共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Daniela J. Jäger Katharina Maag Merki Britta Oerke Monika Holmeier 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2012,19(4):451-467
Governments worldwide are changing their educational policies to improve student performance. Some of these reforms involve the introduction of high-stakes testing, which often creates negative effects such as ‘teaching to the test’. This article deals with the use of low-stakes testing in the German states of Hesse and Bremen, and analyses whether statewide low-stakes testing produces comparable results to the use of high-stakes tests from the perspective of teachers. Moreover, it seeks to identify the factors responsible for the observable teaching to the test effect, above and beyond the use of statewide exams. The data come from surveys carried out in the framework of a longitudinal study funded by the German Research Foundation. Hesse and Bremen introduced statewide exit exams in several subjects in 2007 and 2008 as low-stakes tests. Our quasi-experimental study has been evaluating these implementations since 2007. 相似文献
2.
Julie K. Jackson Margarita Huerta Tiberio Garza 《The Journal of educational research》2020,113(2):79-92
AbstractThis study evaluated the Science and Literacy Instructional Model aimed at helping primarily Hispanic bilingual/English Learners (ELs) and economically disadvantaged fifth grade students with science achievement as measured by high-stakes standardized science achievement scores. The model combined purposeful planning, innovative academic vocabulary instruction, and a Lesson Design Lab. Difference-in proportions tests were used to determine if students at two school campuses showed positive achievement gains on a state science test. This study found statistically significant results with medium to large effect sizes at both campuses. Findings contribute to much needed research, practice, and policy in the area of effective models to assist both teachers and students in an era of high-stakes testing. 相似文献
3.
I use a natural experiment in Norwegian high school to investigate how high-stakes grades affect students’ investment in schooling. By exploiting variation across space and time I compare the performance of students taking the same exit exam in compulsory school, but where the test is high-stakes for only a subset of students. Using a staggered triple-difference framework, I find that exam grades increase in the high-stakes setting if students have a sufficient number of prospective high schools within traveling distance. Results from low-stakes ability assessments suggest actual learning — and not test-taking strategy — could largely explain the effect. 相似文献
4.
In 1983, the National Commission on Excellence in Education in the United States issued a report called A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. This report and other policy initiatives such as the No Child Left Behind Legislation recommended that the individual states
institute assessments to hold schools accountable. This research explored the potential impact of impending standardised testing
on teaching science in elementary schools in one school district in Florida. We explored the teachers' concerns about the
upcoming high-stakes tests in science, possible impact on their curriculum and what changes, if any, will be made in the approach
to science teaching and learning in their classrooms. As the teachers look toward the implementation of high-stakes testing
in science, they have recognised the need to teach science. This recognition is not borne out of the importance of science
learning for elementary school children, but rather out of fear of failure and the effects of tangible rewards or punishments
that accompany high-stakes testing. In anticipation, the teachers are preparing to align their teaching to the science standards
while aggressively searching for test preparatory materials. Schools are also involved in professional development and structural
changes to facilitate teaching of science. 相似文献
5.
Ian Cantley 《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2017,49(4):405-421
AbstractThe outcomes of educational assessments undoubtedly have real implications for students, teachers, schools and education in the widest sense. Assessment results are, for example, used to award qualifications that determine future educational or vocational pathways of students. The results obtained by students in assessments are also used to gauge individual teacher quality, to hold schools to account for the standards achieved by their students, and to compare international education systems. Given the current high-stakes nature of educational assessment, it is imperative that the measurement practices involved have stable philosophical foundations. However, this article casts doubt on the theoretical underpinnings of contemporary educational measurement models. Aspects of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy and Bohr’s philosophy of quantum theory are used to argue that a quantum theoretical rather than a Newtonian model is appropriate for educational measurement, and the associated implications for the concept of validity are elucidated. Whilst it is acknowledged that the transition to a quantum theoretical framework would not lead to the demise of educational assessment, it is argued that, where practical, current high-stakes assessments should be reformed to become as ‘low-stakes’ as possible. This article also undermines some of the pro high-stakes testing rhetoric that has a tendency to afflict education. 相似文献
6.
Joseph Klein 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2017,24(4):474-488
The purpose of the research is to investigate the behaviour of school personnel under two assessment-reporting conditions and school functioning when faced with the choice of excelling in high-stakes tests or catering to local educational needs. The functioning of 60 schools was compared in terms of their preparation for high-risk external tests and for low-stakes tests, of the same level of difficulty. The study examined the practices of school principals, subject coordinators and teachers, communication with parents and the ethical behaviour of the school staff. In all the comparative measures, many more school resources were invested in preparation for high-stakes tests than for internal tests. This investment came at the expense of formal and informal cutbacks in studies for non-test subjects. A clearer, more comprehensive analytical picture of the behaviour of school personnel is obtained about differences in school functioning when external and internal tests are administered. 相似文献
7.
《Learning and Instruction》2007,17(2):111-122
Coaching is known to improve student performance on tests with high personal relevance (“high-stakes tests”). We investigate whether the same holds for a test that has no personal relevance for the students taking it (“low-stakes test”). More specifically, we explore whether student performance on the reading and mathematics assessments of the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) can be fostered by coaching (and administering a pretest). Coaching and pretest effects were studied for each content domain separately in a pre-/posttest quasi-experimental design. To examine differential effects of academic tracks, samples were drawn from German Hauptschule and Gymnasium schools. Results show that only the combined effects of pretesting and coaching have substantial positive effects on student performance. Implications for the interpretation of large-scale assessment programs are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Debates continue about how high-stakes testing regimes influence schools at all levels: their impact on teaching practices, distribution of resources and curriculum provision, and whether they achieve the intended increases in student achievement in targeted areas. In 2008, the Australian government introduced a national testing scheme, the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN), in which all Australian students in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 are required to participate, and a national website, MySchool, was established in 2010 to publish the results of all schools. This paper reports on the first national study of educators’ views on the impact of NAPLAN on Australian schools and students. Over 8000 educators from all states and territories participated in the study, and the findings indicate that the testing regime is leading to a reduction in time spent on other curriculum areas and adjustment of pedagogical practice and curriculum content to mirror the tests. The findings suggest that the modification of teaching and curricular practices is in response to concerns regarding the use and reporting of NAPLAN data and the potential impact on schools. This confirms findings of researchers in other countries on the capacity of high-stakes regimes to distort teaching practices, constrain the curriculum and narrow students’ educational experiences. 相似文献
9.
Ashadi Ashadi 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(6):727-741
AbstractHigh-stakes testing regimes, in which schools are judged on their capacity to attain high student results in national tests, are becoming common in both developed and developing nations, including the United States, Britain and Australia. However, while there has been substantial investigation around the impact of high-stakes testing on curriculum and pedagogy, there has been very little research looking at the impact on teachers’ professional opportunities. The current project used a case study approach to examine the impact a high-stakes national testing programme had on teachers’ access to professional learning and their teaching allocations in four Indonesian public schools. It found that better qualified teachers were allocated to classes that would be sitting for the national examinations, and that these teachers were given much more access to professional learning opportunities than those teaching non-examined year levels. This in turn impacted negatively on the staff morale of less qualified teaching staff and potentially on their career trajectories. Findings suggest that school leaders should be wary of targeting better qualified and/or more experienced staff to year levels sitting for high-stakes tests, as this may lead to staff stratification within schools, limiting opportunities for staff to learn from one another and reducing the morale of less qualified and less experienced staff. They also add support to a substantial body of research that suggests policy-makers should be wary of the flow-on effects of using performance in high-stakes tests as the key means of judging school effectiveness. 相似文献
10.
《Peabody Journal of Education》2013,88(4):43-64
States' policy approaches to accountability tend to divide between a primary emphasis on input guarantees and a primary emphasis on performance guarantees. In the midst of keen controversies about the impact of high-stakes testing under the No Child Left Behind Act, this article examines separate and joint effects of input-guarantee versus performance-guarantee policies on reading and math achievement. Combining data from state policy surveys, the School District Finance Survey (F-33), and the Schools and Staffing Survey, the study examines 50 states' activism in test-driven external accountability policies and their support for key school resources (per-pupil spending, class size, in-field teaching). The school resources factor is not correlated with the accountability policy factor at the state level, implying that high-stakes testing pressure was not balanced with school support. Further, hierarchical linear growth models were used to examine interstate variations in the trends of National Assessment of Educational Progress 4th- and 8th grade reading and math scores. The effects of accountability policy alone were not significant in reading and math, whereas the joint effects of accountability and resources were significant in math. The findings suggest that the effects of accountability on academic achievement are moderated by the availability of school resources and that the states can help schools make greater academic progress by combining a performance guarantee approach with an input-guarantee approach. 相似文献
11.
This article examines minority teacher recruitment policies and programs of the past two decades and explores their influence on the racial/ethnic makeup of the teaching force in elementary and secondary public schools. The results show that while important progress has been made toward increasing the overall number and proportion of minority teachers in the public schools, those gains have been eclipsed by the rapid growth of the minority student population. As a result, the racial/ethnic gap between students of color and their teachers has actually increased over the years. The authors provide an overview of current minority teacher recruitment state policies and introduce the Teacher-Student Parity Index, a new metric for comparing the proportions of teachers and students from different racial/ethnic groups to gain a more textured understanding of the demographic reality of today's schools than is presently found in the literature. The authors conclude with recommendations for policy and research. 相似文献
12.
From 1995, data on students' achievement in schools (i.e., teacher's grades) and all data on achievement in the 5-subject group certificate – the Matura exam – have been systematically gathered for the entire yearly cohort of students in upper secondary education in Slovenia. This paper describes an on-line data selection system and data analysis tool designed for national subject testing committees, schools, and teachers as feedback for analyses of effectiveness, for the improvement of teaching in the classroom and for better learning. The use of data to influence teacher planning of future instructional activities for new groups of students (or for adjustment of policies) can in the long run lead to systematic improvement. This might be considered a secondary level of formative assessment – a key step in a continuous PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) process to establish and assure the quality of education. 相似文献
13.
Studies of subject take-up within secondary education have tended to focus on student characteristics and have rarely attempted to take account of the broad variety of ways, formal and informal, in which schools can constrain or facilitate particular subject choices. In contrast, this article explores both the school and student factors shaping the take-up of Biology, Physics, and Chemistry at upper secondary level. The analyses draw on detailed information on almost 4,000 students in 100 secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland. Schools are found to differ in the proportion of students taking science subjects, even controlling for the profile of students. School structures at both lower and upper secondary levels are found to play a role in shaping the choices made by students regarding science. 相似文献
14.
Building on recent discussions regarding how current national standards for physical education promote cognitive outcomes over physical outcomes, the authors explore how a new era in high-stakes testing is also contributing to an emphasis on the cognitive, over the physical. While high-stakes testing has been linked to reducing the amount of physical education schools offer, less attention has been given to the newest phase of high-stakes testing: the use of student achievement test data to evaluate teachers. To explore how this new high-stakes testing may influence physical education curriculum goals, the authors examine new teacher evaluation policies in New York State. The authors then propose an alternative rational for physical education. By promoting the physical—physical activity, exercise, and structured physical movement through physical education programming—physical education can play a unique and key role in creating the conditions for both student cognitive development and improved public health. 相似文献
15.
16.
Students may not fully demonstrate their knowledge and skills on accountability tests if there are no stakes attached to individual performance. In that case, assessment results may not accurately reflect student achievement, so the validity of score interpretations and uses suffers. For this study, matched samples of students taking state accountability tests under low-stakes and high-stakes conditions were used to estimate the effect of stakes on test performance and subsequent pass rates. Across five assessments, expected performance was greater under high-stakes conditions, with effect sizes ranging from 0.41 to 0.50 standard deviations and with students of lower ability tending to be slightly more affected by stakes. Depending on where cut scores were set, pass rates differed by up to 30% when comparing the low- and high-stakes conditions. 相似文献
17.
Gavin Thomas Lumsden Brown Michalis P. Michaelides 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2011,26(3):319-337
Teacher conceptions of assessment are influential mediators of how assessment policy initiatives are implemented in schools.
Four hierarchical, intercorrelated factors (i.e., assessment for improvement, school accountability, and student accountability,
and assessment as irrelevant) of how teachers' conceive of assessment have been reported. However, most studies have been
conducted only in English in jurisdictions with policies of low-stakes testing. This paper extends the research by surveying
249 Greek-Cypriot teachers with a Greek translation of the Teachers' Conceptions of Assessment inventory. Cyprus has a relatively
low-stakes assessment policy during the compulsory school years, suggesting, under the assumption of ecological rationality,
that conceptions would be similar to previous English-language studies. Exploratory factor analysis of the Cyprus data led
to a five-factor solution with 24 items within two inversely correlated second-order factors (i.e., assessment is positive
and negative; r = −0.49). A multigroup nested invariance confirmatory factor analysis found statistical invariance between the Cyprus and
the New Zealand data. Mean score differences were small for two improvement-oriented conceptions, moderate for assessment
that is bad, and large for school accountability and ignoring assessment factors. Similarities and differences in conceptions
appear to reflect commonalities and discrepancies in educational system policies and practices. 相似文献
18.
We describe a model professional development intervention currently being implemented to support 3rd- through 5th-grade teachers’
science instruction in 9 urban elementary schools with high numbers of English language learners. The intervention consists
of curriculum materials for students and teachers, as well as teacher workshops throughout the school year. The curriculum
materials and workshops are designed to complement and reinforce each other in improving teachers’ knowledge, beliefs, and
practices in science instruction and English language development for ELL students. In addition to these primary goals, secondary
goals of the intervention included supporting mathematical understanding, improving scientific reasoning, capitalizing on
students’ home language and culture, and preparing students for high-stakes science testing and accountability through hands-on,
inquiry-based learning experiences. 相似文献
19.
Recently, critical policy scholars have used the concepts of enactment, context and performativity as an analytic toolkit to illuminate the complex processes of the policy cycle, in particular, the ways in which a multitude of official education reform policies are taken up, challenged and/or resisted by actors in local, situation-specific practices. This set of theoretical tools are usually deployed to analyse interview data collected from a single school or cluster of schools to draw findings or conclusions about the complex processes of policy enactment. We aim to build on this critical policy studies work by, firstly, highlighting key aspects of these theoretical/methodological constructs, secondly, exploring the performative role of research in the materiality of specific contexts and, thirdly, theorising education policy research in terms of ontological politics. We ground this work in a recent collaborative enquiry research project undertaken in Queensland, Australia. This research project emerged in the Australian policy context of National Partnership Agreement policies which were designed to reform public or government-funded schools servicing low socio-economic communities, in order to improve student learning outcomes, specifically in literacy and numeracy as measured by high-stakes national testing. 相似文献
20.
Eva Knekta Anna Sundström 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2019,26(2):202-221
The aim of this study was to examine ninth-grade students’ perception of a Swedish national test in science (high-stakes for the students) and a field trial (low-stakes for the students), in terms of test-taking motivation. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with 12 students. Overall, the students had a positive perception of the national test; they were motivated to do their best, believed they did well and found the test important and good. Several students were nervous before the test and some during the test whereas others felt okay, or even enjoyed taking the national test. The students talked about less effort and test anxiety in the field trial and perceived the test as less important compared to the national test. The interviews provided a rich understanding of the different aspects of test-taking motivation as described by the expectancy-value theory. Furthermore, they indicated how the test administration could be adjusted so as to achieve higher test validity. 相似文献