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1.
徐妍 《衡阳师范学院学报》2014,(2):46-51
财政分权理论是政府为解决市场失灵,而介入公共服务的提供而产生。但随着财政分权理论的发展,政府作为仁慈代理者的前提变化,更加注重自身政治和经济利益的最大化,因此在不反映政绩的基本公共服务的提供上缺乏效率。利用2003—2010年30个省级面板数据,从收入分权及支出分权的角度分别探讨财政分权对社会保障支出的影响,分析中国式财政分权诱导所产生的地方政府间竞争对社会保障支出规模的作用,发现财政分权本身与社会保障支出呈正相关关系,而政府过度竞争是阻碍地方社会保障公共品发展的重要原因。 相似文献
2.
Education Management Organisations (EMOs), for-profit and non-profit management companies engaged in take-over and operation of public education, are becoming big business in the USA and the UK. It is estimated that in the US, EMOs were projected to generate up to $123 billion dollars in revenue in 2000. In the smaller UK system it is estimated that about 5 billion of services in public education could be contracted out to private organisations per annum. This paper examines the policy frameworks that have enabled EMOs to take-over and progressively contribute to the privatisation of public education in two national settings, the USA and England and Wales. The British scene is distinctive because government policies that have sought to expand the role of the private sector, via public-private partnerships, in the provision of public sector services and its strong accountability system, have provided opportunities for EMOs to be engaged in, or take-over, schools and educational administrative services formerly provided by LEAs. In the US, in the mid-1990s, EMOs were invited to take over school districts and specific schools. However, this practice has been succeeded by a new focus on taking over the management of charter schools. A large capital market that is able to finance enterprises involved in educational services supports the development of EMOs in the US. Our research findings, however, point to halting progress by EMOs in public education in the US. There have been well-publicised failures to deliver the promised better education at a lower cost and also well-documented failure to raise student performance levels in school and school districts. The paper concludes with reflections on the extent to which EMOs have taken forward privatisation and its implications for the governance of education. 相似文献
3.
The policy agenda of the UK government has repositioned the voluntary sector as a key player in the delivery of locally responsive, ‘bottom up’ services to address the complex problems of social exclusion, reaching out to sectors of the community which are beyond the grasp of traditional state or market providers. This has drawn many voluntary sector organizations into new forms of partnership with statutory bodies. This article draws from a Scottish study to explore the role of voluntary sector organizations working in schools to support the mental well‐being of children and young people. A framework to interrogate the data from case studies is provided by the Scottish Executive, who rehearse four main advantages of such partnerships between state and the voluntary sector. The article concludes that whilst voluntary sector organizations can and do deliver support to children and young people in innovative ways on the margins of school life, the power differential within the school structure makes their position too vulnerable to bring about quick or substantial change. 相似文献
4.
现状、原因、对策：中国政府公共服务的地区差距研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
任维德 《内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2008,40(3):77-83
中国政府公共服务的地区供给及其绩效处于一种不平衡状态,呈现出由东向西递减的格局。探究当代中国公共服务地区差距的原因,应当从两个视角综合分析：一是中央视角,即中央政策的地区性倾斜以及“地方梯度分权”是导致公共服务地区差距的重要因素;二是地方视角,即公共服务的地区差距既源于地区间自然条件、区位、历史因素、经济发展、思想观念等方面的差异,又源于地方政府的发展偏好、政策能力以及地方政府间的竞争。这就决定了这一问题的解决应当从中央和地方两方面入手：明确中央政府与地方政府职责,理顺政府与市场、社会、企业的关系;将中西部地区公共服务建设作为区域协调发展战略的重心;尽快建立以均等化拨款为基础的财政转移支付制度;加强地方政府间的合作,制定符合本地实际、具有协作互补功能的地区发展战略,规范地方政府之间的竞争。 相似文献
5.
Since 2002, British Columbia’s education system has undergone extensive change following amendments to the BC School Act (Bill 34). This article presents a critical analysis of policy changes to the K-12 education finance system, particularly the expansion of the legal capacity of school districts to create ‘school district business companies,’ a phenomenon that is unique within Canada. These companies enable public school districts to establish for-profit companies that operate at arm’s length from the school board, yet generate revenue from private sources to supplement government operational grants. This shift occurred in parallel with fiscal restraint measures that centralized control over the level of government funding while downloading inflationary and new costs to school boards. The result has been structural funding shortfalls for school districts across the province. Structural funding shortfalls, coupled with a push toward market-driven revenue generation, signaled to school districts that they needed to become more financially self-reliant. The authors argue that efficiency and adequacy (defined in financial terms) have eclipsed equity as priority values in BC education, and that ‘creeping privatization’ is undermining public support of public education. For the most part, these substantive changes have failed to stimulate a mass public outcry, and organized resistance comes from public sector unions. 相似文献
6.
公共企业:政府弥补市场失灵的一项政策工具 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
刘仁春 《广西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005,41(3):16-19
公共企业是指不完全以赢利为目的、还负有其他公共政策义务的国有企业.公共企业具有公共性.在市场经济条件下,会出现市场失灵的现象.因此,为了保障市场经济有效运行、弥补市场失灵,政府需要建立公共企业对社会经济生活进行必要的干预,从而实现特定的政策目标. 相似文献
7.
慈善组织作为第三部门的一个重要分支,它的理性发展模式一直以来都是学界讨论不休的话题。地方性慈善组织产生的“二次哺乳”现象,导致了政府、企业、公众三大慈善参与主体在慈善策略上作了相应调整。研究发现,在当前社会条件下,中国慈善组织发展要依赖社会多方面力量的支持,其发展状况取决于多元社会主体之间的慈善策略选择。其中,政府与企业在慈善事业上的博弈互动在短期内将主导着我国慈善组织的未来走向。 相似文献
8.
This article describes a joint attempt by the federal government, a private foundation, several local social service agencies, and a local school district to revitalize an urban high school and its neighboring community. This revitalization was to occur through the development of an information system that would provide high school students, adult learners, and community residents with data on educational and job opportunities in St. Louis. The information system was to be reinforced by counseling and referral services provided jointly by the school system and by local civic organizations.The intended purposes and potential impact of such a project that aims at urban high school reform are discussed. The paper provides some insights into the potential pitfalls involved in the implementation of small discretionary projects, as well as the promise of providing integrated social services to an urban population.Presently Assistant Vice President, The Fashion Institute of Technology. 相似文献
9.
Richard Hatcher 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(5):599-619
In this article I use the concept of ‘re‐agenting’ to explore and explain the role of non‐state agencies, principally private companies and business entrepreneurs, as key instruments in the government’s transformation of the school system in England. Their role takes both for‐profit and not‐for‐profit forms. The outsourcing to private companies of the implementation of government education policies and the delivery of educational services to schools and local authorities has created a profitable market. Equally significant is the growing involvement of the private sector in schools through the sponsorship of specialist schools and Academies on a non‐profit basis. 相似文献
10.
Klaus Neuhoff 《Higher Education Quarterly》1990,44(2):163-173
Social scientists have discovered only recently that there exists between the two major forces of modern (Western) societies (that is the market on the one hand and government on the other hand) a third sector. This sector is characterized by forces like voluntarism, idealism, generosity, autonomy of action in the public interest, brotherhood, charity and institutions like private giving, free associations and societies, philanthropic foundations and charitable trusts. The third sector is helpful in achieving voluntaty social justice outside the enforced contributions of government. If government retreats even more the future from investing an adequate share of total revenue in the science community and higher education at large, this social sub-sector will need to look for alternative funding sources. Industry as contractor (naturally paying for the goods and services delivered by the higher education sector) may be one source. The third sector, known to many of the institutions of higher education for centuries, should be another. In the highly competitive environment of the future loyalties and other benign attitudes are no longer to be taken for granted, not even by alma mater. Therefore, higher education should invest some time and talents, as well as some ECUs in order to come to terms with this sector and to get a better share from its grant-making capacities. The opportunities are there. 相似文献
11.
宋剑 《商丘职业技术学院学报》2009,8(1):19-20
在知识经济到来和建设服务型政府的新形势下,我国公共部门正面临着人力资源管理的战略性选择。应以充分发挥人力资本价值、优化组织结构、改善公共服务和提高公共部门的工作效率为目的,建立人力资源战略体系,推动公共部门顺应现代经济社会发展的要求。 相似文献
12.
Recent attention has focused on the existence of non-government schools that cater to children from low-income families. These schools can now be found in the majority of developing countries, many of which have a prescribed public policy to provide free public education. This raises the question, why would a low-income family choose to send a child to a fee-paying school if a place in a free school were available? This paper will report on case studies of low-fee schools in Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, Indonesia and Pakistan and will assess the reasons for their increased demand. In the past, some have argued that development assistance agencies should limit assistance to public school sector. Others have argued that the public sector is inadequate and in many ways has failed in its ambitions to provide a minimum quality for every child.This paper will consider what public policy should be toward low-cost private schools, including the policy of development assistance agencies which seek to assist low and middle income countries as well as the appropriate public policy for national and local governments. The paper will conclude with several recommendations. One recommendation is that although children from low-income families attend non-government schools, they continue to be citizens; hence they should not be excluded from poverty assistance strategies. A second recommendation is to expand government statistical functions so that non-government schools are regularly included in the calculations of enrollment rates. Lastly, the paper does not recommend voucher or other program of publically financed school choice on the grounds that the public sector should remain the main conduit for public schooling. It does, however, raise questions as to the limits of the public sector in delivering high quality schooling and whether these limits should be more candidly acknowledged. 相似文献
13.
《信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016,(5):33-37
当前,PPP模式广泛应用于教育、医疗、公共交通、能源等多个领域,政府通过PPP模式在基础设施和公共服务领域引入社会资本,成了化解地方债务风险,解决地方资金不足,提高社会资源配置效率的有效举措,为基础设施建设和公共服务建设带来了长足的发展。为此,政府和相关企业有必要分析PPP的应用模式,剖析国内外PPP应用典型案例,通过PPP模式的实施加强基础设施建设,加大资金投入,推进新型城镇化进程建设。 相似文献
14.
There has been little critical scrutiny of the extent to which the members of different social classes support current public educational institutions. This paper explores the attitudes toward education of class groups in relation to the declared agendas of class leaders, using public opinion surveys conducted regularly in Canada's economic heartland of Ontario between 1978 and 1996. An analysis of class leaders’ public discourse indicates that corporate leaders stress the waste and inefficiencies of the current school system, the need for market‐driven initiatives to overcome these problems, and a general belief that such reforms coupled with cost reductions and lower government deficits can lead to economic growth and job creation. Some labour union and other leaders associate declining school quality with spending cuts, defend equal access to education, and promote measures such as a reduced normal workweek to address the education‐jobs gap rather than continuing deficit reduction and more reliance on private and individual initiative. Corporate executives are shown to hold much more strongly consensual, fiscally restrictive views on education than other class groups. Other classes hold less consensual but equally coherent and fiscally responsible attitudes on education spending. Professional and managerial class groups, whom some analysts predict to be most disaffected, have only decreased their degree of support for increased education spending and taxes. Support for education funding among working‐class groups has increased since the early 1980s. There is also now at least plurality support for a shorter workweek in all class groups except corporate executives. Corporate business attempts to resettle the social contract with a downsized state education system are so far failing in the realm of public opinion. It is a question of whether we can grasp the real nature of our society, or whether we persist in social and educational patterns based on a limited ruling class, a middle professional class, a large operative class, cemented by forces that cannot be challenged and will not be changed. The privileges and barriers, of an inherited kind, will in any case go down. It is only a question of whether we replace them by the free play of the market, or by a public education designed to express and create the values of an educated democracy and a common culture (Williams 1961: 155) 相似文献
15.
职业教育是面向社会的教育,离不开企业的支持与合作."产学合作"双方的活动不仅是一种市场行为,更是一种社会责任,政府在"产学合作"中的作用举足轻重.政府应在政策法律、公共服务、中介评价、监督和保障等方面为"产学合作"作出应有的努力. 相似文献
16.
非公经济(中小企业)社会服务体系是指中国现阶段,政府以及社会民间组织专门为扶持个人创业及中小企业的持续成长而提供的多方面、多渠道、多层次的广泛的服务性质的社会体系。参照各国已有的措施和经验,结合我国国情,根据市场经济的普遍性原则和激发群众创富的理论,大力倡导“扶持创业和中小企业成长”已成亟待社会关注的重大命题。在当前,必须强化政府职能改革,鼓励民间组织的中介功能,建立政府一中介组织一中小企业的新型关系,以形成社会“关注焦点”为主要目标,建立以非盈利组织进行市场化运作为主要模式的社区性服务体系,大力推进非公经济(个人创业和中小企业成长)的振兴与发展。 相似文献
17.
Judy A. Temple 《Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk》2013,18(4):281-292
Budget constraints and difficulty raising taxes limit school districts from expanding education programming, even when research shows that additional expenditures would generate economic benefits that are greater than costs. Recently, coalitions of private investors, philanthropists, education practitioners, and government finance analysts have emerged to create opportunities to expand education services that promise high rates of social net benefits without raising taxes or reducing other expenditures. These collaborators have a strong interest in obtaining careful estimates of educational program effectiveness. We describe the use of social-impact borrowing to increase access to the Child-Parent Center preschool-to-third grade intervention for at-risk students in the Chicago Public School District. The partners include the city, school district, investors, nonprofit organizations, and a university. The key to the feasibility of social-impact borrowing is the ability to document that early intervention can reduce the need for later special-education services. With the help of private investors and nonprofit organizations, it is possible for public school districts to finance services with funds from private sources and use future cost savings to repay this debt. We discuss how social-impact borrowing is being used in Chicago and in Salt Lake County as the nation's first 2 instances of using pay-for-performance social-impact borrowing to support early education. 相似文献
18.
弱势教育部门“国民待遇”问题的政策研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
我国政府对弱势教育部门具有公共产品政策情怀,而公众则对弱势教育产品持有私人物品消费立场,两者的冲突构成弱势教育部门市场竞争能力障碍,损害了弱势教育部门的发展机遇与社会公正。政府有责任在提高教育资源配置效率的同时,消除双重政策,平衡国家利益、部门利益与私人利益,为弱势教育部门提供公平保护,促进教育系统安全运行与社会协调发展。 相似文献
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20.
Nick Adnett 《比较教育学》2004,40(3):385-399
In many countries the school choice agenda has promoted increased inter‐school competition as a means of creating stronger incentives for state schools to raise measures of average pupil attainment. Privatization of the provision of schooling takes market‐based reforms a stage further. We identify the factors that have increased governments' concern with educational outcomes and why these concerns have led to greater interest in privatization. The rationale employed for such policies elsewhere in the public sector has been based upon efficiency gains, in that existing government failures were more harmful than future market failures. More recently it has been argued that contracting or improved regulation can control the market failures associated with privately provided schooling. Given the multiple outputs generated by education providers, privatization may be particularly attractive to governments who find that the professionalism of teachers and their public service motivation generate severe agency problems. We critically review each of these propositions and question the current practice of separating issues concerned with government funding of schooling from those concerned with its provision. 相似文献