共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 176 毫秒
1.
美国国会于1791年制定了宪法第一修正案:“国会不准制定有关下列事项的法律,即确立一种宗教或禁止信仰自由;限制言论自由或出版自由;或限制人民和平集会的权利以及向政府请愿的权利。”第一修正案保障言论自由与出版自由。现在美国法学界的共识:言论是口头表达,出版是书面表达,两者在表达自由的概念下统一。解释与运用第一修正案以保障新闻自由的任务,主要由法院,特别是联邦最高法院承担。所以本文将主要重点放在回顾美最高法院在通过判例逐步解释、发展第一修正案,完善对新闻自由的保护。对表达的保护第一修正案是用的“出版自由”与“言论… 相似文献
2.
透过战争看美国新闻自由的堕落--从越战到海湾战争剖析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
美国人把言论自由的起源可追溯到中世纪的英国《大宪章》和17世纪的《权利法案》,但真正明确保护言论自由的法律是1791年批准生效的美国宪法第一条修正案。它规定:“国会不得制定法律剥夺言论或出版自由。”这项条款成为美国新闻自由史上的里程碑。美国民主之父杰斐逊也为言论和新闻自由作出了最有力的理论贡献。“民意是我们政府的基础。所以我们先于一切的目标是 相似文献
3.
在英国统治期间,美洲殖民地被剥夺了言论自由的权利,殖民地的司法权也紧紧掌握在英国王室手中。经历一百多年的殖民统治之后,美国获得了独立,制定了宪法,对司法独立的制度进行了规定,同时对言论自由给予了充分保护。作为西方社会的两种基本价值,在之后的实践中,两者却产生了矛盾。为了解决这些矛盾,美国最高法院采取了一系列措施进行调和。言论自由和司法公正之间的矛盾 美国宪法由正文及其27条修正案组成,保障言论自由的是美国宪法第一修正案。它规定;“国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律:确立国教或禁止信教自由;剥夺言论自由或出版自由;或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。”①宪法条文只对公民权利进行正面规定,而并未对公民权利加以任何约束。所以,美国宪法中的言论自由权理论上是一种绝对的权力。而在实践中,这种绝对的言论自由权必然会与其他的社会基本权利发生冲突。其中,言论自由权与司法公正之间的矛盾尤为尖锐。 相似文献
4.
5.
近代西方新闻自由观 (一)新闻自由在西方的发展 新闻自由是近代西方自由主义思想的组成部分,最初被表述为言论自由和出版自由.在人类历史上,随着自由资本主义在欧洲的崛起,一些思想家在17～18世纪率先提出了要求言论、出版自由的口号.新闻自由观念在西方的发展经历了从约翰·弥尔顿到约翰·洛克到密尔,最后由杰弗逊把出版自由和言论自由付诸实施,用法律的形式加以保护. 相似文献
6.
美国的电子邮件广告作为一种商业性言论,与政治言论一样,享有宪政保护下的言论自由.对其实施的法律管制,只能是基于内容中立的"时间、地点或方式的规制",即赋予广告邮件接收方选择退出的权利. 相似文献
7.
《新闻界》2021,(6):52-64
美国耐克诉卡斯基案(Nike v. Kasky)首次在司法层面将公共关系言论判定为商业言论并受到中间审查,对商业言论判定标准和公共关系实践产生了重要影响。本文通过对美国加州耐克诉卡斯基案及其后相关判例的分析,发现各级法院在商业言论主义原则适用公共关系领域存在不同取向,耐克案确立的"有限目的测试"具有局限性,无法很好区分混合型公关言论。因此,基于我国当前公共关系保护和规制现状,文章提出可以借鉴国外"区分公共议题管理与商业事实陈述""公关言论不同目的""公关传播组织与产品促销关系"等混合公关言论判定原则,明确区分议题管理型公关、社会责任报告型公关、涉及公共利益的危机公关、重要商业信息披露型公关等混合型公共关系中的商业言论和非商业言论,并给与不同保护和规制。 相似文献
8.
郭毅 《浙江传媒学院学报》2013,(5):50-54
“开言路”是具有中国本土色彩的政治言论开放形式。清末,“开言路”观念与西方办报思想合流,近代出版技术和以新闻纸为代表的“新媒介”为知识分子论政提供了新的介入方式,“开言路”的范畴得以扩大。尽管“开言路”与“言论自由”观念之间存在本质区别,但前者为“言论自由”观念的输入提供了思想基础。 相似文献
9.
中国完善和发展表达自由的保障机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
一表达自由(freedomofexpression),是指一国公民通过口头、书面或印刷及其他手段表述各种思想和见解的自由,它不仅包括传统的言论(口头和书面的)自由,也包括通过影视作品、录音方式、电子出版物和其他媒介表达思想的自由。表达自由是宪法规定和保障的公民最重要的权利之一。西方启蒙思想家在反对封建专制的斗争中,提出了言论自由的口号,1789年法国《人权与公民权宣言》把言论自由作为人权的最重要的内容之一加以规定。1791年美国宪法修正案第一条规定,国会不得制定剥夺人民言论或出版自由等事项的法律。在国际人权公约中,表达自由也得到广泛… 相似文献
10.
据美国耶鲁大学教授陈志武研究统计,中国媒体遭起诉时的败诉率是69．27％,而在美国,媒体在遭起诉时的败诉率仅为8％。即是说在新闻诉讼中,我国法院给媒体的言论自由权重仅仅30％多一点,而在美国,法院给新闻媒体言论自由权的权重是92％。两者对比,可见我国媒体在新闻诉讼中处于非常劣势的地位。虽然社会各界未曾对媒体正面提出“准确无误”的要求,但是高败诉率却以另一种方式严厉地告诫媒体：不许出错! 相似文献
11.
本文探讨日本法院权衡审判公开和审判公正之间复杂关系的经验得失。和美国等西方国家不同,日本更注重保障审判公正,因而对媒体在庭审中的摄像报道等取材行为设置了相对严格的限制。本文首先论述日本审判公开的传统限制及其发展,然后讨论1989年具有里程碑意义的"法庭笔记案"及其后的制度进展,最后探讨日本目前对庭审摄像与取材行为的规制。从日本近年来的发展趋势来看,审判公开是未来方向。在日本公众和新闻界的不懈努力下,日本法院最终将在审判公开和审判公正之间达到合理平衡。 相似文献
12.
Thomas J. Johnson 《Mass Communication and Society》2013,16(1):52-77
This study examines a survey of embedded journalists worldwide to explore their opinions about press freedom and the degree to which they believe their reports were censored during the Iraq War. Our findings suggest most journalists took a social responsibility approach to freedom of the press during the war in Iraq, saying the needs of the media and the military need to be balanced. Overall, embeds reported that they experienced little censorship in Iraq and explained that they did not self-censor their stories. 相似文献
13.
从党内到党外,第二国际既保障反对观点,又坚持为所有人争取平等的新闻自由,始终没有以阶级的自由取代社会的自由。第三国际则努力以无产阶级的新闻自由取代资产阶级的新闻自由,且限制党内讨论、压制反对言论,积极为部分人争取新闻自由。由于无产阶级的新闻自由在实践中被替换为极少数无产阶级领导者的自由,所谓的多数人的自由最终沦为极少数精英的自由。由此,社会主义者的新闻自由理念则从民主主义演变为了精英主义。 相似文献
14.
《图书馆管理杂志》2013,53(2-3):87-95
Abstract This article considers the use of filtering software (“censor-ware”) and the World Wide Web. It argues that the United States government, religious groups, and corporations should not deter freedom of speech and access to information in libraries. The article describes how governments and religious groups try to prevent Web sites from reaching Internet users, and explains how corporations sell and use filters for their own benefit. It also introduces organizations that rate Web sites as an alternative to electric filters, and presents people and groups that oppose filtering. In conclusion, it supports the idea that librarians and information professionals can educate Internet users without the interference of external entities and censorship. 相似文献
15.
杰斐逊的新闻自由思想是其民主思想体系的重要组成部分,它具有内在一致性:思想和实践的一致。英、美历史文化背景对杰斐逊实践其新闻思想产生了重要的影响,是其新闻思想和实践统一的主要原因。 相似文献
16.
Michele Drohan 《期刊图书馆员》2016,71(3-4):212-220
This article examines key scenes and ideas portrayed in the film Spotlight and discusses related landmark Supreme Court cases as a reaffirmation of the value of a professional, free press in a democratic society. Based on actual events, the movie adaptation follows journalists from the Boston Globe (within an investigate unit with the actual name “Spotlight”) as they reveal one of the biggest scandals of the twenty-first century, the cover up of systematic abuse of children by priests; and go up against one of the most powerful institutions in the world, the Catholic Church. By giving a voice and a platform for the victims, and by meticulously researching the story, the film provides a clear and strong argument for the continued court protection of one of the United States’ founding principles: freedom of the press. 相似文献
17.
Abigail C. Saguy 《The Communication Review》2013,16(2):109-141
This article documents and accounts for important differences in press coverage of sexual harassment in the United States and France. Compared to French press coverage, American reporting on sexual harassment has been much more extensive and more likely to focus on domestic sexual harassment scandals involving political individuals or institutions. This is attributed largely to the American press greater reliance on business, greater journalistic freedom, stronger traditions of investigative journalism, as well as more inclusive legal definitions of sexual harassment. While silent on French scandals, due to global political realities, the French press has reported extensively on American sexual harassment scandals and has been more dismissive of the problems of sexual harassment and (American) feminist activists when reporting on the United States. This article further analyzes how each press has framed the problem of sexual harassment and how such framing varies by story and over time. 相似文献
18.
Laura Childs 《期刊图书馆员》2017,73(1):58-67
Public librarians uphold an ethical commitment to protect the intellectual freedom of their patrons, but when information is accessed online, users become vulnerable to censorship and surveillance. The public library is a democratic institution in which patrons should be able to interact with information free of restriction or judgment, and this right is threatened by the conflict between access and privacy. Librarians should reject the notion that they are neutral and instead adopt a political stance in defense of intellectual freedom; they should actively combat surveillance and limitations on access. A framework for activism can be found within Birdsall’s theory of progressive librarianship. 相似文献
19.
Chang Sup Park 《亚洲交流杂志》2016,26(3):262-277
Civil libertarian doctrine which was dominant during the twentieth century argued that the main goal of freedom of speech was to ensure that the public would be well-informed and actively engage in public deliberation. A literal extension of this claim to the Internet age often justifies the regulation of online speech under the assumption that harmful communication undermines the public interest. This study challenges civil libertarianism and proposes a new thesis of freedom of online speech, which posits that online speech should be understood in terms of a democratic culture where every individual participates freely and without restraints in the process of meaning making that constitute her/him as an autonomous individual. Based on such a theoretical concept, this study identifies three important aspects of online speech freedom – unfettered speech, anonymous speech, and participatory speech – and then compares the status of online speech between South Korea and the United States. This research suggests that a society should understand the unique nature of online speech and then arrange the legal system to fit into it. 相似文献