共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):12-16
AbstractThis study concerns a group of objects excavated in First World War trenches in France and Belgium and brought for conservation to the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. These objects were associated with unidentified human remains thought to be of soldiers killed in battles between 1914 and 1918. The contribution of the Institute to this project was to investigate the objects in relation to their context in an attempt to identify the human remains with which they were associated. The experience of working on sensitive material in a very particular context is discussed, and how this influenced the conservation context in which the decision-making process happened is described. It also addresses how some conservation boundaries were crossed, in order to contribute to a better understanding of life during the First World War, and discusses how material culture is valued differently in different contexts (and how this will influence conservation decisions). It concludes that neither object meaning nor conservation decisions can be viewed objectively and that conservation has to be viewed as a social process governed by economic, political, religious, social and cultural dynamics, rather than a primarily technical process. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACTConservation of an oil painting on a zinc support is a complex challenge that has not been covered in the literature. Oil paint and zinc support rarely form a working combination because of their chemical properties. This article discusses the conservation of an oil painting on a zinc support that was found in extremely bad condition due to harsh environmental conditions it had been exposed to. The object had to be consolidated due to flaking paint and cleaned of surface dirt and support corrosion products. Finally, the object had to be physically strengthened due to the weakness of the support. This process required conservators to combine methods from several different fields of the conservation discipline. Methods employed in the conservation process came less from the literature, due to the lack thereof, and more from the everyday experience of the department and vernacular working practices. The overall methodology of the process has been reconstructed and critically evaluated in the broader field of conservation ethics and the discipline as a whole. 相似文献
3.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):172-182
AbstractThis paper provides an understanding of an under-explored aspect of the sharing of conservation decisions. In particular, it argues that conservation decisions are inherently shared in at least three senses. First, conservation is conceived as a field of shared values, principles, and decision-making methodology, and aspires to a universally shared ethic. This view is supported by the logical and ethical consistency of existing Codes of Ethics, and is made manifest with the aid of a conceptual model of what science is. Second, conservation decisions are conditioned by the identity of heritage entities. The values comprising the heritage identity of an entity transcend space and time boundaries; they are interrelated and interdependent and, as such, shared. Third, the benefits but also the harms stemming from conservation decisions and actions are distributed and shared among all people for whom the object of a conservation decision is heritage. As dictated by the do-no-harm principle, conservators have a duty to consider risks of such harms when making decisions. 相似文献
4.
Miriam Clavir 《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):1-8
SummaryThis paper discusses the social history of the emergence of conservation as a profession distinct from traditional restoration. It proposes that the development of conservation as a distinct field came about through the evolution of an existing area of practice, in a changing conceptual climate which increasingly acknowledged the necessity for, and the legitimacy of the scientific model. This paper considers the changes in societal values that led conservators to hold their present ethical principles, values and beliefs, focusing on two in particular: the importance of preserving the integrity of the object, and the belief that the best way to do this is through the application of science. 相似文献
5.
6.
David Thickett 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):262-267
ABSTRACTThis work considers areas where our present lack of knowledge curtails the effectiveness or efficiency of preventive conservation practice. Mixed media, especially archaeological metals and organics have incompatible requirements for relative humidity (RH). An approach based on understanding the risk versus RH for both materials and considering the showcase performance is elucidated as a solution. Pollution, both the mixed atmospheres around most cultural heritage and the complex, variable nature of deposited particles, are further areas in need of more research. Damage functions and measurement of object deterioration rates are investigated as a path forward, and examples are given. 相似文献
7.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):1-6
AbstractIn 1900 a small group of Galician immigrants in New York City formed a self-help association. They displayed their state certificate of incorporation in a paperboard mat ornamented with textual and pictorial elements. In 2004 this wall plaque received conservation treatment for exhibition at the Library of Congress. Over the course of a century, this object went from representing a community to itself to representing a mechanism for self-preservation to the public. This paper explores context and interpretation; material integrity and cultural identity; and preserving the potential for discovering and creating meaning. It analyzes how context influences conservation and how conservation influences the historical trajectory of cultural materials. As an example it will consider the cultural context in which conservation has developed and its influence on the conservation treatment of the wall plaque. 相似文献
8.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):107-116
AbstractColour photographs are among the most vulnerable materials in archival collections, making the development of tools for assessment of their lifetime in storage of particular interest. However, for this to be possible it is necessary to have a holistic understanding of what affects the lifetime of an object. Based on the existing knowledge of the effect of environmental conditions and material properties on lifetime of prints, this work focuses on the determination of end-of-lifetime using a value-based psychophysical approach. This research, carried out using a series of stakeholder workshops, showed that while assessor background does not significantly affect the end-of-lifetime determination, the nature of the images does. Isochrones, curves linking points of equal lifetime at paired environmental conditions, are defined. Based on these, a practical photographic lifetime calculator is presented, integrating dose-response functions with end-of-lifetime considerations. This tool, based on stock modelling principles, allows collection managers to input material stability data about the chromogenic prints in their collection and then investigate the effect of environmental scenarios on the collection. A case study of a collection at The National Archives, UK is also presented. 相似文献
9.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):184-194
AbstractThere is a missing link in the strategic introduction of new materials in conservation, which lies between the identification of new processes/materials and their widespread use in conservation treatments. Clinical trials to monitor the results of treatment success provide an effective procedure to evaluate the conservation process. This is now possible due to the increasing power and widespread use in conservation laboratories of computers, which provide an analytical tool for evaluating and examining treatments and procedures. Information, such as object condition, is routinely generated during the conservation of objects. To use this information statistically, it has to be structured to answer specific questions. Medical professionals have already established epidemiological techniques as a means of evaluating patient health and treatment performance. These techniques can be applied to conservation questions to provide statistically valid answers. This is an important tool with which to judge and prioritize strategies in the conservation process. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACTWorking on preventive conservation in Italy is difficult but not impossible. After small successes and setbacks convincing museums to adopt elements of preventive conservation in the 1990s, the first author (Rossi Doria) was contracted for 15 years to preserve the historic carriages and associated objects of the Presidency of the Republic of Italy. This required patience to overcome or circumvent obstacles such as an inflexible bureaucracy and the absence of any formal recognition of preventive conservation within the educational and contractual systems for heritage conservation. The key factors in his success were the support of the curators, the financial and planning autonomy of the Presidency, and the obvious need for conservation and preservation of these elegant and complex objects. The program began in 2001 with the recovery of the forgotten collection from inappropriate storage in several locations. The entire collection was surveyed and recorded, not only the carriages but also thousands of harnesses, saddles, clothing, fabrics, weapons and memorabilia. Multiple preventive and interventive actions were undertaken, such as pest eradication for all sensitive materials, environmental surveys, and everyday maintenance, as well as complex treatments for the ornate carriages. Analysis by country of published articles on preventive conservation and of IIC membership both confirm that the topic is not as well established in Italy as in many other countries. Some reasons and solutions are proposed. 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACTOutdoor sculptures are part of the sociocultural identity of cities, but are extremely vulnerable to deterioration due to exposure to harsh environmental conditions and climate change. Furthermore, deterioration by micro-organisms renders urgent the need to design protective coatings. This research proposes an integrated methodology for the development of innovative and sustainable nanofilms for applications in the area of art conservation, very specifically in the preventive conservation of outdoor sculptures. Gathering objective data for the characterization of the surface microbiota is important in order to design strategies that make use of bio or nanotechnology innovative coatings. Methodologies for the characterization of the microbiota present in a granite outdoor sculpture, followed by preliminary results on the application of protective antimicrobial coatings for surfaces of cultural objects are described. 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACTCultural heritage is wonderfully diverse and as heritage preservation professionals, it is our duty to address the preventive conservation of all cultural heritages. However, there is no one set of guidelines, practices or rules that can be applied in all situations. A preventive conservator with strong technical and soft skills is essential in this situation. At the Winterthur/University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation (WUDPAC), preventive conservation has been an identifiable part of the curriculum since the early 1980s. From its establishment, the curriculum has evolved to include the teaching of both current day technical skills for the practice of preventive conservation and soft skills in teamwork, leadership, institutional priorities and goals identification, and written and oral communication. These are taught to all students in their first year and those that select the option of a preventive conservation minor in their second year. Recently, it has become clear that it is not possible to teach adequately both the technical and soft skills needed for the practice of preventive conservation within WUDPAC's existing minor area of study. Additional time is needed to study and develop the complex theories, abilities and requisite skills that characterize the preventive conservation specialty. This paper discusses the work to develop a curriculum for a WUDPAC preventive conservation major, the strong mandate to continue to teach both technical and soft skills, and the surprising resistance to the establishment of a preventive conservation major. 相似文献
13.
ABSTRACTControl of relative humidity (RH) for collections care is challenging in U.K. historic houses because they are often highly ventilated with poor heat retention, a porous building fabric and naturally tend to high (60–80%) RH if unheated. The significance of the building means that large-scale modifications and installation of air handling systems may be unfeasible and undesirable for the conservation of the building. In the late 1980s the National Trust, for English, Wales and Northern Ireland, investigated conservation heating as an RH control method that works with the natural environment of historic buildings, mimicking historic heating and requiring only modification of existing heating services or a light touch installation of new heating systems. The National Trust adopted conservation heating as its preferred method for environmental control in historic buildings from the 1990s. This method was presented at the IIC 1994 Ottawa congress on preventive conservation. Conservation heating has since been adopted by many historic house management organisations, particularly across north-west Europe, where it is well suited to the climate. This paper reviews conservation heating developments implemented by the National Trust since 1994, in response to a changing external context, new knowledge and developments in operational practice. 相似文献
14.
《Communication Teacher》2013,27(4):256-261
News literacy is an important part of journalism and liberal arts education. Adapting a tool called the Frayer Model, the activity guides students in developing a conceptual understanding of news by creating a definition, listing essential characteristics, and coming up with examples and non-examples. This activity is intended to set the stage for an introductory newswriting course, as students learn to connect journalism's purpose with its format.Courses: Newswriting, reportingObjectives: Facilitating news literacy and understanding of how the civic function of journalism is related to content creation. 相似文献
15.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):55-64
AbstractPlaster of Paris field jackets are commonly employed for lifting fragile archeological and paleontological material during excavation. When the plaster has been applied directly to the object surface its removal poses a severe risk of damage and loss. This study documents the development of an experimental method to test the suitability of various techniques for removing plaster of Paris from sub-fossil bone. The use of digital microscopic elevation models, already in use in other disciplines, was tested as a method for quantifying surface loss resulting from conservation treatments. The study concludes that citric acid is not suitable for use in close proximity to sub-fossil bone. Air abrasion and laser ablation proved extremely damaging, but ultrasonic cleaning caused no detectable damage. This study has relevance to the removal of plaster of Paris from other materials, such as carbonaceous statuary. The analytical technique itself has a far wider application and is recommended for evaluation of all surface treatments that have the potential to cause loss on a microscopic scale. 相似文献
16.
Jane Henderson 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):108-112
ABSTRACTThis paper examines how conservators engage with uncertainty when creating preventive conservation strategies. It argues that by recognising contexts in which uncertainty will be encountered conservators can develop effective management strategies. A typology of uncertainty explores a range of categories of uncertainty, their experience in preventive conservation and identifies distinct approaches to manage them. Managing uncertainty may include acts of defining its parameters, exposing and resolving through communication or protecting from with contingency. Whatever approach is adopted it must be accepted that uncertainty cannot be avoided. It is important therefore to aim to live well with uncertainty and the paper advocates for preventive conservation applications of strategies recommended in health care for patients with life-threatening illnesses. These strategies include working on things that can be controlled, goal setting, acceptance and factoring in emotions. The ability to identify contexts in which uncertainty is inbuilt should trigger those concerned with preventive conservation to activate strategies developed for managing and living well with uncertainty. 相似文献
17.
Massimo Osanna 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):203-208
ABSTRACTThe extraordinary surviving paintings and floor surfaces at Pompeii are subjected daily to environmental degradation and anthropic pressure. In 2017, the ancient city was visited by 3,400,000 tourists – almost 1,000,000 more than a mere 5?years earlier. This figure looks set to increase, as a result of the revival that the site has undergone in recent years, thanks to generous funding from the European Union and the work of the Great Pompeii Project, which has enabled the reopening of a large number of domestic properties and indeed entire urban quarters which had been closed for decades. However, the increase in site usage necessitates more attention to be paid to conservation. Preventive conservation and planned maintenance, overseen by the Great Pompeii Project, represent the first response. It is conducted by a multi-disciplinary team of archaeologists, architects, conservators and specialists who are present on the site every day, responsible for the management of emergencies, and policy planning through organisation, study, application and evaluation of the consequences. Due to increased tourist numbers, the monitoring team covers every single accessible building, to study the dynamics of visitor flow, and to identify possible interventions to mitigate the effects of anthropic pressure. 相似文献
18.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):212-222
AbstractIt is still unclear why some of the blue enamel on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century stained window glass is flaking off, while enamel layers with other colours are still in relatively good condition. In order to obtain a better understanding of this conservation problem, 31 historical recipes used for the fabrication of blue enamel were compared with results from the chemical analysis of 25 historic samples. The chemical composition and the microstructure of the enamels were analysed in cross-section by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). This study demonstrated that the variation in chemical composition of the samples can be explained by the use of the wide range of recipes existing at that time. Although this study gave an insight into the composition, heterogeneity and use of colouring substances, no clear relation could be found between the parameters analysed and the deterioration rate of the blue enamel paint layer. 相似文献
19.
AbstractThis paper describes the examination and treatment of three polychrome wooden sculptures by Pedro de Mena, an important seventeenth-century Spanish sculptor. These were three interesting cases, involving not only the usual conservation processes but also special situations such as the recovery of a glass eye, the replacement of missing parts and polychromy with the help of old photographs, and the analysis of a sculpture where the flesh colours varied depending on whether or not they had been exposed to sunlight. Our understanding of polychrome sculpture technique is enriched with new information concerning the blues of the cloaks, coloured glazes, and materials added to the paint to achieve different effects. 相似文献
20.
Tobit Curteis 《文物保护研究》2018,63(5):70-75
ABSTRACTEnglish medieval cathedrals are a group of buildings of exceptional significance and they contain collections of equal importance. Both the historic building fabric and the artefacts are vulnerable to environmental deterioration. However, unlike buildings owned by heritage organisations, the primary purpose of cathedrals is to further the Christian mission, and the conservation of the building and collections is required to be conducted within these constraints. Increasing visitor numbers and the installation of sophisticated exhibitions makes the task of conservation all the more demanding. Next to mechanical damage, environmental factors are the greatest source of deterioration to sensitive fabric and collections. However, until recently, there has been little systematic study of English cathedral environments and the effects of different uses and control measures. Detailed studies undertaken on 20 cathedrals in the past two decades have provided an insight into their environmental performance and how they differ as a group from many other historic buildings, as well as the passive conservation measures that can be implemented within their primary function. 相似文献