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1.
This study presents a model for predicting the low-cycle fatigue life of steel reinforcing bars using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A Radial Basis Function (RBF) artificial neural network topology with two additional hidden layers and four neurons (processing elements) in each of these layers is used. The input parameters for the network are the maximum tensile strain (εs,max) and the strain ratio (R) and the output of the ANN is the number of cycles to fatigue failure (Nf). Low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted by the authors in a previous study for different types of steel reinforcing bars subjected to different strain amplitudes and at different strain ratios. The data resulted from these tests were used to train and test the ANN. It is observed that the ANN prediction of low-cycle fatigue life of steel reinforcing bars is within ±2 cycles of the experimental results for the majority of the test data. A parametric study had been carried out to investigate the effect of maximum strain and strain ratio on the fatigue life of steel reinforcing bars. It is concluded that both the strain ratio and the maximum strain have significant effect on the low-cycle fatigue life of such bars, especially at low values of maximum strain and their effect should be considered in both analysis and design. Other observations and conclusions were also drawn.  相似文献   

2.
In this paper, we use the coincidence degree theory to establish new results on the existence of T-periodic solutions for the Rayleigh equation with two deviating arguments of the form
x+f(x(t))+g1(t,x(t-τ1(t)))+g2(t,x(t-τ2(t)))=p(t).  相似文献   

3.
By means of Mawhin's continuation theorem, we study a third-order p-Laplacian differential equation
(?p(u(t)))+f(t,u(t),u(t))+g(t,u(t-τ(t)))=e(t).  相似文献   

4.
By means of Mawhin's continuation theorem, we study a kind of fourth-order p-Laplacian neutral functional differential equation with a deviating argument in the form:
(φp(x(t)−cx(tδ)))=f(x(t))x(t)+g(t,x(tτ(t,|x|)))+e(t).  相似文献   

5.
Using Lu's continuation theorem, the extension one of Manásevich-Mawhin, we study the existence of periodic solutions for p-Laplacian neutral Liénard equation of the form
(?p(x(t)-cx(t-σ)))+f(x(t))x(t)+β(t)g(x(t-τ(t))=e(t).  相似文献   

6.
The usual model for (Poissonian) linear birth-death processes is extended to multiple birth-death processes with fractional birth probabilities in the form λit)α+o((Δt)α, 0<α<1. The probability generating function for the time dependent population size is provided by a fractional partial differential equation. The solution of the latter is obtained and comparison with the usual model is made. The probability of ultimate extinction is obtained. One considers the special case of fractional Poissonian processes with individual arrivals only, and then one outlines basic results for continuous processes defined by fractional Poissonian noises. The key is the Taylor’s series of fractional order f(x+h)=Eα(hαDxα)f(x), where Eα(·) is the Mittag-Leffler function, and Dxα is the modified Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, as previously introduced by the author.  相似文献   

7.
In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of temporally periodic “dissipative structure” solutions in cases of weak diffusion with the reaction rate terms dominant in a generic system of reaction-diffusion equations ?ci/?t = Di?2ci+Qi(c), where the enumerator index i runs 1 to n, ci = ci(x, t) denotes the concentration or density of the ith participating molecular or biological species, Di is the diffusivity constant for the ith species and Qi(c), an algebraic function of the n-tuple c = (c1,\3., cn), expresses the local rate of production of the ith species due to chemical reactions or biological interactions.  相似文献   

8.
In order to quantize Dirac's classical point electron1 we supplement Einstein's classical equation (E/c)2 ? p2 = b2 with a reciprocal classical equation (CΔt)2 ? (Δr)2 = a2 where b = mc and a is Dirac's signal radius. Δt is the time saved by a light signal in various states of motion of the electron, and a/c is the rest time saved. Our former efforts2 of obtaining an integral equation for the probability amplitude have been rectified by Born.3 There is no solution of the integral equation, however, unless advanced and retarded phases are introduced simultaneously, along with Dirac's advanced and retarded potentials. We have obtained a transcendental equation for the eigen-value μ = αγ where α is the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant, and γ is the numerical factor in Dirac's signal radius a = γe2/mc2. The smallest eigen-value is μ = 0.0299.That is, ab = hγ = h/210.  相似文献   

9.
In this paper, we use Leggett-Williams multiple fixed point theorem to obtain different sufficient conditions for the existence of at least three nonnegative periodic solutions of the first order functional differential equation of the form
y(t)=-a(t)y(t)+λf(t,y(h(t))).  相似文献   

10.
In this paper a method for the realization of RC transfer immittance functions with an unsymmetrical lattice is presented. The method yields minimal capacitor realizations for Z12(s) with no pole at s = 0 and ?y12(s) having no pole at s = ∞. The number of resistors needed are only two more than the minimum needed.  相似文献   

11.
本研究在秦岭自然保护区群成本效益计量研究成果的基础上,对成本效益进行进一步分析及预测。运用统计软件SPSS17.0结合十余种拟合曲线,根据秦岭自然保护区群中7个国家级自然保护区的成本效益截面数据,尝试性地进行了综合效益及三大成本之间关系曲线拟合。研究结果表明:根据模型拟合优度R2大小及显著水平Sig.判断,最终得出了成本效益之间的关系式。即三个拟合函数分别是:①综合效益(Qt)与直接保护成本(Xa)的函数曲线方程为:Qt=-68.244+870.688Xa-2493.849Xa2+2304.879Xa3;②综合效益(Qt)与间接保护成本(Xb)的函数曲线方程为:Qt=17.844e1.986Xb;③综合效益(Qt)与机会保护成本(Xc)的函数曲线方程为:Qt=-78.157+104.775Xc-32.953Xc2+3.296Xc3。本研究结果可以为国家有关部门进行保护区投资做有益的帮助,同时为陕西省自然保护区保护政策的完善做理论支撑。  相似文献   

12.
Using the velocity analyzer of Zartman with improved technique the combined velocity spectrum of Bi atoms and Bi2 molecules was obtained at 827°, 851°, 875°, 899°, 922°, 947° C. From the spectral distribution curves the relative abundance of Bi atoms and Bi2 molecules in the beams at the above temperatures could be determined to 1 per cent. The vapor pressure curve of Bi was obtained experimentally by the method of effusion and the values so obtained were combined with the degree of dissociation of the vapor as computed from the beams to give the heat of dissociation. The heat of dissociation was computed from the data, assuming the pressure to be given by the temperature of the crucible Tc. In calculating the heat of dissociation, the equilibrium temperature was taken as that of the slit chamber Ts which was 24° above Tc. The results of these calculations plotted with log10Kp as ordinates against 1Ts give a straight line whose slope yields the value of the heat of dissociation as 77,100±1200 calories. The curves for the distribution of velocities observed and computed on the assumption of a given ratio of Bi atoms to Bi2 molecules in the beam were compared in an attempt to test the law of distribution of velocities. On the high velocity side agreement in two curves was obtained within the limits of experimental accuracy. On the low velocity side important deviations were noted of such a sort that the observed curves below a velocity α2, (α is the most probable velocity) gave more molecules than the theory demanded. Other deviations were observed on some of the runs taken with a fourth slit in which a deficiency of molecules was observed between velocities of .75α and α2. This deviation was probably due to a warping of the fourth slit carriage due to heat. The nature of the variation at velocities less than α2 indicated the presence of molecules of greater mass than Bi2 in the beam and at the lower temperatures a distinct peak corresponding to Bi8 molecules was observed which were present to less than 2 per cent. The vapor pressure curve for Bi was determined by least square reduction of the observed points to be given by log10 P = ? 52.23 × 195.26T + 8.56 between 1100° and 1220° abs. It lies very close to the extrapolated curve given in the International Critical Tables.  相似文献   

13.
A variety of methods have been used to introduce chemicals into a stream or to mix two or more streams of different compositions using microfluidic devices. In the following paper, the introduction of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) used during cryopreservation of cells in order to protect them from freezing injuries and increase viability post thaw is described. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) is the most commonly used CPA. We aim to optimize the operating conditions of a two-stream microfluidic device to introduce a 10% vol/vol solution of DMSO into a cell suspension. Transport behavior of DMSO between two streams in the device has been experimentally characterized for a spectrum of flow conditions (0.7 < Re < 10), varying initial donor stream concentrations, (1% vol/vol < Co < 15% vol/vol) and different flow rate fractions (0.23 < fq < 0.77). The outlet cell stream concentration is analyzed for two different flow configurations: one with the cell stream flowing on top of the DMSO-rich donor stream, and the other with the cell stream flowing beneath the heavy DMSO-laden stream. We establish a transition from a diffusive mode of mass transfer to gravity-influenced convective currents for Atwood numbers (At) in the range of (1.7 × 10−3 < At < 3.1 × 10−3) for the latter configuration. Flow visualization with cells further our understanding of the effect of At on the nature of mass transport. Cell motion studies performed with Jurkat cells confirm a high cell recovery from the device while underscoring the need to collect both the streams at the outlet of the device and suggesting flow conditions that will help us achieve the target DMSO outlet concentration for clinical scale flow rates of the cell suspension.  相似文献   

14.
Using data generated by progressive nucleation mechanism on the cumulative fraction of citations of individual papers published successively by a hypothetical author, an expression for the time dependence of the cumulative number Lsum(t) of citations of progressively published papers is proposed. It was found that, for all nonzero values of constant publication rate ΔN, the cumulative citations Lsum(t) of the cumulative N papers published by an author in his/her entire publication career spanning over T years may be represented in distinct regions: (1) in the region 0 < t < Θ0 (where Θ0 ≈ T/3), Lsum(t) slowly increases proportionally to the square of the citation time t, and (2) in the region t > Θ0, Lsum(t) approaches a constant Lsum(max) at T. In the former region, the time dependence of Lsum(t) of an author is associated with three parameters, viz. the citability parameter λ0, the publication rate ΔN and his/her publication career t. Based on the predicted dependence of Lsum(t) on t, a useful scientometric age-independent measure, defined as citation acceleration a = Lsum(t)/t2, is suggested to analyze and compare the scientific activities of different authors. Confrontation of the time dependence of cumulative number Lsum(t) of citations of papers with the theoretical equation reveals one or more citation periods during the publication careers of different authors.  相似文献   

15.
A method of using orthogonal shifted Legendre polynomials for identifying the parameters of a process whose behaviour can be modelled by a linear differential equation with time-varying coefficients in the form of finite-order polynomials is presented. It is based on the repeated integration of the differential equation and the representations of 0ts(τ) dτ = Ps(t) and ts(t) = Rs(t), where P and R are constant matrices and s(t) is a shifted Legendre vector whose elements are shifted Legendre polynomials. The differential input-output equation is converted into a set of overdetermined linear algebraic equations for a least squares solution. The results of simulation studies are included to illustrate the applicability of the method.  相似文献   

16.
This paper gives a general review of the Theory of Nonlinear Systems. In 1960, the author presented a paper “Theory of Nonlinear Control” at the First IFAC Congress at Moscow. Professor Norbert Wiener, who attended this Congress, drew attention to his work on the synthesis and analysis of nonlinear systems in terms of Hermitian polynomials in the Laguerre coefficients of the past of the input.Wiener's original idea was to use white noise as a probe on any nonlinear system. Applying this input to a Laguerre network gives u1, u2,…, us, and then to a Hermite polynomial generator gives V(α)'s. Applying the same input to the actual nonlinear system gives output c(t). Putting c(t) and V(α)'s through a product averaging device, we get c(t)V(α) = Aαs2, where the upper bar denotes time average and Aα's can be considered as characteristic coefficients of the nonlinear system. A desired output z(itt) may replace c(itt) to get a new set of Aα's.The Volterra functional method suggested by Wiener in 1942 has been greatlydeveloped from 1955 to the present. The method involves a multi-dimensional convolution integral with multi- dimensional kernels. The associated multi-dimensional transforms are given by Y.H. Ku and A.A. Wolf (J. Franklin Inst., Vol. 281, pp. 9–26, 1966). Wiener extended the Volterra functionals by forming an orthogonal set of functionals known as G-functionals, using Gaussian white noise as input. Volterra kernels and Wiener kernels can be correlated and form the characteristic functions of nonlinear systems.From an extension of the linear system to the nonlinear system, the input-output crosscorrelation φxy can be shown to be equal to the convolution of system impulse response h1 with the autocorrelation φxx. Using the white noise as input, where its power density spectrum is a constant, say, A, the crosscorrelation is given by φxy(σ) = Ah1(σ), while the autocorrelation is φxx(τ) = Au(τ). This extension forms the basis of an optimum method for nonlinear system identification. Measurement of kernels can be made through proper circuitry.Parallel to the Volterra series and the Wiener series, another series based on Taylor-Cauchy transforms developed since 1959 are given for comparison. The Taylor-Cauchy transform method can be applied in the analysis of simultaneous nonlinear systems. It is noted that the Volterra functional method and the Taylor-Cauchy transform method give identical final results.A selected Bibliography is appended not only to include other aspects of nonlinear system theory but also to show the wide application of nonlinear system characterization and identification to problems in biology, ecology, physiology, cybernetics, control theory, socio- economic systems, etc.  相似文献   

17.
The quantum Hall effect (QHE) with quantized Hall resistance of h/νe2 started the research on topological quantum states and laid the foundation of topology in physics. Since then, Haldane proposed the QHE without Landau levels, showing nonzero Chern number |C| = 1, which has been experimentally observed at relatively low temperatures. For emerging physics and low-power-consumption electronics, the key issues are how to increase the working temperature and realize high Chern numbers (C > 1). Here, we report the experimental discovery of high-Chern-number QHE (C = 2) without Landau levels and C = 1 Chern insulator state displaying a nearly quantized Hall resistance plateau above the Néel temperature in MnBi2Te4 devices. Our observations provide a new perspective on topological matter and open new avenues for exploration of exotic topological quantum states and topological phase transitions at higher temperatures.  相似文献   

18.
Charmonium is a bound state of a charmed quark and a charmed antiquark, and a charmoniumlike state is a resonant structure that contains a charmed quark and antiquark pair but has properties that are incompatible with a conventional charmonium state. While operating at center-of-mass energies from 2 to 5 GeV, the BESIII experiment can access a wide mass range of charmonium and charmoniumlike states, and has contributed significantly in this field. We review BESIII results involving conventional charmonium states, including the first observation of the M1 transition ψ(2S) → γηc(2S) and the discovery of the ψ2(3823) state; and report on studies of charmoniumlike states, including the discoveries of the Zc(3900) and Zc(4020) tetraquark candidates, the resolution of the fine structure of the Y(4260) state, the discovery of the new production process e+e → γX(3872) and the uncovering of strong evidence for the commonality among the X(3872), Y(4260) and Zc(3900) states. The prospects for further research at BESIII and proposed future facilities are also presented.  相似文献   

19.
Assessment of the dielectrophoresis (DEP) cross-over frequency (fxo), cell diameter, and derivative membrane capacitance (Cm) values for a group of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines (H1, H9, RCM1, RH1), and for a transgenic subclone of H1 (T8) revealed that hESC lines could not be discriminated on their mean fxo and Cm values, the latter of which ranged from 14 to 20 mF/m2. Differentiation of H1 and H9 to a mesenchymal stem cell-like phenotype resulted in similar significant increases in mean Cm values to 41–49 mF/m2 in both lines (p < 0.0001). BMP4-induced differentiation of RCM1 to a trophoblast cell-like phenotype also resulted in a distinct and significant increase in mean Cm value to 28 mF/m2 (p < 0.0001). The progressive transition to a higher membrane capacitance was also evident after each passage of cell culture as H9 cells transitioned to a mesenchymal stem cell-like state induced by growth on a substrate of hyaluronan. These findings confirm the existence of distinctive parameters between undifferentiated and differentiating cells on which future application of dielectrophoresis in the context of hESC manufacturing can be based.  相似文献   

20.
AC Faradaic reactions have been reported as a mechanism inducing non-ideal phenomena such as flow reversal and cell deformation in electrokinetic microfluidic systems. Prior published work described experiments in parallel electrode arrays below the electrode charging frequency (fc), the frequency for electrical double layer charging at the electrode. However, 2D spatially non-uniform AC electric fields are required for applications such as in plane AC electroosmosis, AC electrothermal pumps, and dielectrophoresis. Many microscale experimental applications utilize AC frequencies around or above fc. In this work, a pH sensitive fluorescein sodium salt dye was used to detect [H+] as an indicator of Faradaic reactions in aqueous solutions within non-uniform AC electric fields. Comparison experiments with (a) parallel (2D uniform fields) electrodes and (b) organic media were employed to deduce the electrode charging mechanism at 5 kHz (1.5fc). Time dependency analysis illustrated that Faradaic reactions exist above the theoretically predicted electrode charging frequency. Spatial analysis showed [H+] varied spatially due to electric field non-uniformities and local pH changed at length scales greater than 50 μm away from the electrode surface. Thus, non-uniform AC fields yielded spatially varied pH gradients as a direct consequence of ion path length differences while uniform fields did not yield pH gradients; the latter is consistent with prior published data. Frequency dependence was examined from 5 kHz to 12 kHz at 5.5 Vpp potential, and voltage dependency was explored from 3.5 to 7.5 Vpp at 5 kHz. Results suggest that Faradaic reactions can still proceed within electrochemical systems in the absence of well-established electrical double layers. This work also illustrates that in microfluidic systems, spatial medium variations must be considered as a function of experiment time, initial medium conditions, electric signal potential, frequency, and spatial position.  相似文献   

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