共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Coen DR 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2006,97(3):395-419
This essay argues for the relevance of the history of family life to the history of science, taking the example of the Exners of Vienna. The Exners were an influential case of the nineteenth-century European phenomenon of the "scientific dynasty". The focus here is on their collaborative research on color theory at the turn of the twentieth century. At first glance, this project looks like a reactionary strike against aesthetic innovation, a symptom of what historians assume was an unbridgeable gulf between scientific reason and artistic modernism. We can better understand the Exners' motivations by situating this research at the intersection of the family's public and private lives. The domestic context sheds light on their use of such scientific terms as "subjective", "normal", and "universal", providing a more nuanced sense of what rationality really meant in fin-de-siècle Vienna. 相似文献
2.
Goldstein D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(3):519-546
By the second half of the nineteenth century, local and regional voluntary societies were among the most widespread, accessible, and familiar public scientific institutions in America. Collectively, they made up an institutional network that converted individuals' private interest in science into a public activity. They played an essential role in the dissemination of scientific information, the growth of a scientifically literate population, and the extension of public support for science in the decades after the Civil War. This essay delineates and maps the spread of these societies throughout the country, as well as the flow of scientific information both among societies and between a society and its regional hinterland. Using the Davenport [Iowa] Academy of Natural Sciences as an example, it demonstrates how local societies were embedded in a national scientific community and mediated between it and local scientific enthusiasts, to the benefit of both. 相似文献
3.
Colgrove J 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(2):167-191
In the first decades of the twentieth century, a heterogeneous assortment of groups and individuals articulated scientific, political, and philosophical objections to vaccination. They engaged in an ongoing battle for public opinion with medical and scientific elites, who responded with their own counterpropaganda. These ideological struggles reflected fear that scientific advances were being put to coercive uses and that institutions of the state and civil society were increasingly expanding into previously private realms of decision making, especially child rearing. This essay analyzes the motivations and tactics of antivaccination activists and situates their actions within the scientific and social climate of the Progressive Era and the 1920s. Their actions reveal how citizens of varied ideological persuasions, activists and nonactivists alike, viewed scientific knowledge during a period of swift and unsettling change, when the application of biologic products seemed to hold peril as well as promise. 相似文献
4.
Yi D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(3):446-474
This essay analyzes how academic institutions, government agencies, and the nascent biotech industry contested the legal ownership of recombinant DNA technology in the name of the public interest. It reconstructs the way a small but influential group of government officials and university research administrators introduced a new framework for the commercialization of academic research in the context of a national debate over scientific research's contributions to American economic prosperity and public health. They claimed that private ownership of inventions arising from public support would provide a powerful means to liberate biomedical discoveries for public benefit. This articulation of the causal link between private ownership and the public interest, it is argued, justified a new set of expectations about the use of research results arising from government or public support, in which commercialization became a new public obligation for academic researchers. By highlighting the broader economic and legal shifts that prompted the reconfiguration of the ownership of public knowledge in late twentieth-century American capitalism, the essay examines the threads of policy-informed legal ideas that came together to affirm private ownership of biomedical knowledge as germane to the public interest in the coming of age of biotechnology and genetic medicine. 相似文献
5.
MacLeod C 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):328-339
At a time when neoliberalism and financial austerity are together encouraging academic scientists to seek market alternatives to state funding, this essay investigates why, a century ago, their predecessors explicitly rejected private enterprise and the private ownership of ideas and inventions available to them through the patent system. The early twentieth century witnessed the success of a long campaign by British scientists to persuade the state to assume responsibility for the funding of basic research ("pure science"): their findings would enter the intellectual commons; their rewards would be primarily reputational (financial only secondarily, through consequent career advancement). The essay summarizes recent research in three separate fields of British techno-science--electricity, aviation, and agricultural botany--all of which were laying claim, at this time, to a heightened commercial or military importance that raised new questions about the ownership of scientific ideas. It suggests that each of the three established an idiosyncratic relationship with the patent system or with other forms of "intellectual property," which would both influence their emergent disciplines and affect the extent to which commercial enterprise could remain a viable funding strategy. 相似文献
6.
De Bont R 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2003,94(4):604-630
Although he died in obscurity, the Belgian museum conservator Aimé Rutot (1847-1933) was one of the most famous European archaeologists between 1900 and 1920. The focus of his scientific interest was stone flints, which he claimed to be the oldest known human tools, so-called eoliths. Skeptics maintained that the flints showed no marks of human workmanship, but Rutot nevertheless managed to spread his "Eolithic theory" in an important part of the scientific community. This essay demonstrates how material objects--series of stone flints and sets of statues that purported to reconstruct prehistoric "races"--were given scientific meaning by Rutot. Rutot diffused his ideas by disseminating his stones and statues, thus enlarging his networks of influence. For a time he managed to be at the material center of a trade network as well as at the intellectual center of archaeological debate. The essay shows how Rutot achieved this status and how he eventually fell from favor among serious scientists. 相似文献
7.
Myers N 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(4):817-828
A recently released documentary on life in a protein crystallography laboratory offers an exemplary opportunity to examine how a popular account of scientific training models narrowly defined norms of masculinity and mentorship and simultaneously sets these as the tacit conditions for success in science. Rather than treating this documentary as a good or bad representation of what life in the lab is actually like, this analysis draws attention to how the scientists featured in the film perform for the camera and how the filmmakers splice together the action to animate an engaging story. This essay shows how this popular and widely circulating documentary frames science as a game to be won and stages scientific success on an agonistic playing field. Those who can "make it" are those who are tough enough and those who are willing and able to get entangled in the taunting, jesting, and jostling relationships that appear to be required for mentorship in this lab. The essay argues that this documentary tethers this model of success in science to restrictive norms of masculinity and in so doing promotes a pedagogical culture that fosters competition, rivalry, and ritualized shame. Feminist theories of performativity are engaged to consider the iterative processes through which narrowly circumscribed masculinities and styles of pedagogy are sedimented and naturalized. This essay aims to spur renewed attention to the care historians and anthropologists might take to examine the often hidden tropes that are lurking inside the stories about science that we find so salient. 相似文献
8.
Ruskin S 《Endeavour》2001,25(1):23-27
In 1833 Sir John Herschel sailed to the British Cape Colony in southern Africa. It was a private voyage, the purpose of which was to undertake an astronomical survey of the southern heavens. But his private voyage was interpreted by both the British Government and the British public as a voyage of Imperial scientific exploration. Despite Herschel's explicitly private scientific intentions, he nonetheless became popularly incorporated into the ranks of imperial scientific explorers. 相似文献
9.
Pettit M 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2006,97(4):659-677
This essay presents a historical epistemology of the nineteenth-century controversy concerning a scientific hoax, the Cardiff giant. My focus is on the shifting meanings given to the giant, which were based on epistemologies derived from scientific authority, religious belief, and market relations. In 1869 a farmer in Cardiff, New York, claimed to have discovered the fossilized remains of a prehistoric, perhaps biblical, giant on his property. While some scientists stressed the need to cooperate with commercial showmen, enthusiasm for the giant incited the ire of others, who sought to debunk it and the culture that sustained it. Drawing on local newspaper reports, memoirs, nineteenth-century exposés, and publicity materials associated with the giant's display, I link the episode to the history of popular and scientific observation. The giant was a particularly troubling spectacle because as an object of inquiry it blurred the modern boundaries separating nature, society, and religion. 相似文献
10.
[目的/意义]科学数据安全是国家信息安全的组成部分,随着数据科学研究的兴起,高校科学数据安全的政策研究有待深入。[方法/过程]采用网络调查的方法,对美国U.S.News前50名大学的科学数据管理内容进行分析,从“涉及对象”“保护方法”和“科学数据生命周期”等角度梳理政策重点和空白点。基于科学数据生命周期,从“制度层”“基础设施层”“数据素养层”和“实施层”四个主要层次,构建了高校科学数据安全的内容框架,并分别讨论了科学数据生命周期不同阶段与科学数据安全相关的各个主体的职责。[结果/结论]高校科学数据安全内容贯穿科学数据生命周期,相关主体包括制度层、基础设施层、数据素养层、执行层。 相似文献
11.
现代医药产业始于化学合成药的大规模生产,随着生命科学等基础科学的激进式创新,生物医药成为现代医药产业发展的重心,前景广阔。第二次世界大战以来,美国政府、企业、科学界历经多年培育生物医药产业基础并夯实科学基础,营造创新环境,建立了有效的生命科学创新系统,逐渐成为世界生物医药创新高地。建设生物医药创新高地是中国成为世界科学中心的重要一环。中国可借鉴其经验,保持发展耐心和信心,增强生命科学创新系统效用,推进生物医药创新高地的建设。 相似文献
12.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(4):435-454
Abstract This essay is concerned with describing some issues associated with a relatively recent development in economics, viz. the economics of happiness literature. After providing a very brief account of the history of the concept of happiness, and the recent literature in economics, the focus turns to two issues that have been relatively neglected. First, there has been little attention in this recent literature to the concept of virtue or a flourishing life, or a moral disposition to happiness. Second, it is argued that the focus on aggregate happiness for a society in general may be misplaced: focus on subgroups, such as the mentally ill, may be more appropriate. 相似文献
13.
Sokal MM 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):531-554
Despite widespread interest in individual life histories, few biographies of scientists make use of insights derived from psychology, another discipline that studies people, their thoughts, and their actions. This essay argues that recent theoretical work in psychology and tools developed for clinical psychological practice can help biographical historians of science create and present fuller portraits of their subjects' characters and temperaments and more nuanced analyses of how these traits helped shape their subjects' scientific work. To illustrate this thesis, the essay examines the early career of James McKeen Cattell--an influential late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century experimental psychologist--through a lens offered by psychology and argues that Cattell's actual laboratory practices derived from an "accommodation" to a long-standing "cognitive deficit." These practices in turn enabled Cattell to achieve more precise experimental results than could any of his contemporaries; and their students readily adopted them, along with their behavioral implications. The essay concludes that, in some ways, American psychology's early twentieth-century move toward a behavioral understanding of psychological phenomena can be traced to Cattell's personal cognitive deficit. It closes by reviewing several "remaining general questions" that this thesis suggests. 相似文献
14.
15.
技术转移作为高校社会服务职能的重要体现形式，对高校科研活动究竟产生了何种影响是学术界关注的热点问题。本文以2008-2014年中国106所“211”及省部共建高校为样本，研究了高校技术转移对其论文产出和专利产出的影响效应，并对不同来源的科研资助（政府资助和企业资助）在高校技术转移与科研产出关系中的中介作用和调节作用分别进行了实证检验。结果表明：（1）高校技术转移对论文产出的影响不显著，而对专利产出具有显著正向影响；（2）高校技术转移对其获取政府资助和企业资助均具有显著的正向影响，政府资助和企业资助在高校技术转移与专利产出关系中发挥积极的中介作用；（3）政府资助对高校技术转移与论文产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用，而企业资助对高校技术转移与专利产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用。 相似文献
16.
《Research Policy》2023,52(9):104867
Technical progress increasingly relies on the use of scientific knowledge. But if much of this knowledge is in the public domain, can it be a source of private value? We find that average private returns to using public science are small, especially in crowded technical fields. This is consistent with the view that the expected profit from an input that competitors can easily access is low. However, private value is higher when a firm is the first to use science, partly because it can secure broader patents relative to later users. Corporate participation in scientific research is a strong predictor of first use, consistent with the view that participation in science raises familiarity with relevant scientific advances. 相似文献
17.
本文对高校科研成果相关概念进行了界定,探讨民办高职院校科研成果评价方式,提出了建立适应民办高职院校的科研成果评价指标体系及评价实施策略。 相似文献
18.
教育的出发点是＂人＂,生命教育不仅要关注学生的成长,更需要关注教师的生命及其成长。思想政治理论课教师作为高校教师的一支重要力量,其生命的实然状态是我们关爱教师的基础。目前思想政治理论课教师生命的低迷由社会因素、学校因素、个人因素综合造成。关爱思想政治理论课教师生命要求教师本人树立科学的生命观,要求学校建立＂以人为本＂的关怀激励机制,要求构建完善的社会支持体系。 相似文献
19.
公共生活需要他人的在场,追求人之卓越。学生有效参与公共生活能够使其具备足够的自我满足感,完成自信心的培育,有力促进民办高校学生对未来社会生活与工作的适应。同时,学生公共生活的有效参与也是对民办高校思想政治理论课传统说教灌输教学理念的创新。在民办高校思想政治理论课教学中,学生公共生活的有效参与是多种因素综合作用的结果。其中,教师起着举足轻重的作用。民办高校思想政治理论课教师要确保学生有效地参与公共生活,切实增强民办高校思想政治理论课教学的实效性。 相似文献
20.
民办本科院校要做好科研管理工作,应不断研究科研管理制度创新问题。从民办本科院校科研管理制度的内涵入手,探究创新制度的策略,提出了分层管理、科研工作量抵充、科研合作等制度。 相似文献