《The Journal of High Technology Management Research》2017,28(2):208-220
Technological innovation plays a critical role in economic growth. The most advanced and new technologies are created by leading firms in developed countries. Global expansion, strategic outsourcing or off-shoring in leading companies has been growing to enrich their competitive advantage, while technology transfer of leading firms has been of more interest to emerging or developing countries for catching up and following the trajectory of economic growth proved in developed countries. Among various channels to acquire new technologies from leading firms, foreign direct investments (FDI) is one of the most effective channels through which technology can be transferred to subsidiaries in emerging markets. However, empirical study on the roles of technology transfer and the feedback loop from FDI remains still scarce. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of FDI on businesses in partial or complete foreign ownership, with a special emphasis on technology transfer, and to assess the impact of foreign companies on domestic firm performance through technology transfer from foreign companies. This paper aims at investigating the investment climate for foreign investments and intensifying technology transfers and innovations in the Croatian economy. 145 firms responded to the survey we conducted for foreign investment enterprises in Croatia. Structural equation model is employed to examine the hypotheses with respect to effects of FDI on innovation activities of domestic Croatian firms. This study identified critical factors affecting technology innovation to Croatian firms. The results provide empirical evidence that the innovation activities in subsidiaries have a positive influence toward technology transfer from multinational corporations. 相似文献
4.
《Research Policy》2004,33(6-7):879-895
This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country’s export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set in the background of the process of regional integration between the European Union (EU) and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (outward processing trade (OPT)) and by the skill content of the machines imported.Non-technical abstractTrade and greater economic integration affect the upgrading of technologies in less advanced areas. The open questions pertain to the direction of such change and to the channels through which technologies are transmitted. This paper explores the role of a few different channels for importing technologies and their impact on export performance. The study is set in the context of the process of economic integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries, in particular Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs).New potential sources of technological inputs become available with declining trade barriers. Some of these technological inputs are deliberately purchased (new machines, foreign investments, skilled personnel) and others are acquired through spillovers, by trading with more technologically advanced partners, by gathering information in foreign markets, by learning from sophisticated imported goods.In the present paper export performance is defined in terms of the quality of exported products, on the presumption that higher quality products imply the use of more complex technologies and have a strong learning potential. We find that unit values of exports from the sample countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe.We then investigate whether imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have some bearing on this pattern. Particular attention is devoted to the technologies embodied in the machines. We develop a measure of technological complexity of the machines imported related to the level of skills required to use them. We also jointly estimate the role of outward processing trade which indirectly captures foreign investments and other forms of involvement of European firms in our sample countries.These channels of technological imports appear to have a statistically discernible and positive role on product quality for all the countries analysed. Imported machines are the most important determinant of product upgrading in the SMCs, while foreign firms play a dominant role in the CEECs.This result is consistent with stylised facts. The pattern of trade liberalisation and specialisation was quite different for the two groups of countries. In the CEECs liberalisation was sudden and drastic. Trade patterns changed considerably, both in terms of products and market destination. Foreign companies are playing a crucial role in this pattern of transition. In the SMCs things have been smoother. Trade is being liberalised more gradually and many of these countries have a strong specialisation in textiles. Although based on imported technologies, upgrading and learning appears to be rooted in the local production structure rather than being channelled by foreign companies. 相似文献
5.
近十年来,中国光伏产业迅速发展,并成功追赶和超越其他发达国家成为全球光伏产业领导者。基于创新生态系统视角,本研究探索中国光伏产业追赶与超越的机制。通过对中国光伏企业的案例分析发现,在进入阶段,中国光伏企业利用国际市场需求机会窗口,通过嵌入全球创新生态系统进行技术引进、建立合法性、获取国际资本来提高企业绩效。在追赶和超越阶段,中国光伏企业利用创新生态系统互补性技术机会窗口,通过选择性地知识共享、上下游合作创新、形成全产业链及集聚效应、互补性技术创新来建立本地创新生态系统,以提高绩效并实现追赶和超越。此外,在超越阶段,中国政府帮助光伏企业培育本地下游市场需求,中国光伏企业利用制度政策机会窗口稳固了本地创新生态系统,有效协调生态上下游企业共同创新,保持了中国光伏产业的领先地位。 相似文献
6.
Linking induced technological change, and environmental regulation: Evidence from patenting in the U.S. auto industry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article uses a carefully screened patent database in automobile emission control technologies and a detailed regulatory action analysis to examine firms’ innovation in response to U.S. technology-forcing auto emissions standards enacted between 1970 and 1998. The study finds that under the performance-based technology-forcing (PBTF) auto emissions regulations, both automakers and component suppliers innovated and introduced more advanced emission control technologies for automobile applications. The study also shows that stringent PBTF regulation temporarily induced domestic U.S. firms to become more innovative than foreign firms that operated in the local U.S. market during the early phase of the regulatory regime. Findings of this research strongly imply that government intervention in the form of technology-forcing regulation can drive firms to invest in technological innovation. 相似文献
7.
中国汽车产业模块技术发展与产业升级 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
模块技术作为一种产业内分工技术,在汽车产业有着广泛的应用.近年来,我国汽车产业模块技术在国有企业与外资企业间的发展极不均衡,导致我国汽车产业长期停留在价值链低端,成为国外汽车业巨头的"组装车间",阻碍了我国产业升级的顺利进行.本文分析了中国汽车产业模块技术发展的现状及其主要障碍,并提出切实可行的政策建议. 相似文献
8.
In an increasingly globalizing and knowledge-based world economy, the declining importance of R&D activity in India is a matter of concern. This paper analyzes the determinants of R&D behaviour of Indian enterprises over the 1990s in the context of the reforms of 1991 and their impact on the R&D behaviour of MNE affiliates and local enterprises. The analysis suggests that although average levels of spending have fallen, increased competition due to liberalization seems to have pushed local firms to rationalize their R&D activity and make it more efficient. Also, R&D spending seems to rise more than proportionally with firm size after a certain threshold level has been reached. The analysis brings out differences in the nature of R&D activity of MNE affiliates and local firms. Local firms direct their R&D activity primarily towards the assimilation of imported technology, and to providing a backup to their outward expansion via exports and FDI. MNE affiliates, on the other hand, focus on exploiting the advantages of India as an R&D platform for their parents. The paper is concluded with some policy implications of the findings. 相似文献
9.
This paper presents a taxonomy of entrepreneurial behaviour vis-à-vis technology, derived from empirical research on a specific sector, that of the chemicals industry in Venezuela. The research focuses heavily on the accumulation of minor innovations through which enterprises acquire their technical knowledge and know how, their technological learning. We have tried to give a precise empirical meaning to that notion in order to understand which are the most important variables that affect the technical learning process. Both the process of technological learning and the technical external linkages — in particular with foreign firms — of Venezuelan companies seem to be the fundamental factors in understanding the development of a new competitive industry which adopts a new products-oriented strategy. But not all firms do respond to such a scheme and it is thus necessary to develop a taxonomy of the industrial sector both for scholarly reasons as well as a policy guide. 相似文献
10.
技术梯度市场梯度与制造业产业追赶绩效 《科学学研究》2017,35(7):982-994
在以中国为典型的大型后发新兴经济体中,本土企业的追赶具有独特的后发优势：供给端存在连续的技术层级,需求端具备多层次的市场空间。本研究提出技术梯度、市场梯度两个构念,用以反映大型新兴经济体追赶中技术维和市场维的独特产业情境特征,并探索其对产业间追赶绩效差异的解释力。基于中国制造业26个行业2001-2007年的面板数据,检验了技术梯度、市场梯度以及它们与技术努力强度的交互作用对追赶绩效的影响。结果表明：技术梯度和市场梯度对产业追赶绩效均有着显著的促进作用;相较于技术努力强度较大或较小的情况,在技术努力强度适中的产业里,技术梯度和市场梯度对追赶绩效的影响更强。该发现对产业追赶具有重要理论和现实意义。 相似文献
11.
技术收敛是技术扩散的结果,表现为技术专有性与多样性之间的动态竞争,是技术创新演化过程中所形成的多行业共享技术基础的一种技术发展状态。发达国家的电子行业被认为是存在技术收敛趋势的典型行业之一,而相应的实证研究在发展中国家并不多。通过专利数据及RTA相关指标,分析了我国五大电子行业中外企业的技术发展特征,旨在考察在我国特定环境下中外电子行业企业技术发展的收敛性。研究发现,外资企业相比中资企业表现出了更显著的技术收敛特征。 相似文献
12.
Technology acquisition channels and industry performance: An industry-level analysis of Chinese large- and medium-size manufacturing enterprises 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Guo Bin 《Research Policy》2008,37(2):194-209
Through an industry-level analysis of Chinese large- and medium-size manufacturing enterprises over the period of 1996-2001, this article investigates the direct and interactive contributions of four technology acquisition channels to industry performances in terms of innovation performance and productivity. These channels include in-house R&D, foreign technology transfer, domestic technology transfer, and inter-industry R&D spillover. We have found evidence of an important role of inter-industry R&D spillover in shaping and improving industry performance in China, which has been neglected by previous empirical studies concerned with Chinese industrial firms. The empirical results indicate that inter-industry R&D spillover and foreign technology transfer make significant contributions to both labour productivity and the level of total factor productivity in Chinese manufacturing industries. We have also found that in-house R&D and inter-industry R&D spillover share a complementary relationship in shaping innovation performance and total factor productivity in Chinese industry, and that in-house R&D relates to foreign technology transfer as a complement for labour productivity. Finally, on the mixed results among existing literature in the context of developing countries, this article argues that the commonly followed strategy in technology development, combined with government regulations, will play an essential role in determining the relationship between in-house R&D and foreign technology transfer. 相似文献
13.
C. Annique Un 《Research Policy》2008,37(10):1812-1828
Despite the growing involvement of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in foreign-based research and development (R&D), there has been little research comparing R&D investments of subsidiaries of foreign MNEs to domestic firms. Subsidiaries of foreign MNEs enjoy advantages that help them compete against domestic firms. However, when deciding on R&D investments, these advantages exert competing influences on their R&D investment decision. On the one hand, better access to and transfer of knowledge and technologies from the MNE and other subsidiaries and centers of excellence may encourage the subsidiary of a foreign MNE to invest less in R&D relative to a domestic firm. On the other hand, better access to sources of capital through the MNE and other subsidiaries may induce the subsidiary to invest more in R&D in comparison to domestic firms. We find that subsidiaries of foreign MNEs invest less in total R&D than domestic firms. The reason is that they invest less in external R&D than domestic firms; however, they have similar internal R&D investments compared to domestic firms. These findings support the notion that the transfer of technology and knowledge from other parts of the MNE acts as a substitute for the purchase of external R&D while internal R&D acts as a complement to the technology and knowledge transferred from other parts of the MNE. 相似文献
14.
Since the early 1990s, Brazilian IT policy has changed substantially from greenhouse protectionism in selected segments of the market to a more liberal regime. This article analyses the impact of liberalization on IT equipment production, diffusion, employment, and foreign trade. There were both benefits and setbacks, depending on the aspect analyzed. Users benefited from greater access to imported equipment, which could eventually contribute to productivity growth in the overall economy.On the negative side, there was a loss of local linkages with internal sources of components, technology, and employment. The article concludes that the future of the Brazilian IT industry does not seem to be in commodity hardware production. Rather, it lies in design- and engineering-intensive applications. Such "production close to use" can spur domestic use as well as create business opportunities for domestically owned companies in markets not dominated by foreign multinationals. 相似文献
15.
Emergence of new industries from evolving technologies is critical to the global economy, yet has been relatively understudied due to the paucity of available data. This study draws lessons on industry emergence, by analyzing how a solid-state lighting (SSL) industry grew out of light emitting diode (LED) technologies that evolved for half a century, with participation by tens of thousands of researchers in universities, national laboratories, and firms. Using data on publications, patents, and firms combined with business history we trace the evolution of SSL through a succession of market niches. At times a few researchers with unorthodox research approaches made breakthroughs that greatly advanced particular technology trajectories and pushed LED research in unexpected directions. A succession of LED market niches advanced the technology and provided profits to incentivize continuing research while reducing cost and improving efficacy of LEDs. Innovating firms developed a thicket of patents and captured substantial profit, but were embroiled in extensive litigation that was ultimately resolved through cross-licensing. A major new generation of lighting products is now disrupting the traditional lighting industry. Although the leading incumbent lighting firms all invested early and heavily in SSL, the industry's future leadership is uncertain. 相似文献
16.
《Research Policy》2022,51(3):104469
Strategic framing of a technology refers to activities that firms undertake to create favorable meaning for their technologies and foster their adoption. The success of such framing depends on the extent to which these technologies resonate with audiences within local settings. This paper examines how firms approach strategic framing activities to establish resonance in multiple local contexts when producing enabling technologies, i.e., novel technologies that address multiple and heterogeneous markets. Through a longitudinal case study of three companies that produce technologies to digitize smell and taste, this study offers a dynamic understanding of strategic framing by companies as they switch between different frames to establish resonance with audiences within and across markets. 相似文献
17.
Innovation activities, use of appropriation instruments and absorptive capacity: Evidence from Spanish firms 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
This article empirically investigates the relationship between innovation activities of firms, their use of appropriation instruments and their absorptive capacity. We study a wide range of manufacturing and service industries, not just high-tech, and a wide range of innovation activities, not just R&D. We use multilevel logit models for complex samples to disentangle industry from firm-specific effects. We find that within an industry, firms that invest in appropriation instruments to reduce outgoing spillovers tend to conduct more R&D and downstream activities than firms that do not. Acquisition of technology is not related to the use of appropriation instruments. The effects of incoming spillovers (measured through absorptive capacity) on innovation activities of firms are industry specific and stronger for firms that invest in appropriation instruments. For this type of firm, both the capability to scan the external environment for technology and the capability to integrate new technology are related to the innovation activities. For firms that do not invest in appropriation instruments, only scanning capabilities are related. 相似文献
18.
《Research Policy》1999,28(2-3):145-155
Given the trends towards increasing globalisation of markets and of production, the globalisation of technology remains a subject of considerable interest to analysts and policy makers in the 1990s. This paper provides some new empirical observations for debate and discussion on the patterns of technological activities of large firms outside their home countries. It is based on a systematic analysis of the US patenting activities of 220 of the most internationalised firms in terms of their technology in the 1990s. Although firms are active outside their home countries in the `high technology' fields (such as Computers, Pharmaceuticals, Telecommunications, Image and Sound and Materials), quite a sizeable proportion of their foreign activities are concerned with process and machinery technologies. Moreover, a comparison of the technological advantage of the company at home and the advantage of the location shows that in a large majority of cases, firms tend to locate their technology abroad in their core areas where they are strong at home. These results suggest that adapting products and processes and materials to suit foreign markets and providing technical support to off-shore manufacturing plants remain major factors underlying the internationalisation of technology. They are also consistent with the notion that firms are increasingly engaging in small scale activities to monitor and scan new technological developments in centres of excellence in foreign countries within their areas of existing strength. However there is little evidence to suggest that even these most internationalised firms routinely go abroad to compensate for their weakness at home. 相似文献
19.
我国专利法自1985年正式实施以来一共经历了三次变革,其中2000年的专利法改革是为了加入WTO做准备而将有关条款和TRIPs接轨,进一步加大了专利保护的强度,制药业作为典型的技术创新驱动型产业理应对专利制度变迁的反应很敏感。此研究利用中国1995至2005年间的专利数据,在定义企业整体技术范围的基础上,结合统计和计量方法从技术规模和技术范围两个角度研究了此次专利法改革对外资制药企业可能产生的影响。发现此次专利法改革使得中国本土企业的技术范围收敛,技术规模扩大;但是对美国、德国和日本企业的技术范围和技术规模基本没有影响。 相似文献
20.
核心技术与互补资产是后发追赶过程中两种不同的主导策略,后发企业往往面临两种策略如何选择与平衡的难题。本文通过海天塑机集团2001~2017年在全电动注塑机技术领域追赶的案例研究,发现后发企业由后二次创新向一次创新的超越追赶动态过程中,主导追赶策略经历了从核心技术到互补资产再到二者并重的演化;从组织双元视角看,在该过程中,企业经历了从探索与利用序列交替的间断型平衡模式向探索与利用共时进行的双元型平衡模式的转变。本文研究发现不仅揭示了后发企业从后二次创新向一次创新的超越追赶机制,同时深化了我们对后发追赶动态性的理解。 相似文献